FULLY WORKED SOLUTIONS

CHAPTER

6 VECTORS

Focus on STPM 6
→
1 (a) OP = (1)b + 3(a) 2 (a) B

1+3 I−l

1 2 1 2
3 1
−4 + 3 3 P

2 −1 l
=
4

12
6 A
1 O
= 5
4
−1 æ 1 ö
→ 3 5 1 ® ç
OP = i + j – k ÷
2 4 4 OA = ç-2 ÷
1 P 3 ç 4 ÷
A B è ø
æ 4 ö
® ç ÷
a OA = ç 1 ÷
b
ç-2 ÷
è ø
æ 4 ö æ 1 ö
O ® ç ÷ ç ÷
→ 3b − 2a OP = l ç 1 ÷ + (1 - l ) ç-2 ÷
(b) OQ = ç-2 ÷ ç 4 ÷
3−2 è ø è ø
3 1

1 2 1 21 2
7 æ 4l + 1 - l ö
− 4 −2
3
−18 ç ÷
=3 = = ç l - 2 + 2l ÷
2 −1
→ 8 ç -2 l + 4 - 4 l ÷
OQ = 7i – 18j + 8k è ø
+3 æ 3l + 1 ö
ç ÷
B −2 = ç 3l - 2 ÷
A Q
ç -6 l + 4 ÷
è ø
b = (3l + 1) i + (3l - 2 ) j + ( 6 l + 4 ) k
a
→ →
(b) OP ^ AB
®→ ® →
Þ OP × AB = 0
O

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 -2
æ 3l + 1 ö é æ 4
ç ÷ êç
ç 3l - 2 ÷ × ê ç 1
ç -6 l + 4 ÷ êç-2
ö æ 1
÷ ç
öù
÷ú
÷ - ç-2
÷ ç 4
÷ú = 0
÷ú
=
12 2
0
è ø ëè ø è øû → → →
AC = OC - OA
æ 3l + 1 ö æ 3 ö

12 1 2
ç ÷ç ÷ 1 3
ç 3l - 2 ÷ ç 3 ÷ = 0 = 1 - 1
ç -6 l + 4 ÷ ç-6 ÷ 1 -1
è øè ø
-2

12
9l + 3 + 9l - 6 + 36 l - 24 = 0
= 0
54 l = 27 2
1
l=
2
(c) Shortest distance from O to AB = OP
→
→ →
|
i j k
AB × AC = -2 2 0 = 4i + 4j + 4k
-2 0 2
→
| →
Area of parallelogram ABCD = |AB × AC |
é æ1ö ù = 42 + 42 + 42
ê 3ç 2 ÷ + 1 ú = 4 3 unit2
ê è ø ú → →
® ê æ1ö ú (b) AB × AC is a vector which is
OP = ê 3 ç ÷ - 2 ú →
perpendicular to AB
ê è2ø ú →
ê æ1ö ú and AC .
ê -6 ç ÷ + 4 ú Therefore, a unit vector perpendicular
ë è2ø û to the plane ABCD
→ →
æ5ö AB × AC 4i + 4j + 4k
ç2÷ = → → =
ç ÷ |AB × AC| 4 3
1
=ç ÷ =
1
(i + j + k)
ç2÷
ç ÷ 3
ç1÷

121212
ç ÷ 5 2 3
è ø → → →
4 (a) AB = OB − OA = −1 − 3 −
= 4
2 −4 6
® æ5ö æ1ö
2 2 →
OP = ç ÷ + ç ÷ + 1 |AB| = 33 + 42 + 62 = 81 = 9
è2ø è2ø Unit vector parallel to
30
1 2
= → 3
→ AB 1 − 4
4 |AB| = → =
1 |AB| 9 6
= 30 unit. 1 4 2
2 = i– j+ k
→ → 3 9 3
3 OA = 3i + j - k, OB = i + 3j - k,
→ (b) Let the coordinates of D be (x, y, z)
OC = i + j + k
→ → → D C
(a) AB = OB - OA

1212
1 3
= 3 - 1
-1 -1
A B

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 −3 4
1 2 12 12 1 2
→ → → → 6 2
BA = 4 AC = OC − OA = 3 − 1 = 2
−6 2 3 −1

12 12 | |
→ x 7 i j k
CD = y − 1 → →
AB × AC = 2 1 −5
z 8 4 2 −1
Comparing: x − 7 = −3
x=4
y−1=4
| | | |
= 1 −5 i − 2 −5 j +
2 −1 4 −1
y=5
z − 8 = −6
|24 12| k
z=2 = 9i − 18j
 The position vector of D is
4i + 5j + 2k. 1 ® ®
Area of D ABC = AB ´ AC
2

12 1 2 12
→ 7 5 2
(c) BC = 1 − −1 = 2 1 2
= 9 + 182
8 2 6 2

| |
i j k 1
→ → = 405
AB × BC = 3 − 4 6 2
2 2 6 = 10.06unit 2
→
= (−24 − 12)i − (18 − 12)j + (b) A unit vector perpendicular to AB
(6 + 8)k →
= −36i − 6j + 14k and AC
→ →
Area of parallelogram = |AB × BC| ® ®
AB ´ AC
= 36 + 6 + 14
2 2 2 = ® ®
= 39.1 unit2 AB ´ AC

1 2 12 1 2
1 1 0
→ → → 1
5 AB = OB − OA = 0 − 4 = −4 = ( 9i - 18 j)
−2 3 −5 405
1

1 2 12 1 2 ( 9i - 18 j)
5 1 4 =
→ → →
AD = OD − OA = −1 − 4 = −5 9 5
3 3 0 1 2
= i-
| |
i j k j
→ → 5 5
AB × AD = 0 − 4 −5


4 5 0 2 1
= −25i − 20j + 16k ® ® ®
→ → 7 (a ) PQ = OQ - OP = 0 - 3
Area of parallelogram = |AB × AD| 3 4
= 252 + 202 + 162


= 35.8 unit2 1
= -3

1 2 12 1 2
4 2 2
→ → →
6 (a) AB = OB − OA = 2 − 1 = 1 -1
−2 3 −5

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4 1 −4 2
® ® ® → → →
PR = OR - OP = 1 - 3 8 (a ) AV = OV − OA = 3 − 1
-2 4 2 5

 
3 −6
= -2 = 2
-6 −3
→
Length of AV = AV | |
  
1 3
® ®
PQ × PR = -3 -2 × = 6 2 + 22 + 32
-1 -6 = 7 units


= 3 + 6 + 6 = 15 5 2
→ → →
→ → → (b)
→ → AD = OD − OA = 2 − 1
(b) PQ
→. →
PQ .PR
PR == PQ
PQ PR
→
|| |||| ||
PR coscos∠
∠QPR
QPR 3 5
→
→ → →
cos ∠ QPR = PQ⋅⋅PR
PQ PR


cos ∠ QPR = → → → 3
PQ
PQ PR
→
PR || |||| || = 1
15 −2
=
12 + 32 + 12 32 + 2 2 + 6 2 ® ® ® ®
= 0.6461
| || |
AV × AD = AV AD cos ÐVAD

 ×× 
= 50o --66 33
(c) Area of parallelogram PQRS 22 11
→ → --33 --22
= PQ × PR ÐVAD
cos Ð
cos VAD ==
((77)) 332 ++112 ++222
2 2 2

i j k --18
18++22++66
→ → ==
PQ × PR = 1 −3 −1 77 1414
3 −2 −6 1010
== --
= −3 −1 1 −1 77 14 14
i− j \Ð
\ ÐVAD
VAD == 11
11 °°
112227 27¢¢
−2 −6 3 −6

 
1 −3 3 2
+ → → →
3 −2 (c) AB = OB − OA = 4 − 1
= 16i + 3j + 7k −2 5


∴ Area of PQRS = 16 2 + 32 + 72 1
= 17.72unit 2 = 3
−7

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i j k 1 - 3t -3
→ → =0
AB × AD = 1 3 −7 3 - 2t -2
3 1 −2 -3 + 9t - 6 + 4t = 0
3 −7 1 −7 13t = 9
= i− j
1 −2 3 −2 9
t=
1 3 13
+ k
3 1 → →
(d) OP = AP →
= i − 19 j − 8k 2 →
( 23t ) + ( 3 − 22t ) →
2
1 − = tAB
(1(1−−33t t) ) ++( 3( 3−−22t t) ) ==tAB tAB
2 2
(d) Area of base

  
→ → −3t
ABCD = AB × AD = −=−33t t
= −2t−2t
−2t
= 12 + 192 + 82 16t−+69t 2t+2 9+t 9 +− 912−t 12
2
t 2t+2 4=t 92t=2 9+t 242t+2 4t 2
2
1 − +
1 − 6t + 9t + 9 − 12t + 4t = 9t + 4t 4
= 20.64 unit 2 − 18t = 0
1010−−10
1188t t==00
® ®
  × 
1 -2 10
9 (a) OA × OB = t =10t10=
3 1 t= 8 8
8 5
= -2 + 3 = 1 5=
5
® ® ® ® == 9 9
(b) OA × OB = OA OB cos Ð AOB 9

  
3 5
→ →
1 10 OA = 1 , OB = −4
cos ∠ AOB =
1 +3
2 2
22 + 12 3 3
1 ® ® ® ®
= OA× OB = OA OB cos Ð AOB
50

 . 
3 5
∠ AOB = 81° 52′ = 82° (nearest degree)
1 -4
® ® ®
(c) AB = OB - OA 3 3
cos Ð AOB =
32 + 12 + 32 52 + 4 2 + 32
-2
  
1
= - 20
1 3 =
950
-3
-2
4
= = [Shown]
38
→ →
®
    
1 -3 1 - 3t Let OP = t OB
OP = +t =
3 -2 3 - 2t

 
5t
® ® = −4t
OP × AB = 0
3t

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 A → → →
(c) AB = OB − OA

12 12
B 1 2
= 3 − 3
5 4
P
−1
12
O

® ® ® = 0
AP = OP - OA 1
A vector equation of the line is

  
5t 3 r = 2i + 3j + 4k + l(–i + k)
= -4t - 1
12 (a) General position vector of a point
3t 3

 
l

 
5t - 3 = 3− l
= -4t - 1 6 − 4l
3t - 3
®
®
® ® + (( 33 - l ))2 + + (( 66 - l ))2 =
2 2
OA = l l 22 + -l - 44 l = 33
AP × OB = 0 OA =
l2 +
l
2
+ 99 - l+
- 66 l +ll2 +
2
+ 36
36 - - 48 48l l+ + 16 l2 =
16 l 2
= 99

 × 
5t - 3 5
18l
18 l2 - 2
- 54
54 l l+ + 36
36 = = 00
= -4t - 1 -4 = 0
l2 -
l
2
- 33l l+ + 22 == 00
3t - 3 3
(( ll -- 11)) (( ll -- 22)) == 00
25t − 15 + 16t + 4 + 9t − 9 = 0
50t = 20 l = 1 or 2

t =
2 Þ A (1, 2, 2 ) and B ( 2, 1, - 2 )
5 i j k
→ 2 → →
∴ OP = ( 5i − 4j + 4k ) (b) OA × OB − 1 2 2
5 2 1 −2
→
11 (a) OC = 4i + 6j + 8k
→ = ( −4 − 2 ) i − ( −2 − 4 ) j + (1 − 4 ) k
|OC| = 42 + 62 + 82 = 116 = 2 29 = −6i + 6 j − 3k
→ → → → 1 ® ®
(b) OA ? OB = |OA| |OB| cos AOB Area of D OAB = | OA ´ OB |
2

1 21 2
2 1
3 ? 3 = 4 + 9 + 16 1 + 9 + 25 cos q 1
= 36 + 36 + 9
4 5 2
2 + 9 + 20 = 29 35 cos q 1
= 81
31 2
cos q =
29 35 1
= 4 unit 2
= 0.973 2
q = 13.3°

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  ⋅ 
2 1
1
cos q = 3 −2
14 × 14
−1 3

  
1 2 2−6−3
=
13 Let -i - 4 j + 2k = -1 + l 3 14
1 -1 7
=
14
Equating the components,
1
−1 = 1 + 2l ⇒ l = −1 =
2
−4 = −1 + 3l ⇒ l = −1

      
1 1 3
2 = 1− l ⇒ l = −1 1 1 3
14 Let 1 +t 2 = 5
1 +t 2 = 5
Hence, the point (−1, −4, 2) lies on the 2 3 8
2 3 8
line 1+ t = 3 Þt = 2
1+ t = 3 Þt = 2
1 + 2t = 5 Þ t = 2

  
1 2 1 + 2t = 5 Þ t = 2
2 + 3t = 8 Þ t = 2
r= -1 + l 3 2 + 3t = 8 Þ t = 2
1 -1
Since there is a value for t, 1 passes

 
-3 1 through the point (3, 5, 8).
Let - i - 4 j + 2k = 0 + m -2

    
2 1 3
-4 3 Let 3 + s -1 = 5
Equating the components, -1 2 8
−1 = −3 + µ ⇒ µ= 2 + ss =
22 + = 33 ÞÞs s= =1 1
3 - s
3- s = 5= 5 ÞÞs s==--2 2
−4 = 0 − 2µ ⇒µ= 2
- 9
2 = −4 + 3µ ⇒µ =2 -11 +
+ 22 ss =
= 88 ÞÞs s= = 9
22
Hence, the point (−1, −4, 2) lies on the Since s does not have a value,
line 2 does not pass through the point (3, 5, 8).

 
-3

    
1 1 1 1 0
r= 0 + m -2 Let b1 = 2 and b2 = 3 - -1 = 4
-4 3 3 4 3 1

 
2 1 b1 = 14 b2 = 17
2 1
Let b1 = 3 and b = -2

 ⋅ 
b1 = 3 and b22 = -2 1 0
-1 3 1
-1 3 cos q = 2 4
b = 14 b = 14 14 × 17
b11 = 14 b22 = 14 3 1
8+3
=


2 1
14 × 17
cos q =
1
14 × 14
3 ⋅ −2 = 0.7130
−1 3
q = 44.5

2−6−3
=
14
7
= ACE
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 1212
15 Let the position vector of the point of 4 2
intersection of < and p be r1. = 2 1 − −1
r1 = 3i - 2j - 3k + l(-i + 2j + 3k) −2 −3
= (3 - l)i + (2l - 2) j + (3l - 3)k … 1 8−2
r1 · (2i - 2j + 3k) = 7 …2
Substitute r1 in equation 1 into equation 2 :
= 1 2
2+1
−4 + 3

1 21 2
3-l 2  Image of C is (6, 3, –1).
2l - 2 · -2 = 7

    
4 3 1
3l - 3 3
2(3 - l) - 2(2l - 2) + 3(3l - 3) = 7 17 b = 0 - 1 = -1
1 + 3l = 7 2 -2 4
l=2

 
Hence, the position vector of the point of 3 1
intersection of < and p is i + 2j + 3k. \r = 1 + t -1
16 Equation of the perpendicular to the -2 4
plane p is 1
2
b=
( –14 )
1 2 12
2 θ
−1
r= +t 2
−3 1 2
c=
( 12 )

1 212
2 + 2t 2
At point F, −1 + 2t ? 2 = 8 Using b ×c = b c cos q
−3 + t 1

 ×  
4 + 4t − 2 + 4t − 3 + t = 8 1 2
9t = 9 -1 1 = 12 + 12 + 4 2 22 + 12 + 12
t=1 4 2 cos q
 Coordinates of F = (2 + 2, −1 + 2, −3 + 1)
2 - 1 + 8 = 18 9 cos q
= (4, 1, –2)
C¢ 9 2 cos q = 9

q = cos -1  12 
F(4, 1, −2) = 45°

 
-4 5
® ® ® -4 5
® ® ®
AB = OB - OA = 4 - 4
18 (a) AB = OB - OA = 4 - 4
-2 10
C(2, −1, −3) -2 10

  
→ → -9 3
CC9 = 2CF -9 3
→ → = 0 =3 0
= 2(OF − OC) = 0 =3 0
→ → → -12 4
OC9 = OC + CC9 -12 4
→ → → ∴ vector equation of the line
= OC + 2OF − 2OC

  
→ → 5 3
= 2OF − OC AB = 4 +l 0
10 4

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 x-5 (d) The point F lies on AB
(b) x = 5 + 3l Þ l =

 
3 5 + 3l
→
y=4 ⇒ OF = 4
z - 10 10 + 4 l
z = 10 + 4 l Þ l =
4 → → →
∴ Cartesian equation of the line AB is AF = OF − OA


x − 5 z − 10 3l
= ,y=4
3 4 = 0

  
-5 5 4l
® ® ®
(c) AC = OC - OA = 9 - 4 →
5 10
| AF |= 9l 2 + 16 l 2 = 10
25l 2 = 100


-10 l = ±2
= 5 ∴l = −2, since l = 2 does not satisfy
-5 the equation of AB.
C
Hence, the position vector of OF

 
5−6
B
= 4
θ
10 − 8
F
A = − i + 4 j + 2k
®
Length of projection of AC onto → → →
® 19 (a) AB = OB − OA
| |

AB = AF −2 3
AF ® ® = 3 − −1
AC
= cosq Þ AC cosq = AF | | −2 1


® ® ® ® −5
× | || |
AC AB = AC AB cos q
= 4
® ®
= AB AF | || | −3
→
®
® ®
× Length of AB = AB | |
| |
Þ AF =
AC AB
®
AB | | = 52 + 4 2 + 32
= 50

  
-10 3
® ® ®
5 0 (b) AC = OC - OA


-5 4 2 3
50
= = = 1 - -1
32 + 4 2 5
= 10 units -1 1

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 ® ®


-1 Þ OP i AB = 0
= 2

 ×  
3 - 5t -5
-2
-1 + 4t 4 =0
® 1 - 3t -3
| AC | = 12 + 22 + 22 = 3
-15 + 25t - 4 + 16t - 3 + 9t = 0
→ →
cos ∠ BAC = →
AB ⋅ AC -22 + 50t = 0
→ 22
AB | || AC | t=
50

 ⋅ 
−5 −1 = 0.44
4 2 ∴ p = (3 − 5 × 0.44)i + (−1 + 4 × 0.44)j
−3 −2 + (1 − 3 × 0.44)k
=
50 (3) = 0.8i + 0.76j − 0.32k

=
3 50
∠ BAC = 26.4
5+8+6
= 0.8957
| |
i j k
20 (a) n = 1 2 3
1 −1 2

= 26 ( nearest degree ) | | | | |

2 3 1 3 1 2
= −1 2 i − 1 2 j + 1 −1 k |
1 ® ® = 7i + j – 3k
(c) Area of D ABC =
2
AB AC | || |
(b) r ? (7i + j − 3k) = d
sin Ð BAC r = i + j + 2k

()( )
1 1 7
= ( 50 )(3)sin 26.4
2 d= 1 ? 1
= 4.72unit 2 2 −3
(3 significant figures) = +7 1 − 6=2
 equation of  is r ? (7i + j − 3k) = 2
A vector equation of the line passing
21 (a) l : r = 2i + j + l ( 2i + k )
through A and B is given by
→ p : r = i + 3 j − k + µ ( 2i + k )
r = (3i + j + k ) + l ( AB ) where
+ u ( − i + 4 j)
l is a scalar

   
2 + 2l 1 + 2m - u

 
3 −5 ® ®
= −1 + l 4 OP = 1 OQ = 3 + 4u
1 −3 l -1 + m
® ®
= (3 − 5l ) i + ( −1 + 4 l ) j ® OP +2 2 OQ R
P
1
Q
OR =
+ (1 − 3l ) k 1+ 2
é ù

  
⇒ same form as the given position vector of P ê 2 + 2l 2 + 4m - 2u ú
1ê ú
∴ P lies on the line through A and B. = ê 1 + 6 + 8u ú
3
OP perpendicular to AB ê l -2 + 2m ú
êë O úû

 
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2018 = 7 + 8u
3
    
2 + 2l 1 + 2m - u
® ®
OP = 1 OQ = 3 + 4u
l -1 + m
® ® = -4i - j + 8k
® OP + 2 OQ
OR =


1+ 2 -4
1
é ù n̂ = -1

  
ê 2 + 2l 2 + 4m - 2u ú 4 2 + 12 + 82 8
1ê ú
= ê 1 + 6 + 8u


3 ú -4
ê l -2 + 2m ú 1
êë úû = -1
9
8

 
4 + 2l + 4m - 2u
1 L(0, 1, −1)
= 7 + 8u
3
-2 + l + 2m q

∴ Locus of R is r n

é ù

     
ê 4 2 4 -2 ú a
1ê ú
= ê 7 + l 0 +m 0 +u 8 ú M(1, −5, −2) p
3
ê -2 1 2 0 ú
êë úû


(b) To show L(0, 1, −1) lies on  1 0 1
® ® ®
LM = OM - OL = -5 - 1 = -6

 
2 + 2l 0
Þ 1 = 1 -2 -1 -1
l -1 ®
®
LM
LM
Þ l = -1 cos q
cos q= sin a
= sin a ® ® ·· n n
LM
LM
Since there is a value for l, therefore -44

 ×  
11 -
L lies on . - -11
-66 -
To show M(1, −5, −2) lies on  -
-11 88
=
=

 
1 + 2m - u 1 + 66 22 +
99 1122 + + 1122
Þ 3 + 4u = -5 1
= 1 -
= -44 + + 66 -- 88
-1 + m -2 9
9 38 38
Þ m = -1 and u = -2 = 66
=
99 3388
Since there are values for μ and u, 22
=
=
therefore M lies on . 33 38 38
n = normal to  ∴ The sine of the acute angle between
i j k 2
LM and  is = .
= 2 0 1 3 38
−1 4 0

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 y−z=0 …2
1 + 2:z=1
LM = 12 + 6 2 + 12
⇒y=1
= 38  (0, 1, 1) lies on 
−1
12 1 2
d 0
= sina ⇒ < : r = 1 +t 5
LM
1 3
d 2 2
= ⇒d= −1
1 2
38 3 38 3 → → →
(c) AP = OP − OA = 1
2
Shortest distance from L to  is . 0
3 −1 −1 i j k

22 (a) 1 : x − y + 2z = 1 ⇒ n1 = –1
1
1 2 1 2 1 2  
1 × 5
0 3
= −1 1 0
−1 5 3
2 = 3i + 3j − 4k
2 p

2 : 2x + y − z = 0 ⇒ n2 = 1
–1
1 2 
A(1, 0, 1)

( ) ( )
1 2
–1 ? 1
n1 ? n2
 2
–1 P(0, 1, 1)
cos q = =
n n
 1  2 6 6
Let 3 = plane containing  and point
 
2 – 1 – 2
= A
6
3
1 2
1
= ⇒ q = 80.4° 3 : r ? 3 =d
6
−4
1 2

2
1 2 1 2
(b) The vectors –1 and 1 are
–1
⇒ 0 ?
1
12 1 2
1 −4
3
3 = 3 − 4 = −1
normals to 1 and 2. By definition, Equation of 3 is r ? (3i + 3j – 4k) = –1
1 2

direction 2
1 21 2
the vector −1 × 1 has a
−1
(d) Let 4 = plane passing through A and
perpendicular to .

perpendicular to both normals, that

is, in the direction of the line . 
i j k
n1 × n2 = 1 −1

2 1 −1
2
 A(1, 0, 1)

= − 2)i − (−1 − 4) j + (1 + 2)k

(1
= −i + 5j + 3k
x − y + 2z = 1 p4
2x + y − z = 0 −1
Let x = 0, −y + 2z = 1 …1 Normal to plane 4 =
1 2 5
3

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 −1 1 5
1 2
⇒ r ? 5 = d1
3
Substitute t =
1
s− −5=−
2
5
and l= into 3 :
6

2 6
1 −1
12 1 2
0 ?
1
5 = −1 + 0 + 3 = 2
3
s=
7
3

1 2
–1 3 1
1 2
 Equation of  is r ? 5 = 2
3
 P is 3 + 1, 5 + , 4 +
2 2
and

Q is 11 + 14 , 1 + 14 , −1 + 14 2

12 12 1 2 12
3 2 1 1 3 3 3
23 5 +t 3 = 1 +s 1 2 2 2
⇒ P14, 6 , 4 2 and Q15 , 5 3, 3 32
1 1
4 1 −1 1 2 2 3
⇒ 3 + 2t = 1 + s
s − 2t = 2 … 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2

⇒ 5 + 3t = 1 + s
PQ = 52 − 4 + 17 − 13 + 11 − 9
3 3 2 3 2
s − 3t = 4 … 2
25 25 25
⇒ 4 + t = −1 + s = + +
9 36 36
s−t=5 … 3
1 − 2 : t = −2 150
=
Substitute t = −2 into 1 : 36
s+4=2 5 6
= [Shown]
s = −2 6
Equation 3 is not satisfied when t = −2

   
4 1 3
and s = −2. ®
Hence the two lines do not intersect. 24 PQ = 0 - 6 = -6
Line PQ is perpendicular to the lines -8 1 -9
<1 and <2.

| |   
i j k 1 3
→
⇒ PQ = l 2 3 1 Equation of line: r = 6 + t -6
1 1 1
→ → 1 -9
OQ − OP = l(2i − j − k)

   
1 1 3

1 21 2 1 2
1+s 3 + 2t 2
1 + s − 5 + 3t = l −1 s 2 = 6 + t -6
1+s 4+t −1 -1 1 -9
⇒ s − 2t − 2 = 2l …1
⇒ s − 3t − 4 = −l …2 Þ s = 1 + 3t ... 1 … 1
⇒ s − t − 5 = −l …3 Þ 2 s = 6 - 6t ... 2 … 2
2 − 3 : −2t + 1 = 0
1 Þ - s = 1 + 9t ... 3 … 3
t=
2
2 − 1 : −t − 2 = −3l 1
1 1 +1 +33 : 0 = 2 − 6t ⇒ t =
− − 2 = −3l 3
2 5 ⇒ s=2
l=
6

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 1 5
Substitute s = into 1 :
Equation 2 is satisfied when t = and 3
3 5
s = 2. 2−t=
3
Hence, the point of intersection 1
t=
= ( 2, 4, −2 ) 3
4 + 2t = 3 − 2s …3

   
1 3 5 5 1
Substitute s = and t = into 3 :
<: r = s 2 m : r = -1 +l a 3 3
2 10
-1 5 5 4+ ≠3−
3 3
Angle between lines < and m = 45° 5 1
Since s = and t = do not satisfy
1 3 3
cos 45° = equation 3 ,
2  <1 and <2 do not intersect.

 × 
2−t
1 2
1 5
General position vector of P = 2 + t
Þ 2 a
4 + 2t
-1 5

1 2
s
General position vector of Q = −1 + 2s
= ( 1 + 2 + 1 )(
2 2 2
)
52 + a 2 + 52 cos 45°
2
3 − 2s

 2
1
5 + 2a - 5 = 6 50 + a 2
P 2
2
2a 2 = 6 50 + a 2( ) R
3

8a = 300 + 6 a
2 2
Q

2a 2 = 300
a = 150
=5 6 O

25 <1 : −2x + 4 = 2y − 4 = z − 4 → →
→ 3OP + 2OQ
OR =
⇒ x−2 = y−2 = z−4 5
−1 1 2
6 − 3t

1 21 24
r = 2i + 2j + 4k + t(−i + j + 2k) 2s
1 6 + 3t
x = + −2 + 4s
<2 : 2x = y + 1 = −z + 3 ⇒ = y + 1 = z − 3 5 12 + 6t
6 − 4s
1 2 −2 6 − 3t + 2s

1 2
r = − j + 3k + s(i + 2 j − 2k) 1 4 + 3t + 4s
2−t s =

1 21 2
5 18 + 6t − 4s
Let 2 + t = −1 + 2s
4 + 2t 3 − 2s 6 4
Locus of R = i + j + 18 k +
2−t=s …1 5 5 5
2 + t = −1 + 2s …2 1
t(−3i + 3t + 6k) +
5
1 + 2 : 4 = −1 + 3s
1
5 s(2i + 4j − 4k)
s= 5
3

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 6 4 18 6
= i + j + k + (–i + j + 2k) \ sinq =
5 5 5
260
+ k(i + 2j – 2k)
= 0.372

 
2 2
27 (a)
26 (a) Equation of line: r = 1 + l 3

  
0 4 0
4 0 ® ® ®
OA = 0 , OB = 0 , OC = 8
(b) At the point of intersection between
the line and plane: 10 14 18

 
2 +2 2+l2l 22
××
    
4 0 4
1 +13+l3l 3 3 = -=6-6 →
AB = 0 − 0 = 0
44 00
14 10 4
ÞÞ l 3++3 9+l9l
4 +4 4+l4+ = =-6-6

    
→ 0 0 0
l l= =-1-1 AC = − 0 =
8 8
10

  
22 22 00 18 8
®®

  
\\
OQ = = 1 1 + 1+ 13 3 = = -2-2
OQ 4 0 −32
→ →
44 00 44 AB × AC = 0 × 8 = −32
= -2
= -2 j +j 4+k4k 4 8 32

P
O
(c)


−1
∴ a normal to the plane ABC is −1
90°− θ
1
Equation of plane ABC is

   ×  
θ -1 0 -1
×
Q
r -1 = 0 -1 = 10
p
1 10 1
Þ - x - y + z = 10
® ® ® ® (b) Angle between planes ABC and z = 0
×
OQ PQ = OQ QP cos(90 - q )


-1

  
0 -2 = angle between the normal -1
-2 × -3 = 22 + 4 2 22 + 32 1


0
4 0 (
cos 90 - q ) and the normal 0 .
6 = 20 13 cos ( 90 
-q ) 1

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 36t + 78 + t + 4 + 16t + 24 = 0

 × 
-1 0
53t + 106 = 0
-1 0 t = −2
1 1 1  Coordinates of Q = (−10 + 12, 3 − 2,
cos q = =
3 1 11 − 8)

  
-1 0 = (2, 1, 3)
-1 0 < : r = −10i + 3j + 11k + t(−6i + j + 4k)
 : r ? (i − j + 3k) = 15
1 1

q = 54.7°° ⇒
1
−10 − 6t
2
3+t ?
11 + 4t
() 1
−1
3
= 15

 
-1 0 −10 − 6t − 3 − t + 33 + 12t = 15
(c) -1 ´ 0 = -i + j 5t + 20 = 15
1 1 t = −1
 R is (−10 + 6, 3 − 1, 11 − 4)
∴ − i + j is a vector which is parallel ⇒ R(– 4, 2, 7)
to the line of intersection.
→ → →
Plane ABC: −x − y + z = 10 ... 1 PQ = OQ − OP
Plane z = 0; z=0
Choose and substitute y = 0 into
equation 1
() ( )
= 1 −
2

3
3
−1
5

()
−x = 10 −1
x = −10 = 2
∴ (−10, 0, 0) lies on the line of −2
intersection.
∴ equation of the line of intersection
between the two plane is
→
( )()
−4
PR = 2 − −1
7
3

5
r = − 10i + t(−i + j)
28 Let coordinates of Q be = 3()
−7

| |
(−10 − 6t, 3 + t, 11 + 4t) i j k
→ →
→ → → PQ × PR = −1 2 −2 = 10i + 16j + 11k
PQ = OQ − OP
−7 3 2

=
−10 − 6t
1
3+t
11 + 4t
3
− −1 =
5
2 () 1
−6t − 13
t+4
4t + 6 2
 A vector perpendicular to the plane PQR
is 10i + 16j + 11k.
Angle between two planes
= Angle between their normals

( )( )
Q
1 10
−1 ? 16
cos q = 3 11
P(3, −1, 5) 
1 + 1 + 9 100 + 256 + 121
10 − 16 + 33
=
⇒
1
−6t − 13
t+4
4t + 6 2 ()−6
? 1 =0
4 =
27
11 477

11 477

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 = 0.3727
q  68°
29 (a)  : r ? (i − 6j + 2k) = −5
= ()
–2
0
1
n = i − 6j + 2k
(b) Equation of vector perpendicular to 
and passes through A(2, −4, 5) is
⇒ b̂ = 1
5 () –2
0
1

() ()
2 1
r = – 4 + l –6 .
5 2
→
CP =
2−3
1 2
–1
8 + 3 = 11
0 + 13 13
()
→

( )() 2+l 1
– 4 – 6l ? 6 = −5
NC = CP ? b̂

5 + 2l 2
2 + l + 24 + 36l + 10 + 4l = −5
41l + 36 = −5
=
–1
1 11
5 13 ( )( )
–2
? 0
1
l = −1 1
= (2 + 13)
Coordinates of point of intersection 5
= (2 − 1, − 4 + 6, 5 − 2)
=3 5
= (1, 2, 3)
Let D = (1, 2, 3) PN = PC 2 − NC 2
2

Perpendicular distance from = (12 + 112 + 132) − (3 5)2

A to  = AD
= 291 − 45
= (2 − 1)2 + (− 4 − 2)2 + (5 − 3)2
PN = 246
= 41 (Shown)
 The length of the perpendicular

( )() 3
m : r = −3 + t 0
−13
−2

1
from P to m is 246
30 Distance of A(−6, −1, −7) to 

() 1
 : r ? −6 = −5
2
=
3(–6) – (–1) + 2(–7) – 5
14

1 2( )
36
3 − 2t 1 =−
⇒ ? −6 14
−3
−13 + t 2 Distance of B(6, 3, 1) to 
= 3 − 2t + 18 − 26 + 2t = −5
Hence m lies in . = 3(6) – 3 + 2 – 5
14
N −2 12
b= 0 =
1 14
C(3, −3, −13) Since the two values are of opposite
signs, A and B lie on opposite sides of the
P(2, 8, 0) plane 3x − y + 2z − 5 = 0.
m

Let b = direction of line m

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 B
intersection. Equation of line of
12
intersection between the two planes is
14
p r = 4i + 10k + l(i − j + 4k)[Shown]
P

36
(a) 1 = 4i + 10k + l(i − j + 4k)
14 2 = 3j + 9k + m(i − 3j − k)

AP
=
PB
(  ) (  )
1

4
1
−1  ? −3  = 1 + 3 − 4 = 0
−1

 2  2
36 12 Hence 1 and 1 are perpendicular.

(  ) ( )
14 14
0 1
AP 14 36 3 (b) 2 : r = 3  + m −3 
= × = 9 −1
PB 12 14 1
 AP : PB = 3 : 1
31 When x = 4, y = 0, z = 10
3x − y − z = 12 − 0 − 10
(  ) 3
1 : r ? −1  = 2
−1

=2

1 2 (  )
x + 5y + z = 4 + 0 + 10 m 3
⇒ 3 − 3m ? −1  = 2
= 14
Hence the point (4, 0, 10) lies in both 9−m −1
planes. 3m − 3 + 3m − 9 + m = 2

n1 = Normal to 1 = −1 
−1
3
(  ) 7m − 12 = 2
m=2

1 2
2

(  )
1  Coordinates of Q = 3 − 3(2)
n2 = Normal to 2 = 5 
9−2
1 = (2, –3, 7)

| |
i j k 32 a = pi + qj  b = –4i + j  c = 5i + 4j
n1 × n2 = 3   −1   −1
(a) a ⋅ b = 0
1 5 1
1 pq ) ⋅1 –41) = 0
= (−1 + 5)i − (3 + 1)j + (15 + 1)k
= 4i − 4j + 16k –4p + q = 0
⇒ Direction of line of intersection is q = 4p …1
i − j + 4k a ⋅ c = 63
3x − y − z = 2 …1
x + 5y + z = 14 …2 1 pq ) ⋅1 54) = 63
1 + 2 : 4x + 4y = 16 5p + 4q = 63 …2
x + y = 4 …3 From 1 and 2 :
Substitute y = 0 into 3 : 5p + 4(4p) = 63
⇒  x = 4 21p = 63
Substitute x = 4, y = 0 into 2 : p = 3
4 + 0 + z = 14 From 1 : q = 12.
z = 10
 (4, 0, 10) lies on the line of

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 (b) a ⋅ c = |a||c|cos θ
63 = ( 32 + 122 )( 52 + 42 ) cos θ
63
()( )
x

z
1
y   ∙ −1  = 2 + 1 + 15
3
cos θ = x – y + 3z = 18
153 41
= 0.7954 34 π1: 2x – 3y + 2z = 8 …1
θ = 37.3° π2: x – 2y – 4z = 4 …2

( ) () 0
33 (a) ℓ1: r = −3  + s 1  
5
1

0
Substitute x = 4, y = 0, z = 0 into
equation 1
L.H.S = 8 + 0 + 0

() ()1
ℓ2: r = 1   + t 2  
6
–1

1
= R.H.S
Substitute x = 4, y = 0, z = 0 into
equation 2
Equating the coefficients of i, j and
k, L.H.S = 4 + 0 + 0
0 + s = 1 – t = R.H.S
s + t = 1 …1 Hence, (4, 0, 0) lies on both planes.
–3 + s = 1 + 2t
s – 2t = 4
5 + 0 = 6 + t
…2
2
From equation 1 : r ∙ −3  = 8
2
()
t = –1
From 1 : s + (−1) = 1 ⇒ s = 2
Also, t = −1 and s = 2 satisfy equation 2 .

2
n1 = −3 
2
()
∴ ℓ1 and ℓ2 meet at the point where
s  = 2 and t = −1.
1
From equation 2 : r ∙ −2  = 4 ()
()
(b) ℓ1: Let b1 = 1  
1

0
−4
1
n2 = −2  ()
ℓ2: Let b2 = 2  () –1

1 |
i j k
n1 × n2 = 2   –3   2 |
−4

| |
b1 × b2 = 1   1   0

i j k

–1 2 1
= – 0)i – (1 – 0)j + (2 + 1)k
(1
= i – j + 3k
n = i – j + 3k is the normal to the
plane containing ℓ1 and ℓ2.
Point of intersection of ℓ1 and ℓ2:
(0  + 2(1), −3 + 2(1), 5 + 0)
⇒ (2, −1, 5)
Equation of plane:
1 –2 –4
= (12 + 4)i – (8 – 2)j + (–4 + 3)k
= 16i + 10j – k
∴ The equation of the line of intersection
between the two planes is
r = 4i + λ (16i + 10j – k) where λ is a
parameter.
35 π1 : 2x – y + 4z = 4 …1
π2 : x – 3y – 2z = 2 …2

( )( )( )
1
r ⋅ −1  = −1  ∙ −1 
3
2

5
1

3
Substituting x = 2, y = 0, z = 0 into 1
L.H.S = 2(2) – 0 + 4(0)
= 4 = R.H.S

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 Substituting x = 2, y = 0, z = 0 into 2 q = -1
L.H.S = 2 – 3(0) – 2(0) \ p = 1, q = -1
= 2 = R.H.S
(b) Equation of plane: r × n = a × n
æxö æ 2ö æ 2ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ æ1ö æ 4 ö
From 1 : ç y ÷ × ç -1 ÷ = 4 Þ n1 = ç -1 ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
r ×n = ç0÷×ç 1 ÷
ç z ÷ ç 4÷ ç 4÷
è ø è ø è ø ç 3 ÷ ç -2 ÷
è ø è ø
æxö æ 1 ö æ 1ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ = 4+0-6
From 2 : ç y ÷ × ç -3 ÷ = 2 Þ n 2 = ç -3 ÷ r × n = -2 …1
ç z ÷ ç -2 ÷ ç -2 ÷
è ø è ø è ø æ ö4 æ 4ö
i j k ç ÷ ç ÷
Equation of line: r = ç 1 ÷ + l ç 1 ÷
n1 ´ n 2 = 2 -1 4 ç -1 ÷ ç -2 ÷
è ø è ø
1 -3 -2
æ 4 + 4l ö
-1 4 ç ÷
=i r = ç 1+ l ÷ … 2
-3 -2 ç -1 - 2 l ÷
è ø
2 4 2 -1 Substitute 2 into 1 ,
-j +k
1 -2 1 -3
æ 4 + 4l ö æ 4 ö
= 14 i - ( -8 j ) - 5k ç ÷ ç ÷
ç 1 + l ÷ × ç 1 ÷ = -2
= 14 i + 8 j - 5k ç -1 - 2 l ÷ ç -2 ÷
è ø è ø
Therefore, 14i + 8j – 5k is a vector which 16 + 16 l + 1 + l + 2 + 4 l = -2
is parallel to the line of intersection.
Since (2, 0, 0) lies on both planes 21l + 19 = -2
therefore vector equation of the line of 21l = -21
intersection is r = 2 i + l (14 i + 8 j - 5k )
l = -1
i j k \ Position vector of the point of
36 (a) -1 2 q
æ 4ö æ 4ö æ0ö
0 2 1 ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
intersection: r = ç 1 ÷ - 1ç 1 ÷ = ç 0 ÷
2 q -1 q ç -1 ÷ ç -2 ÷ ç 1 ÷
=i -j è ø è ø è ø
2 1 0 1 =k
-1 2 37 (a) V U
+k
0 2
= ( 2 - 2q ) i + j - 2 k T
S

Vector perpendicular to plane:

æ 2 - 2q ö æ 4 ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ i + 4k
ç 1 ÷=ç p ÷ R Q
ç -2 ÷ ç -2 ÷
è ø è ø 5i + 3j
3j
Þ 2 - 2q = 4 and 1 = p
O 5i P

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 ® æ -1 ö æ -5 ö
PQ = 3 j ® ç ÷ ® ç ÷
® (b) TP = ç 0 ÷ , TV = ç 3 ÷
PT = i + 4 k ç -4 ÷ ç 0÷
è ø è ø
® ® ®
TQ = TP + PQ 1 ® ®
Area of PTV = TP´ TV
æ -1 ö æ 0 ö æ -1 ö 2
ç ÷ç ÷ ç ÷
= ç 0÷ ç3÷ = ç 3÷ i j k
ç -4 ÷ ç 0 ÷ ç -4 ÷ 1
è øè ø è ø = -1 0 -4
2
® -5 3 0
SV = 3 j
® 1 0 -4 -1 -4 -1 0
= i -j +k
ST = 5 i 2 3 0 -5 0 -5 3
® ® ®
TV = TS + SV 1
= 12 i + 20 j - 3k
æ -5 ö æ 0 ö æ -5 ö 2
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ 1
= ç 0÷ + ç3÷ = ç 3÷ = 12 2 + 20 2 + 32
2
ç 0÷ ç0÷ ç 0÷
è ø è ø è ø 1
= 553
® ® 2
TQ× TV ® ®
cos ÐQTV = ® ® (c) n = TP ´ TV
TQ TQ
= 12 i + 20 j - 3k

æ -1 ö æ -5 ö P lies on the plane PTV.

ç ÷ ç ÷ Equation of plane PTV:
ç 3 ÷×ç 3 ÷
ç -4 ÷ ç 0 ÷ r×n = a×n
= è ø è ø
( 12 + 32 + 4 2 )( 52 + 32 ) æ 5 ö æ 12 ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
= ç 0 ÷ × ç 20 ÷
5+9 14 7 ç 0 ÷ ç -3 ÷
= = = è ø è ø
( 26 )(34 ) 884 221
\ r × n = 60
ÐQTV » 61.9

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