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Task 1 Rabies

Part A Summary Gap Fill Time Limit: 15 minutes

Instructions
• Complete the following summary using the information in the texts for this
task.
• Skim and scan the texts to find the information required.
• Gaps may require 1, 2 or 3 words.
• Write your answers in the appropriate space in the column on the right hand
side.
• Make sure your spelling is correct.
Summary   Answers  
  1.  
Rabies
Rabies is a viral disease that is transmitted by 2.  
(1)…..of mammals. However the majority of human
cases occur from (2)….by domestic dogs infected 3.  

with the virus. Elimination of canine rabies has been

4.  
achieved in many parts of the world, but it still kills
many thousands of people in (3)….. Common
5.  
arguments given for (4)….control of rabies in Africa
include(5)…..given for disease control; uncertainties
6.  
about the necessary levels of (6)….; limited
resources and (7)….constraints. 7.  

8.  

9.  
One major obstacle in overcoming the spread of
rabies in Africa is the economic costs required for 10.  
effective control of the virus. The (8)…. medication
affects both (9) …. and (10)…… budgets. For 11.  

families, there are additional costs such as

12.  
(11)….visits, loss of income and (12)….. Cost per
treatment is estimated at (13)….in Africa and
13.  
(14)….in Asia. This represents a significant
proportion of a families income.
14.  
 
 
 

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Part  A  Summary  Gap  Fill  continued  
 
Summary   Answers  
  15.  
Recent advancement in technology may also
aid in fast and accurate diagnosis of the 16.  
condition. Equipment such as (15)…. are now
17.  
(16)…. and as long as (17)… is available, the
technique can be performed by a range of
18.  
users. Vaccination of (18).... is another
important component in addressing the issue.
19.  
This is because they are the primary (19)….
Among the human population in (20)….and
20.  
(21)….. Fortunately studies suggest that the
rabies virus can be eliminated through 21.  
vaccination and that it is (22)….
22.  

In recent years, vaccination campaigns against 23.  

canine rabies in South America have been very
(23)….. Therefore, in conclusion, the (24) …. of 24.  
the domestic dog population is the best way to
25.  
avoid and reduce the number of (25)….

TOTAL  SCORE  
 

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Part A
Time Limit: 15 minutes
Instructions
• Complete the summary on the answer page using the information in
the four texts below.
• Skim and scan the texts to find the information required.
• Write your answers in the appropriate space in the column on the
right hand side.
• Make sure your spelling is correct.

Rabies: A Neglected Tropical Disease

Text A
Title: The Feasibility of Canine Rabies Elimination in Africa
Lembo et al
Background
Canine rabies causes many thousands of human deaths every year in Africa,
and continues to increase throughout much of the continent.
Methodology/Principal Findings
There are four common reasons given for the lack of effective canine rabies
control in Africa: (a) a low priority given for disease control as a result of
lack of awareness of the rabies burden; (b) epidemiological constraints such
as uncertainties about the required levels of vaccination coverage (c)
operational constraints including accessibility of dogs for vaccination and
insufficient knowledge of dog population sizes for planning of vaccination
campaigns; and (d) limited resources for implementation of rabies
surveillance and control. We address each of these issues in turn, presenting
data from field studies and modelling approaches used in Tanzania,
including burden of disease evaluations, detailed epidemiological studies,
operational data from vaccination campaigns in different demographic and
ecological settings, and economic analyses of the cost-effectiveness of dog
vaccination for human rabies prevention.
Conclusions/Significance
We conclude that there are no insurmountable problems to canine rabies
control in most of Africa; that elimination of canine rabies is
epidemiologically and practically feasible through mass vaccination of
domestic dogs; and that domestic dog vaccination provides a cost-effective
approach to the prevention and elimination of human rabies deaths.

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Text B
Description of Rabies and current situation
• Rabies is a viral zoonosis caused by negative-stranded RNA viruses
from the Lyssavirus genus.
• Although rabies can infect and be transmitted by a wide range of
mammals but the vast majority of human cases result from the bites
of rabid domestic dogs
• Recent successes have been demonstrated in many parts of South
America, where canine rabies has been brought under control through
large-scale dog vaccination campaigns.
• In contrast, in Africa and Asia the incidence of dog rabies and human
rabies deaths continue to escalate, and new outbreaks have been
occurring in areas previously free of the disease.

Text C

Economic Burden The major component of the economic burden of rabies

relates to high costs of medication, which impacts both government and
household budgets. Many countries spend millions of dollars importing
supplies of tissue-culture vaccine.
At the household level, costs of medication arise directly from anti-rabies
vaccines and from patient costs associated with travel including multiple
hospital visits, medical fees and income losses. Total costs have been
estimated conservatively at $40 US per treatment in Africa and $49 US in
Asia accounting respectively for 5.8% and 3.9% of annual per capita gross
national income.

Text D
Vaccination Coverage Domestic dogs are the sole population responsible
for rabies maintenance and main source of infection for humans throughout
most of Africa and Asia and therefore control of dog rabies should eliminate
the disease. Studies indicate the elimination of rabies through domestic dog
vaccination is cost effective.

Technology Considerable progress has been made in the development of

simple and inexpensive techniques for sample preservation and rapid
diagnosis such as the use of light microscopes which are widely available.
The technique is simple and can be performed by a range of operators if
appropriate training is provided.

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