HISTOLOGY

1C THE CYTOPLASM
H-02 Dr. Baldomero Las am | September 9 , 2017

Topic Outline Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

I. Cell
a. Cell Differentiation
b. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
II. Cytoplasmic Organelles
a. Plasma Membrane
i. Glycocalyx
ia. Endocytosis
ib, Exocytosis
ic. Signal Reception and
Transduction
b. Mitochondria
c. Ribosomes
d. Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
i. Smooth ER
ii. Rough ER
e. Golgi Apparatus
f. Lysosomes
g. Proteasomes
h. Peroxisomes
i. Cytoskeleton II. a. Plasma Membrane
i. Microtubules -
Composed of : *bilipid layer
ii.Microfilaments  Phospholipids
iii. Intermediate filaments  Cholesterol
j. Inclusions  Proteins(~50%)- major constituent
 Integral Proteins - directly
incorporated within the lipid
Cell; Cell Differentiation bilayer itself
 Cell- basic structural and functional units  Peripheral Proteins - exhibit
- smallest living part of the body a looser association with one
 Blastomeres- first zygotic cellular divisions of the two membrane surface
produce cells -Receptors - participate in actions:
a. cell adhesion
b. cell recognition
c. response to protein hormones

- Fluid Mosaic Model

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-Glycocalyx  Signal Reception and Transduction
-membrane carbohydrate a. Endocrine signaling
-sugar coat(outer surface) - hormones/ are carried in the
-EM:”fuzziness” blood to target cells throughout the
-Functions: body
-attachment of some b. Paracrine signaling
cells(extrcellular) - the chemical mediators are
-binds Antigens ad enzymes(cell rapidly metabolized so that they act
surface) only on local cells very close to the
-“cell-cell recognition and interaction” source
-protection c. Synaptic signalling
-enter immune reactions -neurotransmitters act only on
adjacent cells through special contact
 Endocytosis areas called synapses
a. Phagocytosis – “engulfing”; cell- d. Autocrine signaling
eating - signal bind receptors on the
-phagosome- intacellular vacuole same cell type that produced the
b. Fluid Phase Endocytosis messenger molecule
-Pinocytosis-“cell-drinking”c. e. Juxtacrine signaling
c. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - important in early embryonic
- receptors first bind to specific tissue interactions
substances  receptor and bound - signaling molecules remain part
substance taken up by the cell of a cells surface and bind surface
receptors of the target cell when the
two cells make direct physical contact

II. b. Mitochondria
- “powerhouse” of the cell
- Inner membrane(Cristae- folds) where ATP
produced

 Exocytosis
-release contents into extracellular space

II. c. Ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis
- Can be classified as Free(produce CHONs
used within the cell ) or Bound( produce
CHONs that are secreted incorporated into
plasma membrane and within lysosomes

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II. g. Proteasomes
- Abundant cytoplasmic protein complexes
not associated with membrane
- To degrade denatured or otherwise
nonfunctional polypeptides
- Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway

II. d. Endoplasmic Reticulum

- Endoplasmic matrix- space inside the
tubules and vesicles filled with a watery
medium

i. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

-flattened
-have ribosomes attached II. h. Peroxisomes
-synthesis and packaging of - Microbodies
proteins - Contain enzymes involved in lipid
ii. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum metabolism( Beta-oxidation)
-tubular in shape
-storage organelle II. i. Cytoskeleton
-important in the creation and i. Microtubules
storage of lipids and storage -intracellular transport of vesicle
-detoxification -chromosome movement during mitosis
(Centrioles-cell mitosis)
-movement of cilia and flagella
-Motor Proteins
a. Kinesin- transport of
substances from center to periphery
b. Dynein- transport substances
from periphery to center
-movement of flagella and cilia
ii. Microfilaments
-Actin filaments
- found in muscle cells
-actin and myosin
iii. Intermediate Filaments
II. e. Golgi Apparatus -found in epithelial cells
- Prominent in secretory cells -Keratinized- nails, horns, feathers
- Formation of vesicles and scales
- Synthesis of Hyaluronic acid and -found in vimentin- early embryo
Chondroitin sulfate -found in neural filaments
-lamins nucear envelope
II. f. Lysosomes
- Break off from the golgi apparatus
- Intracellular digestion and turnover of
cellular components
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II. j. Inclusions

- Contains accumulated metabolites or other

substances
- Minor cytoplasmic structures (CHO, Lipids,
pigments)
- Fat droplets, glycogen granules,
lipofuscin granules

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