Satellite System Parameters

Lecture 3

MUHAMAD ASVIAL
Center for Information and Communication Engineering Research (CICER)
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Indonesia
Kampus UI Depok, 16424, Indonesia
asvial@ee.ui.ac.id
http://www.ee.ui.ac.id/cicer
 Objectives

– Satellite System Parameters

• Transmit Power and Bit Energy
• Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
• Equivalent Noise Temperature
• Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio
• Bit Energy to Noise Density Ratio
• G/Te Ratio
• Illumination Level and Power Flux Density
• C/Ts Ratio

1
Satellite System

Figure Satellite mobile communications system configuration

2
 Noise in Earth Station
G/T Ref

rf if

Ta Tf TD/L BASEBAND
LNA IPA DEMOD QoS
TLNA TIPA Lo (BER)

DOWN CONV
C/NOD
Ts

– Noise comes from:

Pa
• Ta= picked up by antenna from outside ( kB =effective noise)
• Tf= lossy feeder
• TLNA, TIPA= amplifiers in receiver chain
• TD/C= down converter
– Refer all noise to a reference plane into the LNA
3
 Noise in Payload

G/T Ref

Cu CD

D/C

C/N
eirps

• Noise comes from:

– Antenna received noise –earth + galaxy
– Feeder lossy noise (nb.290K)
– Equipment noise –amps / D/C etc. added in same way as for earth
station.

4
5
Noise Characterization

6
Noise Characterization

7
Noise contribution of an
attenuator

8
 Noise

– Thermal Noise Sources

– Thermal Noise Power

9
 Noise

– Noise Measurements in a Receiver

Figure Noise Ratios at Receiver

10
 Transmitter Power and Bit Energy

– Transmitter Power and Bit Energy

• Eb = Pt x Tb or Pt / fb where Pt is Tx Power in Watts or Jo
ules per Sec, Tb is Bit duration in Sec, fb is bps and
Eb is Bit Energy in Joules per Sec

Figure HPA input/output characteristic curve

11
 EIRP

– Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

• EIRP = PT x GT/ LT where GT is Tx Antenna Gain and LT is trans
mission line losses including back-off loss, feeder loss, and b
ranching loss etc.
• EIRP (dBW) = Pt(dB) – Lbo(dB)- Lbf (dB)+ GT(dB)
Where
PT = actual power output of the transmitter (dBW)
Lbo = back-off losses of HPA (dB)
Lbf = total branching and feeder loss (dB)
GT = transmit antenna gain (dB)

12
 Equivalent Noise Temperature

– Equivalent Noise Temperature

• N = KTB where K (1.39 x 10-23 joules per Kelvin) is Boltzmann’
s constant, T (degree Kelvin) is environment temperature, and
B (Hz) is System BW
• F = 1+Te/T where F (unitless) is noise factor and Te is Equivale
nt Noise Temperature (degree Kelvin)
• Te = T (F-1)

Example 5-3: Convert noise figures 4 and 4.01 to equivalent tem

peratures. Use 300 K for the environmental temperature.
Solution 5-3:
Te = T(F-1)
For F = 4 Te = 300(4-1) = 900 K
For F = 4.01 Te = 300 (4.01 –1) = 903 K

– Noise Density No = N/B or No = KTeB/B = KTe 13

 Carrier to Noise Density Ratio

– Carrier to Noise Density Ratio C/No = C/KTe

– Eb/No = Pt/fb x B/N or C/N x B/fb where fb is bit rate R
(bits per sec) and Pt is replaced with C
This Eb/No is a very good measure to compare digital systems
employing different modulation or encoding schemes and data
rates
Example 5-5: Comparison of Two Digital Systems:
Compare the performance characteristics of the two digital
systems listed below, and determine which system has the lower
probability of error.

QPSK 8PSK

Bit rate 40 Mbps 60 Mbps

Bandwidth 1.5 X minimum 2 X minimum
C/N 10.75 dB 13.76 dB

14
 G/Te

– Gain to Equivalent Noise Temperature Ratio G/Te:

G/Te = G-10 log (Ts) = G- 10 log (Ta +Tr) where Ts is equivale
nt system noise temperature. Ta is antenna noise temp. and Tr is receiv
er effective noise temp.
As LNA is placed so closed (at feed point) to antenna, so, G/Te is chan
ged as under:
G/Te = [Gr +GLNA]/Te
Expressed in log,
G/Te (dBK-1) = Gr (dB) + GLNA (dB) – Te (dBK-1)

15
 Illumination Level

* Gain of a theoretical antenna with one m2 area… D=1.13m

– Illumination Level
W = EIRP – L + G* (dBW/m2)
Or, W = EIRP –20 log10 S –71 (dBW/m2)
Where S= Link distance in km

Figure 3.7.2-3 Illumination level for geostationary satellite

– Power Flux Density (PFD)- EIRP/4πd2

16
 C/Ts

Carrier-to-Thermal Noise Ratio-C/Ts

C/TS = EIRP – L – LADD + GR/TS
Where EIRP: Equivalent isotropic power of transmitter (dBW)
L: Path loss (dB)
LADD: Additional transmission losses (dB)
GR/TS: Receiving system figure of merit (dBi/K)

C/TS = w+ GR/TS – G1m2

17
 BER

– BER (Pe) Vs C/N and Eb/No

18
19