LESSON 5: LITERATURE author himself or herself.

The exposition may also be

 Literature is considered to be a whole bulk of written works.
 A body or works that show “the best that had been taught and
said”.
 The highest achievements of a particular culture.
Types and Elements of Literature
presented using the first-person point of view, meaning
the narrative is one of the characters in the story.
Traditions and Forms of Philippine Poetry
Ethnic tradition -this consist of ancient songs, epic narratives,
maxims and proverbs, prayers and invocations, and rides.

Poetry- expressing a feeling or an idea using figurative or symbolic Epic - relates to adventures of a hero with supernatural
language in verse. One can take note of the following elements powers.
when reading poetry: Folk songs - refers to a song that is transmitted orally from
Meaning- a writer can use the following in order to express his or one generation to another. It usually has a melody
her feelings or ideas: technical terms, idiom, dialect, new and it expresses ideas, emotions and thoughts of the
words, allusions and connotation. community.
Figurative Language- this mainly consist of simile, metaphor and Proverbs - these are concise statements that teach ideas on
other figures of speech that can be used to express morality and tradition. A proverb is usually
something in a different way aside from its literal meaning. expressed as a rhyming pair of lines that depict two
Imagery- this consist of description and details that can trigger the different elements.
reader’s senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.)
Sound and Rhythm- these elements make use of the spoken nature Riddles - describes an object in an entirely different manner
of poetry. Sound can refer to emphasis on certain words or or in a way that it is not easily understood.
rhymes. Rhythm is just a position of beats or the sound
Short Poems - usually has four lines, with 5-12 syllables per
pattern of the work.
line.

Prose- literature that is not poetry. Prose has two categories: Poetic Jousts- each region in the country has its own version
informative or persuasive, just like in the case of an essay. of poetic jousts. May involve teasing impromptu
An Essay has the following elements. debate, marriage negotiations between two families, etc.
Theme or content- pertains to the general thought or idea of the
 Spanish Colonial Tradition- this poetic tradition comprises
whole composition. In addition, the motive and the goal of
religious and secular lyric poems and narrative poems.
the writer is reflected on the theme.
Style- refers to the choices of words and sentence structures used Metrical Romance- focuses on chivalric, folkloric, legendary
to convey the message and hold the attention of the and religious themes.
readers.
Form and Structure- the sequence of topic and transitions that Pasyon- written in a stanza with 5 lines with 8 syllables per
make-up the whole essay reflects the form. line, recounts the life of Jesus Christ. There are two
types of pasyon: traditional pabasa and political
Prose may also describe something from the imagination of the pasyon.
artist, such as a short story or a novel. Fiction also has its
own elements:
Plot or story line- the plot is a sequence of events that build up the American Colonial Tradition and the Contemporary
whole story. This gives the flow of the narrative. Tradition
Characters- a character can be a person, an animal or even who These traditions involve the creation of poems using both
takes part in the narrative of the story. traditional and modern forms.
Setting- the time and place in which the story happened.
Theme- this is the central thought or idea of the whole story. Forms of Contemporary Prose in the Philippines
Language and Style- this pertains to choices of words the writer
Folk Narrative- this maybe any story based on real or
uses. This includes the sentence structures and figurative
fictional events in the past told among the people in
language that affect the mood or tone of the story.
cultural group or community. There are three types of
Point of view- this may be presented using the third-person point
the folk narrative: myth, legend and folktales.
of view, which means the narrator may represent the
Myth- this refers to a story that explains the origin of the LESSON 6: MUSIC
world and its first inhabitants Music is considered to be the least tangible of the arts. It is defined
as an arrangement of sounds to create a continuous and unified
Legend- it may be classified into the following according to
composition.
subject matter:

 Heroic and Historical, which tackles episodes in the Elements of Music

lives of great men and women
 Religious, which narrated display of miracles of God,
and of the saints.
 Supernatural, which focuses on the existence of
beings from the underworld.
 Toponymic, which explains why a certain place has
this name
 Other legends
Folktales- these are classified into animal tales or fables,
magic tales, humorous tales, novelistic tales, religious
and didactic tales.
Essay- explains insights, and/or information using
description, narration, and humor. It has two types:
 Formal essay- discusses crucial topics based on
research in a serious manner.
 Informal essay- is a narrative that enables the
writer to express his or her experiences, insights and - Music is considered to have thicker texture if it has more
observation in a creative manner.
Novel- a lengthy and complex narrative of events based on - Refers to the degree of softness and loudness of music.
the author’s imagination. The following are four - Also includes the way of changing from soft to loud or vice-
traditions of the Philippine Novel:
 Didactic Tradition- novels in this tradition were
written to guide the people in the Roman Catholic
Faith.
 Romantic Tradition- novels in this tradition pattern
their stories from metrical romances.
 Realist Tradition- the focus of novels in this
tradition is describing experiences of a person or
peoples as social structures and forces affect them.
 Radical Tradition- A novel in this tradition promotes Forms and Types of Philippine Music
change in the social and political system.
Short Story- is as defined as a concise secular narrative. It
has three traditions which are romantic, realistic and
radical tradition.
Komiks- is a special form of contemporary literature. This
involves drawing frames showing a set of characters
with their actions read from left to right.
1. Melody
- Refers to a succession of consecutive notes or tones changing
in pitch and duration.
- It is also considered to carry the overall theme of music.
- Melody is inseparable from rhythm.
2. Rhythm
- This has something to do with the patterns in time. It has 3
qualities: tempo, meter, and rhythmic pattern.
- Tempo describes how fast or slow the music is. Meter refers to
the unit of time that is made up of a group of accented and
unaccented beats or pulse.
3. Harmony
- Refers to a combination of different tones of pitches played or
sung together.
- Chord – notes played or sung together at the same time
4. Texture
- Refers to the relationship of melodic and harmonic lines in
music.
melodic lines.
5. Dynamics
versa.
6. Timbre
- Also known as “tone color,” this refers to the quality of sound
generated by an instrument or by a voice.
7. Form
- Refers to how the other elements of music are organized.
- Music can be described if there are repeating sections or
melodies, if there is contrast among musical instruments and
rhythm, or if there is variation of the musical composition.
1. Ethnic Traditional Music
- This type of music is the remains of the native Filipinos that
were not colonized by the Spaniards during the Spanish Era.
- This music was passed through tongues and most of examples
didn't have records. Due to this reason, scholars that study this
type of music cannot decipher the true meaning of a certain
ethnic traditional music.
- One of the examples of the ethnic traditional music is the
Bagbagto from Ifugao.
2. Ballad
- Comes from a French word "ballare" which means "to dance." 1. Classical Music
- Refers to a song that explains an event occuring in a
community.
- Example is "Idangdang" of Bukidnon. It tells the story of how - Performed in big rooms or halls.
Bukidnon started. Some ballads were influenced by Spaniards, - Refers to instrumental music played by a small ensemble.
such as the Composo and Pampanga's "Ing Bangkeru.”
- Nowdays, the term "ballad" is loosely described as a romantic
song or love song in urban areas.
3. Chant
- Refers to a song with an unaccompanied melody and variable - Compositions can be monadic – sung together without
rhythm.
- Usually found in epic songs.
- This type of music is commonly practice by ethnic tribes, mostly
used in prayers and rituals.
4. Song Debate
- A song debate is a song involving male and female singers who
try to outsmart each other about a certain topic.
- Themes usually include love, courtship, and marriage.
European-influenced Religious and Secular Music
1. Art Song
- A composition characterized by merging the voice part, lyrics,
and the accompaniment together “to achieve an artistic
musical whole.”
- Kundiman – considered as the signature love song of the
Philippines; an example of art song. Its usual theme is about
“the faithful and true, but often forlorn, pleadings of a lover who
knows nothing but sacrifice in behalf of his beloved. Later
themes revolve on self-pity, sentimentality, desire for freedom,
and wishing for a better future.
2. Habanera/Danza
- Refers to a social dance in duple time.
- Originally from Cuba, this is usually performed on a stage or in a
ballroom.
3. Liturgical Music
- Refers to vocal and instrumental compositions that go together
with the official rites of Christian churches.
4. Kumintang
- Originally documented as a war song, the kumintang is a dance
of love accompanied by a guitar and bajo de uñas (string bass).
- The elements of the kumintang are utilized in some
compositions such as Nicanor Abelardo’s “Mutya ng Pasig” and
Lucio D. San Pedro’s “Lahing Kayumanggi.”
5. Pasyon Chant
- Refers to the various styles used throughout the country for the
singing of the pasyon.
- It is typically performed in two group formations: the first
involving 2 persons/groups singing alternatively, and the second
involving each person taking their turn in singing.
American-inspired Music
• Chamber Music
- Came from the French word “chambre” which means “room.”
- Each part of the music is played by one performer or one group
of the ensemble.
• Choral Music
- Involves music written for a group of singers.
accompaniment; homophonic – consists of 1 melodic line that
is accompanied by instrument; polyphonic – 2 or more distinct
and equally significant melodic lines at the same time
• Opera
- Essentially a drama that is sung and accompanied by
instruments.
- Has a set structure, consisting of an overture, songs for a variety
of number of singers, other vocal combinations, and interludes.
2. Solo Instrumental Music – this type of music highlights a solo
instrument. This solo instrument may also be accompanied by
other instrument/s.
• Concerto
- Refers to a piece for a solo instrument, or a group of solo
instruments, and an orchestral ensemble.
• Sonata
- A work for solo instrument with four movements. The typical
sequence of movements is “allegro-andante-minuet” (or
scherzo-allegro. However, the minuet or scherzo is often
omitted.
- Result is fast-slow-fast order of movements.
3. Symphonic Literature – refers to lengthy orchestral
compositions. A composition for an orchestra may contain several
movements, or may contain one movement with many sections.
• Symphony
- Considered as a sonata written to be played by an orchestra.
• Suite
- Refers to a well-arranged set of individual movements, which
are unified because of using either a common form or key, or a
nonmusical element.
- The usual themes include scenery and folk songs.
4. Semi-classical Music
• Band Music
- Compositions for a band, which is a group of brass, percussion,
and woodwind instruments.
- Examples are brass, symphonic, military, and jazz band.
• Marcha/March
- Refers to a composition with music played in regular phrases
and a strongly accented rhythm, usually in a 4/4 time signature.
- The march is played in some dances or with marching groups.
5. Popular Music – includes original music composed by Filipinos
which utilizes Western and local music influences. During the 1970s,
emergence of original Pilipino music (OPM) first began with
translation of foreign lyrics into the vernacular. In 1973, Joey
“Pepe” Smith and the Juan de la Cruz Band released “Ang Himig
Natin” as a result of experimenting with rock music and Filipino
lyrics. This gave birth to Pinoy pop.
• Pinoy Rock
- Involves the use of drums, electric guitars, synthesizers, and
other electronic instruments
• Safe Pinoy Pop
- “middle-of-the-road” type of music; chill and relaxed
- Apo Hiking Society and Jose Mari Chan
• Pinoy folk
- Inspired by simple and repetitive tunes made popular by
Western folk singers
- Pinoy folk music later involved the use of Asian or ethnic musical
traditions and instruments
• Pinoy Disco
- Essentially a Filipino adaptation of Western disco music
• Rap
- A musical form involving a fast-paced rhythmic narration
accompanied by electronic musical instruments.
- Usually performed with dancing.