Object 1: Write A Query Using DDL Commands.: Create Command

Object 1: Write a query using DDL commands.
CREATE Command: It is used to create the database or it

objects (like table, index, function, views and triggers).
Syntax: CREATE user user_name identified by password;
CREATE table table_name;
CREATE user university identified by 12345;
CREATE table student(Name varchar(10),Branch varchar(10),
roll_no int,Address varchar(10));
Column Name Data Type Nullable Default Primary Key
NAME VARCHAR2(10) Yes
BRANCH VARCHAR2(10) Yes
ROLL_NO NUMBER Yes
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(10) Yes
ALTER Command: It is used to alter the structure of the

database like add,drop,modify and rename the column from table.
Syntax: ALTER table table_name add column_name datatype;
Ex: ALTER table student add marks float;
ALTER table student modify name varchar(30);

NAME VARCHAR2(30) Yes
ROLL_NO NUMBER Yes
MARKS FLOAT Yes
RENAME Command: It is used to change the column name from
old column name to new column name.
Syntax: ALTER table table_name RENAME column
old_column_name to new_column_name;
Ex: ALTER table student RENAME Name to Stu_Name;
STU_NAME VARCHAR2(30) Yes
ROLL_NO NUMBER Yes
MARKS FLOAT Yes
TRUNCATE Command: It is used to delete complete data from

an existing table.
Syntax: TRUNCATE table table_name;
Ex: TRUNCATE table student;
STU_NAME VARCHAR2(30) Yes
ROLL_NO NUMBER Yes
MARKS FLOAT Yes
DROP Command: It is used to remove the database and the

structure of the existing table with data which we want to delete,
so that the existing table is no more access by the user.
Syntax: DROP table table_name;
Object 2: Write a query using DML commands.
INSERT Command: Insert statement is used to add new rows of
data to a table in the database.
Syntax: INSERT into table_name values
(value1,value2,value3,….valueN);
Ex: INSERT into
student(‘sakshi’,’CSE’,2018022019,’Delhi’,1000);
INSERT into student(‘kajal’,’CHE’,2018022008,’Sultanpur’,2000);
INSERT into student(‘arti’,’ECE’,2018022005,’Mumbai’,3000);
SELECT Command: SELECT statements is used to fetch the
data from a database table which returns this data in the form of a
result table.
Syntax: SELECT column_name from table_name;
Ex: SELECT name from student;
SELECT * from student;
NAME BRANCH ROLL_NO ADDRESS MARKS
sakshi CSE 2018022019 delhi 1000
kajal ECE 2018022008 sultanpur 2000
arti CHE 2018022005 mumbai 4000
diksha ECE 2018022007 gorakhpu 7000
shivangi EE 2018022054 punjab 8000
DELETE Command: DELETE query is used to delete the existing

records from a table. We can use the WHERE clause with a
DELETE query to delete the selected rows,otherwise all the
records would be deleted.
Syntax: DELETE from table_name;
DELETE from table_name WHERE [condition];
Ex: DELETE from student WHERE BRANCH=’Ece’;
sakshi cse 2018022019 delhi 1000
UPDATE Command: UPDATE query is used to modify the

existing records in a table.you can use the WHERE clause with
the UPDATE query to update the selected rows.
Syntax: UPDATE table_name SET
column1=value1,column2=value2,….columnN=valueN WHERE
[condition];
diksha civil 2018022005 mumbai 4000
Object 3: Write a query using TCL commands.
COMMIT Command: The COMMIT command is the transactional
command used to save changes invoked by a transaction to the
database.
Syntax: COMMIT;
Ex:Delete from student where marks=500;
commit;
ROLLBACK Command: The ROLLBACK command is the

transactional command used to undo transactions that have not
already been saved to the database.
Syntax: ROLLBACK;
ROLLBACK;
SAVEPOINT Command: The SAVEPOINT is a point in a

transaction when you can roll the transaction back to a certain
point without rolling back the entire transaction.
Syntax: SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT_NAME;
SAVEPOINT sp1;
ROLLBACK sp1;
Object 4: Write a query for LIKE , IN , BETWEEN Clause.
LIKE Clause: The SQL LIKE Clause is used to compare a value
to similar values using wildcard operators. There are two
wildcards used in conjunction with the LIKE operator.
 The percent sign(%)
 The underscore(_)
Syntax: SELECT from table_name WHERE column LIKE
‘XXX%’ ;
SELECT from table_name WHERE column LIKE ‘%XXX%’ ;
SELECT from table_name WHERE column LIKE ‘_XXX_’ ;
Ex: Select * from student WHERE marks LIKE ‘%00’ ;
arti CSE 2018022019 delhi 1000
diksha ECE 2018022008 sultanpur 2000
kajal CHE 2018022005 mumbai 500
sakshi ECE 2018022007 gorakhpu 7000
Select * from student WHERE marks LIKE ‘_00%’ ;

IN Clause: The SQL IN condition allows you to easily test if an
expression matches any value in a list of values. It is used to help
reduce the need for multiple OR condition in a SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE , or DELETE statement.
Syntax: SELECT * from table_name WHERE column_name
IN( value1,value2,…..valueN) ;
Ex: Select * from student WHERE branch IN(‘cse’,’ECE’,’civil’) ;
BETWEEN Clause: The BETWEEN operator selects values

within a given range.The values can be numbers ,text,or dates.
The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values are
included.
Syntax: SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE
column_name BETWEEN value1 AND valu2;
Ex: Select * from student WHERE marks BETWEEN 2000 AND
8000 ;
Object 5: Write a query for GROUP BY , ORDER BY and
HAVING Clause.
GROUP BY Clause: GROUP BY clause is used in collaboration
with the SELECT statement to arrange identical data into groups.
[condition] GROUP BY column1,column2;
Ex: Select Address,marks from student GROUP BY name ;
ADDRESS MARKS
delhi 1000
sultanpur 2000
mumbai 4000
ORDER BY Clause: ORDER BY clause is used to sort the data

in ascending or descending order, based on one or more
columns.
[condition] ORDER BY column1,column2 [ASC | DSC];
Ex: Select * from student ORDER BY name asc;
diksha ECE 2018022008 sultanpur 2000
kajal CHE 2018022005 mumbai 1000
sakshi ECE 2018022007 gorakhpu 7000
HAVING Clause: HAVING Clause enables you to specify
conditions that filter which group results appear in the results.
Syntax: SELECT column_name1,column_name2 FROM
table_name WHERE [condition] GROUP BY
column1,column2 HAVING [condition] ORDER BY
column_name [ASC | DSC];
Ex: Select * from student GROUP BY marks HAVING
COUNT(marks)>=2;
Object 6: Write a query for String Function.
SQL string functions are used primarily for string manipulation.
LOWER(str) : Returns the string str with all characters changed
to lowercase according to the current character set mapping.
Syntax: SELECT LOWER(‘SHIVANGI’) from table_name;
Ex: Select LOWER(‘SHIVANGI’) from student;
Output: shivangi
UPPER(str) : Returns the string str with all characters changed to
uppercase according to the current character set mapping.
Syntax: SELECT UPPER(‘shivangi’) from table_name;
Ex: Select UPPER(‘shivangi’) from student;
Output: SHIVANGI
TRIM(str) : Returns the string str with all prefixes or suffixes
removed.it removed spaces.
Syntax: SELECT TRIM(‘ shivangi ’) from table_name;
Ex: Select TRIM(‘ shivangi ’) from student;
Output: shivangi
LTRIM(str) : Returns the string str with leading space characters
removed.
Syntax: SELECT LTRIM(‘ shivangi’) from table_name;
Ex: Select LTRIM(‘ shivangi’) from student;
Output: shivangi
RTRIM(str) : Returns the string str with leading space characters
removed.
Syntax: SELECT RTRIM(‘shivangi ’) from table_name;
Ex: Select RTRIM(‘shivangi ’) from student;
Output: shivangi
LEFT(str,len) : Returns the leftmost len characters from the string
str.
Syntax: SELECT LEFT(‘shivangi’,3) from table_name;
Ex: Select LEFT(‘shivangi’,3) from student;
Output: shi
Object 7: Write a query for Aggregate Function.
Aggregate function in DBMS take multiple row from the table and
return a value according to the query.
There are following aggregate function:
AVG Function : This function returns the average value of the
numeric column that is supplied as a parameter.
Syntax: SELECT AVG(column_name) from table_name;
Ex: Select AVG(marks) from student;
COUNT Function : This COUNT function returns the number of
rows in the result.It does not count the null values.
Syntax: SELECT COUNT(*) from table_name
WHERE[condition];
Ex: Select COUNT(*) from student;
SUM Function : This function sums up the values in the column
supplied as a parameter.
Syntax: SELECT SUM(column_name) from table_name;
Ex: Select SUM(marks) from student;
MAX Function : This MAX function is used to find maximum
value in the column that is supplied as a parameter. It can be
used on any type of data.
Syntax: SELECT MAX(*) from table_name;

Ex: Select MAX(marks) from student;
arti CSE 2018022019 delhi 500000
MIN Function : This MIN function is used to find minimum value

in the column that is supplied as a parameter. It can be used on
any type of data.
Syntax: SELECT MIN(*) from table_name;
Ex: Select MIN(marks) from student;
kajal CSE 2018022019 delhi 5000

Object 1: Write A Query Using DDL Commands.: Create Command

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Object 1: Write a query using DDL commands.

CREATE Command: It is used to create the database or it

ALTER Command: It is used to alter the structure of the

Column Name Data Type Nullable Default Primary Key

TRUNCATE Command: It is used to delete complete data from

DROP Command: It is used to remove the database and the

DELETE Command: DELETE query is used to delete the existing

UPDATE Command: UPDATE query is used to modify the

ROLLBACK Command: The ROLLBACK command is the

SAVEPOINT Command: The SAVEPOINT is a point in a

Select * from student WHERE marks LIKE ‘_00%’ ;

BETWEEN Clause: The BETWEEN operator selects values

ORDER BY Clause: ORDER BY clause is used to sort the data

Syntax: SELECT MAX(*) from table_name;

MIN Function : This MIN function is used to find minimum value

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