A

Seminar on Technology and Its Impact Report

On

“WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER”

Submitted

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By
B.VEERESH
17311A04B2

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Mr. V.RAJASEKHAR

Assistant Professor, ECE Department

Mr. B.SAI REDDY

Assistant Professor ECE Department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, R.R District, Hyderabad – 501301(Affiliated to JNT
University Hyderabad and Approved by AICTE - New Delhi)
 CERTIFICATE

Date: 18/04/2019

This is to certify that the Seminar on Technology and Its Impact Report entitled
"WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER " being submitted by B.VEERESH[Roll
No:17311A04B2] in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree in
Electronics & Communications Engineering to Sreenidhi Institute of Science and
Technology, Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, is a report of review work carried out by
his/her during academic year 2018-2019 under our guidance and supervision.

Mr. V.RAJASEKHAR Mr. B.SAI REDDY

Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Incharge , STI Co-Incharge, STI
ECE Department ECE Department

Dr. S.P.V. Subba Rao

Professor
HOD, ECE Department
 DECLARATION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We hereby declare that the work described for Technical seminar topic,
entitled “WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER” which is being submitted
by us in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in the
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute Of
Science & Technology affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad (Telangana) is the work on our
own effort and has not been submitted elsewhere.

We are very thankful to Mr. V.Rajasekhar, ECE Dept and to

Mr.B.SaiReddy, ECE Dept. Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology,
Ghatkesar for providing an oppurtunity to this topic and giving valuable timely
suggestions over the work.

We convey our sincere thanks to Dr. S.P.V. Subba Rao, Head of the
Department (ECE), Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Ghatkesar,
for his kind cooperation in the completion of this work.

We even convey our sincere thanks to Dr .P.Narsimha Reddy, Executive

Director and Mr.ShivaReddy, Principal, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and
Technology, Ghatkesar for their kind cooperation in the completion of the
technical seminar.

Finally we extend our sense of gratitude to all our friends, teaching and
non-teaching faculty, who directly or indirectly helped us in this endeavour.

B.VEERESH

RollNo-17311A04B2
CONTENTS
1.ABSTRACT

2.INTRODUCTION

3.HISTORY

4.BASICS

5.WORKING

6.PRINCIPLE

7.ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES

8.APPLICATIONS

9.CONCLUSION

10.REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Can we imagine the life without electrical
wires? From now answer to this question
is yes. The method proposed in the
present paper called “Witricity” will
facilitate to Transfer power without using
wires. The efficient midrange power can
be transmitted to any device which uses
that range of power by the technique used
in this Witricity concept. Now a days
there is a Rapid development of
autonomous electronics like Laptops,
Cell-phones, House-hold robots and all
the above devices typically rely on
chemical energy storage(Battery) .As they
are becoming daily needs to present
generation, Wireless energy transfer
would be useful for many applications as
above and they need midrange energy.
This is the main reason to prepare this
paper. Wireless electricity or witricity is
the transfer of electric energy or power
over a distance without the use of wires.
In order for the energy to be transferred
safely coupled resonators are used. When
two magnetically resonating objects at
“Strongly coupled” regime tend to
exchange energy efficiently by transfer of
power in the non-radiating fields. This is
the basic principle involved in it. By
taking two coils having same magnetic
resonance and one is coupled to source
and other is coupled to Device. So that the
energy transfer is efficient even the air
gap between them is high.
INTODUCTION
Wireless electricity or witricity is
the transfer of electric energy or power
over a distance without the use of wires.
In our present electricity generation
system we waste more than half of its
resources. Especially the transmission
and distribution losses are the main
concern of the present power technology.
Much of this power is wasted during
transmission from power plant
generators to the consumer. The
resistance of the wire used in the
electrical grid distribution system causes
a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated.
This loss implies that our present system
of electrical distribution is only 70-74%
efficient. We have to think of alternate
state - of - art technology to transmit and
distribute the electricity. Now- a- days
global scenario has been changed a lot
and there are tremendous development
in every field. If we don’t keep pace with
the development of new power
technology we have to face a decreasing
trend in the development of power sector.
The transmission of power without wires
may be one noble alternative for
electricity transmission.
Our forefathers marveled at the
invention of glowing light bulbs by
Thomas Edison in 1879. However, to us
21st centurions, the light bulb is nothing
out of the ordinary. When computers,
cellphones, laptops, iPods, etc. were
invented our antennas tweaked. Now this
is what you call invention! However, as
time's progressing we are getting used to
these devices. In fact, charging all these
appliances has become so very
cumbersome. Each appliance has its own
set of chargers, and with every family
member owning their cellphones, the
drawers are overflowing with all sorts of
wires. How many times have you wished
if there could be some way to do away
with all the wiry clutter? When you are on
the way to work and your cellphone
beeps in hunger for a battery charge,
haven't you wished for your cellphone
battery to get 'self charged'. Well your
plight has been heard by doctor
'WiTricity'. What is WiTricity? WiTricity
is nothing but wireless electricity.
Transmission of electrical energy from
one object to another without the use of
wires is called as WiTricity. WiTricity will
ensure that the cellphones, laptops, iPods
and other power hungry devices get
charged on their own, eliminating the
need of plugging them in. Even better,
because of WiTricity some of the devices
won't require batteries to operate.
The Brain behind WiTricity? Prof.
Marin Soljacic from Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), is the one
who has proved that magnetic coupled
resonance can be utilized in order to
transfer energy without wires. What's
even more interesting is how he came
about this idea. Soljacic, just like any of us
was fed up of his 'low battery' beeping
cellphone and wondered just like any of
us if there was a way to get rid of this
'charging problem'. However, here is
where the difference between Soljacic
and any of us comes in. He didn't just
stand there wondering, instead he tried to
figure out if there existed any physical
phenomenon which could be of some
help. He remembered Michael Faraday's
discovery of electromagnetic induction
(1831) and used it to come up with
WiTricity. MIT's Experiment: In 2007,
Marin Soljacic led a five member team of
researchers at MIT (funded by Army
Research Office, National Science
Foundation and the Department of
Energy) and experimentally
demonstrated transfer of electricity
without the use of wires. These
researchers were able to light a 60W bulb
from a source placed seven feet away,
with absolutely no physical contact
between the bulb and the power source.
The first copper coil (24 inches in
diameter) was connected to the power
source and the second was connected to
the bulb, and were made to resonate at a
frequency of 10 MHz. The bulb glowed
even when different objects (like a
wooden panel) were placed between the
two coils. The system worked with 40%
efficiency and the power that wasn't
utilized remained in the vicinity of the
transmitter itself, and did not radiate to
the surrounding environment. Is
WiTricity a New Concept? No, this
concept of wireless electricity is not new.
In fact it dates back to the 19th century,
when Nikola Tesla used conduction-
based systems instead of resonance
magnetic fields to transfer wireless
power. Further, in 2005, Dave Gerding
coined the term WiTricity which is being
used by the MIT researchers today.
Moreover, we all are aware of the use of
electromagnetic radiation (radio waves)
which is quite well known for wireless
transfer of information. In addition, lasers
have also been used to transmit energy
without wires. However, radio waves are
not feasible for power transmissions
because the nature of the radiation is
such that it spreads across the place,
resulting into a large amount of radiations
being wasted. And in the case of lasers,
apart from requirement of uninterrupted
line of sight (obstacles hinders the
transmission process), it is also very
dangerous. What's so Unique about
Soljacic's experiment? What Soljacic's
team has done is that they have
specifically tuned the transmitting unit to
the receiving device. The transmission is
also not hindered by the presence of any
object in the line of sight. If the object to
be charged is in the vicinity of the
WiTricity source, then the energy transfer
will undoubtedly take place. In this
'coupling resonance' system, the electric
energy that is not used up by the receiver
does not get radiated into the
surrounding environment, but remains in
the vicinity of the transmitter. This
ensures safety as well as minimal wastage
of power. One of the five researchers, Dr.
Aristeidis Karalis says that their coupling
HISTORY
The term WiTricity was used for a project
that took place at MIT, led by Marin
Soljačić in 2006. The MIT researchers
successfully demonstrated the ability to
power a 60 watt light bulb wirelessly,
using two 5-turn copper coils of 60 cm
(24 in) diameter, that were 2 m (7 ft)
away, at roughly 45% efficiency.[7] The
coils were designed to resonate together
at 9.9 MHz (wavelength ≈ 30 m) and were
oriented along the same axis. One was
connected inductively to a power source,
and the other one to a bulb. The setup
powered the bulb on, even when the
direct line of sight was blocked using a
wooden panel. Researchers were able to
power a 60 watt light bulb at roughly
90% efficiency at a distance of 3 feet[The
research project was spun off into a
private company, also called WiTricity.
The emerging technology was
demonstrated in July 2009 by CEO Eric
Giler at the TED Global Conference held
in Oxford.[8][9] There he refers to the
original idea, first applied by the
physicist Nikola Tesla between his
coils,[10] and shows a WiTricity power
unit powering a television as well as three
different cell phones, the initial problem
that inspired Soljacic to get involved with
the project.
Automobile manufacturer Toyota made
an investment in WiTricity in April
2011.[11][12]
In September 2012, the company
announced it would make a $1000
demonstration kit available to interested
parties, to promote development of In February 2019, announced the
commercial applications.] acquisition from Qualcomm Incorporated
and Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. of
certain technology platform and IP assets,
CEO Alex Gruzen was hired in 2014, and which will bring over 1,500 patents and
decided to take WiTricity out of the patent applications related to wireless
competition for powering consumer charging that WiTricity will own or
electronics, and focus on wireless power control. Prior to the acquisition,
for electric vehicles. The company Qualcomm Incorporated and WiTricity
nonetheless demonstrated wireless had been working collaboratively with
power for a Dell laptop at the January, global standards organizations, which
2017 Consumer Electronics Show, which currently leverage reference designs from
became commercially available in each company. This acquisition will
2017.[14] The company has reportedly simplify ratification of the standard and
collaborated with car help ensure interoperability across
makers Audi, BMW, Chrysler, Jaguar, Niss automakers. EV drivers will be able to
an, and Toyota. In 2017, having raised use any standards-compatible wireless
$68 million to date, the company reduced charging pad to power their vehicles
its workforce from 80 to 55 and closed an
office in Austin, Texas, all in an effort to
better reposition WiTricity to address the
market opportunity around electric
vehicles and directly contend with its
biggest EV
competitor, Qualcomm Halo.[15]
After years of R&D, patent design and
licensing with global automakers, 2018
saw the first EV with WiTricity’s
technology hit the streets – the BMW
530e iPerformance sedan, equipped with
the first-ever wireless charging system[16].
Building on this, WiTricity was named a
2018 New Energy Pioneer by Bloomberg
New Energy Finance[17] and signed
several new licensing deals including
MAHLE in Germany[18] and Anjie Wireless
in China[19].
In 2019, Honda partnered with WiTricity
to demonstrate their wireless vehicle-to-
grid (V2G) charging model at CES 2019 in WiTricity is also collaborating
Las Vegas, leveraging WiTricity’s DRIVE directly with leading carmakers to drive
11 wireless charging system.[20] global standards for wireless charging
systems, which is being built using
WiTricity’s intellectual property[3]. These
wireless charging standards are not only
crucial for automakers, but also for utility
companies and city planning
organizations in developing new
infrastructure that can support future
mobility technologies[4]. Standards
initiatives include the SAE International,
International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), International
Organization for Standardization (ISO),
STILLE, China Automotive Technology &
Research Center (CATARC), China
Electricity Council and the Chinese
Electric Power Research Institute
(CEPRI).
BASICS
Induction Coupling
Induction coupling occurs when
an energy source has a means of
transferring energy to another object. One
simple example is a locomotive pulling a
train car- the mechanical coupling
between the two enables the locomotive
to pull the train, and overcome the forces
of friction and inertia that keep the train
still and, the train moves. Magnetic
coupling occurs when the magnetic field
of one object interacts with a second
object and induces an electric current in
or on that object. In this way, electric
energy can be transferred from a power
source to the powered device. In contrast
to the example of mechanical coupling
given for the train, magnetic coupling
does not require any physical contact
between the object generating the energy
and the object receiving or capturing that
energy.
two conductors are said to be inductively
coupled or magnetically
coupled [1] when they are configured
such that a change in current through one
wire induces a voltage across the ends of
the other wire through electromagnetic
induction. A changing current through the
first wire creates a changing magnetic
field around it by Ampere's circuital law.
The changing magnetic field induces
an electromotive force (EMF or voltage)
in the second wire by Faraday's law of
induction. The amount of inductive
coupling between two conductors is
measured by their mutual inductance.
The coupling between two wires can be
increased by winding them into coils and
placing them close together on a common
axis, so the magnetic field of one coil
passes through the other coil. Coupling
can also be increased by a magnetic
core of a ferromagnetic material like iron
or ferrite in the coils, which increases the
magnetic flux. The two coils may be
physically contained in a single unit, as in
the primary and secondary windings of
a transformer, or may be separated.
Coupling may be intentional or
unintentional. Unintentional inductive
coupling can cause signals from one
circuit to be induced into a nearby circuit,
this is called cross-talk, and is a form
of electromagnetic interference.
An inductively
coupled transponder consists of a solid
state transceiver chip connected to a large
coil that functions as an antenna. When
brought within the oscillating magnetic
field of a reader unit, the transceiver is
powered up by energy inductively
coupled into its antenna and transfers
data back to the reader unit inductively.
Magnetic coupling between
two magnets can also be used to
mechanically transfer power without
contact, as in the magnetic gear
 Induction methods:
The electrodynamic
induction wireless transmission
technique is near field over distances
up to about one-sixth of the
wavelength used. Near field energy
itself is non-radiative but some
radiative losses do occur. In addition
there are usually resistive losses. With
electrodynamic induction, electric
current flowing through a primary
coil creates a magnetic field that acts
on a secondary coil producing a
current within it. Coupling must be
tight in order to achieve high
efficiency. As the distance from the
primary is increased, more and more
of the magnetic field misses the
secondary. Even over a relatively
short range the inductive coupling is
grossly inefficient, wasting much of
the transmitted energy.
 Directed radio waves: Power
transmission via radio waves can be
made more directional, allowing
longer distance power beaming, with
shorter wavelengths of
electromagnetic radiation, typically in
the microwave range. A rectenna may
be used to convert the microwave
energy back into electricity. Rectenna
conversion efficiencies exceeding
95% have been realized. Power
beaming using microwaves has been
proposed for the transmission of
energy from orbiting solar power
satellites to Earth and the beaming of
power to spacecraft leaving orbit has
been considered
 Microwave methods: In the case of
electromagnetic radiation closer to
visible region of spectrum (10s
of microns (um) to 10s of nm), power
 can be transmitted by converting
electricity into a laser beam that is
then pointed at a solar cell receiver.
This mechanism is generally known as
"powerbeaming" because the power is
beamed at a receiver that can convert
it to usable electrical energy.
Existing Wireless Electicity System
The first experiment of historicity, the
concept of wireless electricity, was
conducted in the year 2006, by
researchers from Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. The Assistant Professor of
this team of researchers was Marin
Soljacic.
This experiment was done using two
copper coils of diameter two feet, a
transmitter that was attached to a power
source and a receiver that was placed
about seven feet from the transmitter.
This receiver was attached to a light bulb
and once power was switched on at the
transmitter, the bulb lit up despite there
being no physical connection between the
transmitter and receiver.
The MIT researchers have been able to
power a 60 watt light bulb from a power
source that is located about seven feet
away, while providing forty percent
efficiency. This was made possible using
two copper coils that were twenty inches
in diameter which were designed so that
they resonated together in the MHz range.
One of these coils were connected to a
power source while the other, to a bulb.
With this witricity setup, the bulb got
powered even when the coils were not in
sight.
Data collected through measurements
showed that there was transference of
40% of electricity through witricity. The
interesting part of the electricity was that
the bulb glowed despite the fact that
wood, metal and other devices were
placed in between the two coils.
This concept of witricity was made
possible using resonance where an object
vibrates with the application of a certain
frequency of energy. So two objects
having similar resonance tend to
exchange energy without causing any
effects on the surrounding objects. Just
like in acoustic resonance, where there is
a chance of a glass breaking if you strike
the right tone, witricity is made possible
with the resonance of low frequency
electromagnetic waves.

In this experiment, the coils were
resonated at 10 MHz where the cols
coupled and energy made to flow
between them. With each cycle, more
pressure and voltage built up in the coil
till the accumulation of voltage provided
enough pressure and energy to flow to
the light bulb. These low frequency
electromagnetic waves are rather safe as
though the body responds strongly to
electric fields; it has almost zero response
to absorbing power from a magnetic field.
The main objective of this research
is to achieve resilience by adding two
new, real time data mining-based layers
to complement the two existing non-data
mining layers. These new layers will
improve detection of fraudulent
applications because the detection system
can detect more types of attacks, better
account for changing legal behaviour, and
remove the redundant attributes.
These new layers are not human
resource intensive. They represent
patterns in a score where the higher the
score for an application, the higher the
suspicion of fraud (or anomaly). In this
way, only the highest scores require
human intervention. These two new
layers do not use external
WORKING
It consists of mainly two parts, the
reciever and the transmitter. It works on
the principle of Electromagnetic
induction and Resonant Inductive
Coupling.
The transmitter is made up of a coil of
enamelled copper (magnet wire) with a
few turns. This coil is essentially an
inductor and generally has a large
diameter. (Actually the diameter is
critically chosen according to the
frequency of operation). This coil is
connected in parallel to a capacitor (or in
some cases the coil is made such that it
has a desired self capacitance). This
parallel LC circuit is excited by an AC
voltage at a chosen frequency which
should be equal to its resonant frequency.
Higher frequencies are preferred for this.
The receiver is essentially a LC parallel
circuit with same resonant frequency as
that of the transmitter. This is done for
maximum efficiency over long distances.
As the Tx is excited, a voltage is induced
in the Rx. A setup of coils under the name
WiTricity developed at MIT,USA was able
to light up a 60 watt light bulb from 2m
distance with 45% efficiency.
Wireless power techniques fall into two
categories, non-radiative and radiative.
In near-field/non-radiative techniques,
power is transferred over short distances
by magnetic fields using inductive
coupling between coils of wire or in a few
devices by electric fields using capacitive
coupling between electrodes.Applications
of this type are electric chargers
toothbrushes, RFID tags, smart cards, and
chargers for implantable medical devices,
such as artificial pacemakers and
inductive power or recharge electric
vehicles such as trains or buses.A current
objective is to develop wireless charging
systems for mobile and portable
computing devices such as cell phones,
digital music players and laptops without
being tethered to a wall outlet.
In the techniques of radiation or far field,
the energy is transmitted by beams of
electromagnetic radiation, such as
microwaves or lasers.These techniques
can be transported longer distances
energy, but must be directed to the
receiver. Proposals for such applications
are solar power satellites, drones and
wireless power.
PRINCIPLE
It revels the main idea of the “reso
Electrical resonance occurs in an electric
circuit at a particular resonance
frequency when the impedance between
the input and output of the circuit is at a
minimum (or when the transfer f
maximum). Often this happens when the
impedance between the input and output
of the circuit is almost zero and when the
transfer function is close to one.
Resonance of a circuit involving
capacitors and inductors occurs because
the collapsi windings that charges the
capacitor, and then the discharging
capacitor provides an electric current that
builds the magnetic field in the inductor,
and the process is repeated continua
frequency: where f is the resonance
frequency in hertz, L is the inductance in
henries, and C is the capacitance in farads
when standard SI units are used. 4
. WRITRICITY
MECHANISM There are various
methods of transferring 4.1. Resonant
Magnetic Coupling Magnetic coupling
occurs when two objects exchange energy
through their varying or oscillating
magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs
when th same. Resonance Amruta
Gaikwad and Ankit Chourasia
EET/index.asp 2 Wireless power
transmission is not a new idea. Nickolas
Tesla demonstrated transmission of e
energy without wires in early 19th
century. Tesla used electromagnetic
induction systems. William C Brown
demonstrated a micro wave powered
model helicopter in 1964. This receives
all the power needed for flight from a
micro wave beam. In 1975 Bill Brown
transmitted 30kW power over a distance
of 1 mile at 84% efficiency without using
cables. Researchers developed several
technique for moving electricity
PRINCIPLE OF WITRICITY It revels the
main idea of the “resonance condition”
between two circuits”. A. Electrical
resonance: Electrical resonance occurs in
an electric circuit at a particular
resonance frequency when the
impedance between the input and output
of the circuit is at a minimum (or when
the transfer f maximum). Often this
happens when the impedance between
the input and output of the circuit is
almost zero and when the transfer
function is close to one. Resonance of a
circuit involving capacitors and inductors
occurs because the collapsing magnetic
field of the inductor generates an electric
current in its windings that charges the
capacitor, and then the discharging
capacitor provides an electric current that
builds the magnetic field in the inductor,
and the process is repeated continua
where f is the resonance frequency in
hertz, L is the inductance in henries, and C
is the capacitance in farads when
standard SI units are used. WRITRICITY
MECHANISM transferring electricity
wirelessly, basically they are classified as:
Figure 1 Resonant Magnetic Coupling
Magnetic coupling occurs when two
objects exchange energy through their
varying or oscillating magnetic fields.
Resonant coupling occurs when the
natural frequencies of the two objects are
approximately the TYPES Non-Radiative
Radiative Resonance Coupling Inductive
Coupling Laser/ Microwave
ADVANTAGES
• No need of line of sight - In witricity
power transmission there is any; need of
line of sight between transmitter and
receiver. That is power! Transmission can
be possible if there are any obstructions
like wood, metal, or other devices were
placed in between the transmitter and
receiver.
• No need of power cables and batteries -
Witricity replaces the use of power cables
and batteries.
• Does not interfere with radio waves.

• Wastage of power is small -

Electromagnetic waves would tunnel,
they would not propagate through air to
be absorbed or dissipated. So the wastage
APPLICATIONS
is small.
Witricity has a bright future in providing
• Highly efficient than electromagnetic
wireless electricity. There are no
induction - Electromagnetic induction
system can be used for wireless energy limitations in Witricity power
transfer only if the primary and applications. Some of the potential
secondary are in very close proximity.
applications are powering of cell phones,
Resonant induction system is one million
times as efficient as electromagnetic laptops and other devices that normally
induction system. run with the help of batteries or plugging

• Less costly - The components of in wires. Witricity applications are

transmitter and receivers are cheaper. So expected to work on the gadgets that are
this system is less costly.
in close proximity to a source of wireless
DISADVANTAGES 'power, where in the gadgets charges
automatically without necessarily, having
 Mainly require short distances to to get plugged in. By the use of witricity
charge there is no need of batteries or
 Does not give enough energy to remembering to recharge batteries
power larger vehicles and periodically. If a source is placed in each
equipment room to provide power supply to the
 Cost and supplying the public whole house. Witricity has many medical
 Still under production and applications. It is used for providing
improvement electric power in many commercially
 Current companies with devices available medical implantable devices.
that would implement the Another application of this technology
technology still coming in includes transmission of information. It
would not interfere with radio waves and
it is cheap and efficient.

CONCLUSION
As a new method of wireless energy
transfer, witricity has a high
potential in medical applications. In
this paper, we investigate the
feasibility of witricity in providing
wireless power to body sensor
networks. A theoretical analysis has
been presented to understand the
oscillatory behavior in system
operation. A novel type of thin film
belt-shaped resonators has been
designed, fabricated and measured.
A witricity prototype system was
REFERENCES
[1] G.Z. Yang, “Body sensor networks”,
Birkhauser, 2006, ISBN: 978-1- 84628-
272-0 [2] A. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J.
D. Joannopoulos, P. Fisher, and M. Soljacic,
“Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly
Coupled Magnetic Resonances”, Science,
Vol. 317, pp. 83-86, Jul. 2007.
[3] A. Karalis, J.D. Joannopoulos, and M.
Soljacic, “Efficient Wireless Non-
[8] F. Zhang, X. Liu, S. A. Hackworth, R. J.
Sclabassi, and M. Sun, “In Vitro and In
Vivo Studies on Wireless Powering of
Medical Sensors and Implantable
Devices,” Fourth annual IEEE-NIH Life
Science Systems and Application,
Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Apr 9-10,
2009.