Unit 4

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UNIT IV COMPONENTS OF INTERIOR SPACE-
LIGHTING AND LANDSCAPING

• Interior lighting
• different types of lighting
• types of lighting fixtures
• their effects and suitability in different
contexts
• Interior landscaping elements: rocks,
plants, water, flowers, fountains, paving,
artifacts, etc.,
• their physical properties and effects on
spaces
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a
practical or aesthetic effect.
Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps
and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by
capturing daylight.
Day lighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is
sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in
buildings.
This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which
represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings.
Proper lighting
1. can enhance task performance,
2. improve the appearance of an area,
3. have positive psychological effects on occupants.
Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part
of interior design.
Lighting is an intrinsic component of landscape projects.
Purpose Of Light

We use light in buildings for the following reasons:

• To carry out tasks or work- reading, writing, operating

equipment.
• To create an area of comfort or an amenity –
this is general lighting to live with either by daylight or
artificial light and direct sunlight.
• To create effects for aesthetics – displays, artworks,
shadows definition.
• To ensure safety – ensuring appropriate lighting levels
for all those using the facility
Three are three basic types of lighting :
Ambient (general lighting)
Task
Accent
A good lighting plan combines all three types to light an area
according to function and style

Ambient lighting provides an area

with overall illumination.
Also known as general lighting,
it radiates a comfortable level of
brightness without glare and allows you
to see and walk about safely.
In some spaces such as laundry rooms, the
ambient lighting also serves as the
primary source of task lighting.
It can be accomplished with chandeliers,
ceiling or wall-mounted fixtures,
recessed or track lights and with
lanterns mounted on the outside of the
home. Having a central source of ambient
light in all rooms is fundamental to a
good lighting plan.
Ambient lighting
Task lighting to perform specific tasks,
such as reading, grooming, preparing and cooking
food, doing homework, working on hobbies,
playing games and balancing your checkbook.
It can be provided by recessed and track lighting,
pendant lighting and undercabinet lighting, as
well as by portable floor and desk lamps.
Task lighting should be free of distracting glare
and shadows and should be bright enough to
prevent eye strain.

Accent lighting adds drama to a room by

creating visual interest. As part of an interior
design scheme, it is used to draw the eye to
houseplants, paintings, sculptures and other
prized possessions. It can also be used to highlight
the texture of a brick or stone wall, window
treatments or outdoor landscaping.
To be effective, accent lighting requires as least
three times as much light on the focal point as the
general lighting surrounding it.
Accent lighting is usually provided by recessed
and track lighting or wall-mounted picture lights.
Task lighting
Accent lighting
The performance of any light fixture depends
very much on the light source (bulb) used.
Different bulbs produce different lighting effects,
and many bulbs have widely varying performance.
Another source is LUMEN, which stands for Lighting
Understanding for a More Efficient Nation.
The lumen is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a
measure of the total "amount" of visible light
emitted by a source.

Lighting Measurement Terminology

Wattage: The amount of electricity consumed by a
light source
Lumens: The amount of light that a light source
produces
Efficacy: Lumens/watt
Footcandles: The amount of light reaching a subject
Lux : unit of illumination
Illumination : illumination is the deliberate use
of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect
Outdoor average sunlight ranges from 32 000 to 100
000 lux
Warehouse aisles are lit to approx 100-200 lux
A bright office requires about 400 lux of
illumination
At sunset and sunrise (with a clear sky), ambient
outdoor light is also about 400 lux
Building corridors can be lit adequately at around
100 lux
Moonlight represents about 1 lux
INCANDESCENT
Incandescent bulbs produce light when an electric
current passes through a filament and causes it to
glow. Because they are less energy efficient than
other light sources, they are best used for task
lighting that demands high levels of brightness.

General (A)
Globe (G)
Decorative (Flame,
teardrop and other
shapes)

General service incandescent bulbs are the

inexpensive, readily available light bulbs that most of
us think about when we hear "light bulb." They produce
a warm, yellow-white light that is emitted in all
directions and are available in either a clear or
frosted finish. There are three basic shapes:
Reflectorized incandescent bulbs
have a reflective coating inside
the bulb that directs the light in
one direction rather than all
around.

Reflector (R) bulbs put

approximately double the amount
of light (footcandles) on the
subject as General Service (A) of
same wattage.

Parabolic Reflector (PAR) bulbs

control light more precisely. They
produce about four times the
light of General Service (A) and
are used in recessed and track
lighting. Weatherproof casing
makes them suitable for outdoor
spot and flood fixtures.
 Tungsten-halogen incandescent
bulbs produce a brighter and
whiter light than other
incandescent bulbs. They also
have a longer life and provide
more light per watt than
standard incandescent bulbs,
making them a more efficient
choice.
Line voltage -120V Halogen bulbs are available in
two types: line voltage (120 watt)
and low voltage (12 volt).

Low voltage -12V

 Xenon rigid-loop, festoon and wedge
base bulbs have a white light similar to
that of halogen but have a much longer
life rating (some up to 20,000 hours,
much like fluorescent) and operate at
lower temperatures than halogen. These
miniature bulbs are popular for strip,
under-cabinet and cove lighting

applications:
12v-24v Under Cabinet Lighting
Display Cases
Artwork Lighting
Landscape Lighting
Interior/Exterior Lighting of Building
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
(CFLs) are small fluorescent
bulbs that can be used in most
types of lighting fixtures. The
screw-in types can be used to
replace incandescent lamps in
standard lamp sockets.

T8 bulbs with electronic ballasts

are commonly used in larger
ceiling fixtures. Because of the
electronic ballasts, they turn on
instantly and do not hum. They are
commonly used in commercial
projects and are now being widely
used in residential applications.
They have long lives and are
extremely energy efficient, but -
with the exception of metal
halides - they do not produce
pleasing light colors.
In residential settings, HIDs are
most often used for outdoor
security and area lighting.
There are four types of HIDs:
Metal Halide
High-Pressure Sodium
Low-Pressure Sodium
Mercury Vapor

HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE
LED lighting in general is more
efficient and longer lasting than
any other type of light source,
and it is being developed for more
and more applications within the
home. LEDs are currently popular
in under-cabinet strips and some
types of downlights.

LED
different styles, sizes and lighting fixtures
shapes of lighting fixtures include:
that are available to • Chandeliers
deliver the ambient, task
• Hall/foyer fixtures
and accent lighting you
• Pendants
need.
• Ceiling-Mounted
Fixtures
• Wall-Mounted
Fixtures
• Bath/Vanity Fixtures
• Portable Lighting
• Track Lighting
• Rail Lighting
• Recessed Lighting
• Undercabinet
Lighting

Fixture Shapes and Forms

Chandeliers add style and a
decorative focal point to almost
any room in the house. Though
they have traditionally been used
in the dining room, they are now
commonly featured in bedrooms,
kitchens, family rooms, living
rooms, foyers and even
bathrooms.

Some chandeliers are designed

with downlights to provide task
lighting for homework, table
games or to accent table
settings. Others are available
with fabric or glass shades,
which reduce glare and provide
an artistic element. Adding
a dimmer to your chandelier lets
you alter the intensity of the
light to suit the mood or activity.

Chandeliers
Chandeliers
Hall/foyer fixtures can create a
beautiful focal point at the entrance
to your home. They can provide the
ambient lighting that is necessary to
greet guests and to assure safe
passage into other areas of your
home.

The ceiling height of the space will

determine the type of fixture that you
should use. In taller ceilings and over
stairways, large chandeliers and chain-
hung foyer fixtures are most
appropriate. Use surface-mounted and
close-to-ceiling fixtures in foyers with
lower ceilings and in hallways.

Hall/foy er fixtures
Hall/foy er fixtures
Pendants can provide both task
and ambient lighting. They are
extremely popular and available in
an unlimited range of styles,
shapes and colors.

Equipped with shades or globes to

avoid glare, they are suspended
from the ceiling over kitchen
counters, breakfast areas, game
tables or other work
areas. When used over bedside
tables, they provide good task
lighting and also free up the
space occupied by table lamps.

The use of a dimmer provides you

with the flexibility to vary the
light to suit the occasion.

pendants
pendants
Ceiling-mounted fixtures are
excellent as a source of ambient
lighting and are especially
practical in areas with much
activity, such as foyers, hallways,
bedrooms, kitchens, baths,
laundry rooms, playrooms .

Ceiling mounted fixtures

Ceiling mounted fixtures
Wall-mounted fixtures can
provide a unique sense of
elegance and sophistication to
any home. They can also furnish
ambient, task and accent
lighting. Many are designed to
match and supplement
chandeliers and other fixtures
in sets or families.

They are excellent sources of

light in foyers, hallways,
bedrooms, living rooms, home
offices and home theaters.
Wall brackets also are often
used for task lighting at the
sides of bathroom mirrors.

wa l l m o u n t e d f i x t u r e s
wa l l m o u n t e d f i x t u r e s
Bath/vanity fixtures supply task
lighting, while supplementing the
general lighting provided by ceiling
fixtures. They are available in a wide
range of styles, colors and shapes
and are being used much more
frequently today than the older
bath/vanity lighting strips.

Newer versions of bath/vanity

fixtures are available with either
glass or fabric shades, which
provide glare control as well as
excellent task lighting for
grooming, applying makeup or
shaving.

B a t h / va n i t y f i x t u r e s
B a t h / va n i t y f i x t u r e s
Portable lighting can deliver
ambient, task and accent lighting
while giving you the flexibility to
move the light wherever you
want. Table lamps, floor lamps
and torchers (floor lamps with
an uplight component) are
available in a variety of styles to
complement your interior design.
Small specialty lamps, such as
clip-on-lights, adjustable task
lights and desk and accent lamps,
fill a variety of task, ambient and
accent lighting needs.

P o r ta b l e l i g h t i n g
Track lighting has undergone many
changes in recent years. The trend in
track lighting has been toward smaller
fixtures, which are much less
noticeable in the space. Track lighting
is excellent for its flexibility and can
provide ambient, task or accent
lighting.

You can move, swivel, rotate and aim the

individual fixtures in any direction
along the track, giving you the
versatility to change the lighting
scheme when the need arises. With
special attachments, you also can hang
chandeliers and pendants from the
track.

track lighting
track lighting
Rail lighting is increasing in
popularity. As the demand grows
for bendable, flexible rail lighting
systems, rail lighting has been
rejuvenated not only for function,
but to add an additional decorative
element to the space.

rail lighting
Rail lighting
Recessed lighting can provide
general, task and ambient lighting
in a very subtle manner.

Installed in the ceiling with only

the trim showing, recessed fixtures
can be used anywhere in the home,
including outdoors, under eaves
and on porches. They are ideal for
any type of ceiling, including tall
ceilings, shorter ceilings and
sloped ceilings.

They are available as downlights

for ambient and track lighting, and
as adjustable accent lights or
wall washers for accent lighting.

recessed lighting
recessed lighting
Undercabinet fixtures offer both task
and accent lighting. Mounted under
kitchen wall cabinets, they provide
excellent task lighting at the
countertop. Used in display cabinets,
they provide accent lighting for three-
dimensional art and sculpture. In
workshops or laundry rooms, they are
an ideal source of task and ambient
lighting.

They include slim, energy-efficient

fluorescents, miniature linear lighting
and strips of line or low-voltage xenon,
halogen mini-lights or LEDs.

Under cabinet lighting

Under cabinet lighting
What king of lighting does each room need?

You should have a mix of light sources at different

levels to create a flattering ambience, and you need
appropriate task lighting for whatever you do in that
space (reading, sautéing, getting dressed).
Living Room
Light three of the four corners, focusing one of those lights on an
object (art, a plant, a striking chair). Use a combination of table lamps
and floor lamps, some with a downward glow and some that shine
upward. Allow for reading in as many seats as possible with down-
glowing lamps on three-way switches. If you have an overhead fixture, put
it on a dimmer
Kitchen
Focus on overhead lighting , and add lower sources to illuminate work
surfaces. Use pendants, under-cabinet lights, or a sturdy table lamp
(kept away from the sink).
Bedroom
Aim for a cozy, insular atmosphere: Place reading lamps or sconces by the bed—
but not pointed directly at it. If you have recessed or track fixtures, angle them
away from the bed, toward the dressing area. On a low table, include a small,
intimate lamp with a tinted low-wattage bulb to mimic candlelight.
Bathroom
The best choice for applying makeup is sidelights, such as a pair of
sconces flanking the mirror. An overhead light helps fill in any shadows
on your face and also fully illuminates the room (important when
cleaning).
Dining Room
To draw people in, make the table the brightest spot in the room. Use a
chandelier or a pendant above the table, limiting the total wattage to
100. Elsewhere in the room, indirect lighting is best—it’s relaxing and
flattering. Give the space a subtle glow with a pair of small table lamps
on a sideboard or matching sconces on the wall above. Battery-powered
votives inside a glass-front china cabinet can be a nice touch.
LINE
In curvilinear design, lines should be dramatic,
done with a sense of flamboyancy and be very
expressive in their shape. Curvilinear lines that
have weak, scallopy edges will not be visually
interesting or pleasing to the eye. Curvilinear,
meandering lines suggest a naturalistic look
that invites the user to casually stroll
through and experience the landscape.

Effective use of
circulinear line
form.... Vancouver
Parks Board.

BASIC PRINCIPLES AND ELEMENTS OF L ANDSCAPE DESIGN

linear lines such as those found in a straight hedge or
the edges of paving materials suggest quick, direct
movement. Angled lines can create opportunities for
creating the "bones or the framework of the
landscape". Lines that interconnect at right angles
create an opportunity for reflection, stopping or
sitting.

Weak, scallopy
edges leave a lot
to be desired.
Through skillful use of lines in the landscape, the
designer is able to direct the attention of the viewer to a
focal point.

Linear / curvilinear lines at

Sissinghurst.
Through the use of emphasis, eye
movement is directed towards a center
of interest that takes a position of
prominence in the landscape. This could
be a single tree, a beautifully designed
water feature, a piece of sculpture, or a
collection of ericaceous plants that
automatically draw the eye to this point
of interest.
Open lawn areas, paths and
strategically placed plants can lead the
eye to the principal feature without
distraction. Plantings should be placed
to easily lead the eye to this center of
heightened interest. Sculpture / maze garden in
Secondary features of landscape
Japan. Elevated pieces of
interest can also be created. In this case,
while this components are beneficial in sculpture create emphasis
contributing to the unity of the site and in the landscape
tying the total composition of the site
together, they have considerably less
overall impact than the focal point.

FOCAL POINT OR EMPHASIS

FOCAL POINT OR EMPHASIS
Form relates to the natural shape of the plant.
For example, a plant that is very fastigiated or
upright in its habit of growth is said to have a
vertical or aspiring form
plants that are spreading in their habit of growth
are said to have a horizontal or spreading form. A
shrub example of this form is Taxus x media "Hillii"-
Hill’s Yew- and a tree example is Quercus
palustris- Pin Oak. The Hill’s Yew could be
effectively used as a hedge to provide special
definition between two properties. When
horizontal forms are placed together as is the
case in the hedge, the individual vertical forms
take on a horizontal profile.
Weeping, drooping of pendulous forms can also
be used to create softer lines or as interesting A magnificent example of
accents in the garden. Fagus sylvatica "Purple Fagus sylyatica 'Pendula'
Fountain" – Purple fountain Beech- is an excellent (European Weeping Beech).
example of this form. There are also rounded or
globular forms that are useful in creating large
masses. The majority of shrubs fall into this
category.

form
FOCAL POINT OR EMPHASIS
Texture relates to the coarseness
or fineness of a leaf, roughness or
smoothness of the bark, heaviness
or lightness of the foliage or
other components used in the
landscape plan. In terms of plants,
the large, glossy leaves of
Bergenia cordifolia "Bressingham
Ruby"- Bressingham Ruby Bergenia- Ornamental grasses and herbs
make it a coarse textured plant are complimentary in texture.
when compared to the medium
textured plant Pachysandra
terminalis- Japanese Spurge- used
adjacent to fine textured grass.

Texture in the landscape depends

upon the distance from which the
plant is viewed by the observer. In
distant views, the overall mass of
the plant is the dominating feature
and the fineness or softness of a
leaf or branching pattern is lost.
texture
, texture must balance in relationship to
the axis. Weight on one side should equal
the mass on the other side of the axis. For
example, much fine texture- as the case
would be in using Buxus- is required to
balance relatively little coarse texture,.
Intermediate plants are recommended to
provide the necessary transition from one
textural extreme to the other.

Smooth bark rough bark texture

Colour theory is a very complex and very
personal matter that expresses individual
taste and feelings
Warm colours such as reds, oranges and
yellows tend to advance towards to viewer
while blues, violets and greens tend to
recede into the landscape. Warm colours
read well and affect the eye more quickly
than do cool colours. When using warm
colours, they should be used in sequence
which must be smooth and gradual. For
example, red to scarlet to orange scarlet
to orange to bronze to orange yellow to
yellow to pale yellow to cream to white
Consideration of the use of colour in
plantings requires a thorough, practical
understanding of the personality of the
plants. To vigorously use colour and
effective colour combinations requires a
thorough knowledge of plants, their
colours and seasonal changes with detail
of twig, leaf, flower and fruit as well as
principles of colour

colour
Balance is either formal
(symmetrical) or informal
(asymmetrical) in nature. In formal
balance, the mass or weight or
numbers of objects on either side of
a central axis should be exactly the
same. Plants are frequently clipped,
lines tend to be straight, and edges
are clearly defined. For
asymmetrical balance, plants
should be irregularly placed on
either side of an imaginary axis so Informal balance
that the mass or weight on either
side of the axis appears to be
balanced. Curved lines, obscure and
merging edges and natural
contours identify asymmetry in the
garden.

Balance
By repetitiously using identical or
similar components elsewhere in
the landscape, the designer is able
to achieve a unified planting scheme.
However, it is important not to
excessively use any materials too
frequently as this could lead to
monotony. A delicate balance is
necessary to achieve a design that
is visually, functionally and
aesthetically attractive.
Repetition of diamond flagstones
creates movement in paving pattern

The repetitious use of paving stone creates repetition

unity in the landscape.
It has oftentimes been said that
"variety is the spice of life". In
terms of landscape, it is often
important to remember that a
variety of lines, forms, textures
and colours is required in order to
achieve an interesting landscape.
Without variety in both the use of
‘hard’ and ‘soft’ landscape
materials, this can lead to
unfavourable results.
A variety of forms creates significant
landscape interest.

va r i e t y
Much greater appeal is achieved when
odd numbers of plants are used in the
landscape. Groupings of three, five,
seven, nine plants etc., will create a
strong feeling of mass and a bold
landscape statement. Plants should be
irregularly spaced and every effort
should be made to avoid placement of
plants in an equilateral triangle. When
grouping, a designer usually starts with
a specimen that establishes the scale of
the landscape. Around it are grouped
slightly less important plants which
complement the specimen in colour,
texture and habit of growth. Planting
one of this and one of that will create a
spotty disjointed feeling

grouping
Made up of plants that cannot be
seen in their entirety from any one
vantage point. Seasonal stability
and variety in plant mass is
accomplished through a mix of
evergreens and deciduous plants.
Only rarely should a design
consist exclusively of evergreens
or deciduous material instead of a
mixture of both.
To create a harmonious effect in
any group, a designer should
strive to properly fit together
plant forms, textures and Mass planting of groundcovers for
slope stabilization
colours into a harmonious whole
or mass. Size of any mass or
composition depends upon its
location in relationship to other
factors such as the need for
screening, proximity to other
groups, etc. Mass can be any size,
but smaller masses or clumps are
not normally as effective as
larger, bolder mass plantings. mass
Good proportion and scale have
no hard and fast rules. Generally
speaking, it is a matter of "does it
look right?" Scale usually bears
reference to the size of a thing or
object that appears to have a
pleasing relationship to other
things or to the design as a whole.
It essentially relates to some
finite measure of universal
application or a standard of
known dimension.
Proportion is the relationship of This moon gate is in perfect
the width to the length of an area proportion to its setting.
or the relationship to parts of an
organization.

Scale and proportion

Rhythm is expressed through the
placement of plants, park
furniture, etc., either individually
or as group. For example, several
benches could be placed at
regular indentations along a shrub
border. If every other bench was
replaced with an attractive piece
of sculpture, rhythm would be
created that would relieve any
monotony from the overuse of one
landscape component. Repetitious use of sculpture in
landscape reduces monotony and
results in the establishment of
rhythm.

rhythm
The effective use of sequence
is oftentimes employed to
create visual movement in the
landscape. It is an important
consideration to take into
account in the development
of the overall planting
pattern. For example,
sequence could be an orderly
natural combination of plant
material. In this case, low An orderly, sequential
objects would appear in the arrangement of heights.
foreground, intermediate
objects in the middle ground,
and tall objects in the
background.

sequence
From paving to pergolas, fountains to fencing, hard
landscape features are what gives the landscape form and
structure on which the softer elements can perform.
It should be carried out from conception to completion,
carried out with the care and professionalism .

It include:
Paved Areas
Bound Aggregate Paths
Timber, Concrete or Brick Edging
Rock & Stone Features and Sculpture
Pergolas & Shelters
Ponds & Water Features
Sand Pits & Jump Pits
Play Equipment
Bollards, Barriers & Entry Control
Car Parks & Playgrounds

Hard landscaping
Softening the landscape is the job of plants, from turf
to towering trees from minimal planting schemes
consisting of a single specimen to massed planting in
vast swathes of colour, the options are boundless.
Providing quality, integrated green space in schools, the
workplace or community areas is proven to enhance
quality of life, staff & pupil performance and general
well being as well as combating climate change and
rising urban temperatures. Every little helps so see what
you can do to make the first step.

It include:
Tree Planting
Turf Establishment
Native Planting Screens
Shrub planting
Annual bedding displays
Green walls
Wildflower Meadows

Soft landscape
 Lighting
• Interior environments cause excess stress due to
low available light
• Appropriate artificial environments must be
created
– Natural, filtered sunlight
– Incandescent, fluorescent
– High-intensity discharge lights
– All these allow plants to receive enough energy for
photosynthesis
 Classification of Light Intensity
• Intensity needed is classified into 3 groups
• Direct sun: plant should receive full intensity of
natural sunlight
• Partial sun or weak sun: plant should receive less
than 50% of natural sunlight
• Indirect or filtered light: Plant should receive no
direct sunlight at all
• Basically the more sunlight available, the more
plants that can be grown
 Artificial lighting
• Fluorescent light greatly influenced growth
of interior plants
• Enables horticulturists to…
– Root cuttings of interior plants more easily
– Start seeds of new and different interior plants
– Grow tropical plants and cacti with greater
ease
 Interior Landscaping
 Called interior plantscaping or interiorscaping
 Purposes of Interior Landscaping
 Add color  Provide herbs for
 Add textures cooking, medicine, or
 Add softness fragrance
 Add life  Add beauty and
comfort by combining
 Increase employee all of the previously
productivity mentioned purposes
 Add oxygen
Disadvantages of Interior Landscaping
 Reduced light
 Reduced root system
 Dependant upon people for watering
 Build-up of soluble salts from fertilizer
 Plugging stomata from dust on leaves
 Damage from heating, air conditioning, and
cleaning chemicals
Disadvantages of Interior Landscaping
 Growing medium
 Only plants that will grow inside can be used
 Picking or breaking leaves by people using the
interior building area
 Benefits of Exterior Landscaping
 Adds color, texture, and life
 Adds aesthetic value (beauty)
 Adds economic value to property
 Adds comfort (shade)
 Adds privacy—borders, fences, etc.
 Helps prevent erosion
 Can use larger exterior plants
 Rain natural soil provide most of required water
 Gets natural light
Disadvantages of Exterior Landscaping
 May get too much rain and drown
 Natural soils may have diseases, insects,
improper pH, etc.
 Natural soils may be shallow or rocky
 Natural outdoor soils may be subject to
erosion
 Weed and insect control is more difficult
 Large areas of landscaping costs more
 More labor is required to establish outdoor
landscape