Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EDS Universe Notes
EDS Universe Notes
EDS Universe Notes
Home
Beginner's Guide
Rules
Syllabus
Past Papers
CSP Members
CSS
Foru User Name User Name
Remember Me?
ms
> CS Password Log in
S
Com
puls
ory
Subj
ects
> Ge
neral
Scie
nce
&
Abilit
y
EDS
Not
es
for
CSS
-
201
5--
UNI
VER
SE
(co
mpl
ete
)
Home
Register
Awards
Community
Today's Posts
Search
Page 1 2 3 >
1
Share
of 3
Thread: Facebook Twitter
Google+
#1
Monday, March 17, 2014
SOLAR SYSTEM
I have collected these notes from different
sources, I hope they will help you a lot in solving
this portion Inshallah...
Questions asked in Past :
1. The world is shrinking and the
universe is expanding. Explain (CSS-
1971)
#2
Monday, March 17, 2014
SOLAR SYSTEM
• THE UNIVERSE:
The Branch of physical science, which deals with the
nature of the Universe, its overall structure and origin,
is called cosmology. Until the 17the century, the
Universe was thought to be state, infinite and
unchanging: this is called the Steady-State Theory.
However, Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), an American
astronomer showed in 1920s that the space between
the galaxies is increasing and the Universe is therefore
expanding like a balloon that is being inflated. The
known Universe is finite and its edge lies at a distance
of about 1024 km.
Origin of Galaxies:
The galaxies resulted from the accumulation of gas on
the proto-galaxies that were formed by density
fluctuations and gravity instabilities in the expanding
primordial fireball. It is thought that they originally
consisted only of those elements formed in the big bang
(mainly hydrogen and Helium).
Number of Galaxies:
The number of galaxies in the universe is estimated to
be between 100 billion and a trillion (1011 to 1012).
Each galaxy contains about 100 billion stars.
Classification:
Hubble classified the galaxies in 1924. According to his
thesis, there are three types of galaxies, which are as
under:
1-Elliptical galaxies: -
Elliptical galaxy (E) appear as luminous elliptical discs
with a smooth distribution of light. Their surface
brightness decreases outward from the center. Elliptical
galaxies are further divided into EO-7, according to their
aspect in the sky. For instance, EO types are seen faces
on as circular discs, which E-7 types, are seen almost
edge on.
2-Spiral Galaxies: -
Spiral Galaxies (S), in which spiral-shaped arms emerge
directly from the center. Spiral galaxies are further
divided into types a, a and c, depending on the extent of
the ‘unwinding’ of the arms and on the relative clarity of
the arms and the nucleus (center).
3-Irregular Galaxies: –
Irregular galaxies do not have a definite structure.
However, two types are distinguished i.e. IrrI & IrrII.
#3
Monday, March 17, 2014
• THE STARS:
Introduction:
Stars are those heavily body which produce energy by
nuclear reactions. They are held in a stable state by
balancing the outward radiation pressure by the inward
gravitational force.
Characteristics of Stars:
Stars are self-luminous bodies, situated at great
distance from the solar system.
They do not revolve round the sun.
They have their own light.
The sun is our nearest star while the next nearest
star is Proximal Centauri, which is at a distance of
about 40 million km from the earth.
The size of the stars varies considerably from super-
giant stars, which are several hundred times larger
than the sun, to dwarf stars that are much smaller than
the earth.
Classification of Stars:
The popular method of classification of stars is stellar
classification. According to this classification, the color
of a star gives an indication of its temperature. So stars
are classed according to their spectra in sequence of
decreasing temperature. The types of stars according to
the Henry Draper Stellar classification are.
Type O, B, A, F, G, K, M.
Kinds of Stars:
There are four kinds of stars, which are as under: -
#5
Monday, March 17, 2014
1. Mercury:
It is the rocky planet.
2. Venus:
Apart from the moon, Venus is the brightest object in
the sky. Venus can be seen with naked eye in the
Morning or in the evening. Following are the main
characteristics of the Venus.
3. The Earth:
The earth is the largest and the densest of the four
terrestrial planets. It is the most wonderful planet of the
solar system. Following are the features of the Earth.
4. Mars:
Mars is the 4th planet of the solar system which is
visible by a naked eye as abright red spot in the sky.
5. Jupiter:
It is the largest & heaviest planet of the solar system.
6. Saturn:
In 1610, Galileo became the first person to look at
Saturn through telescope.
8. Neptune:
The German astronomer Johann Galle discovered
Neptune.
9. Pluto:
It is not considered as Planet now, but is classified as
dwarf planet.
#6
Monday, March 17, 2014
• Asteroids:
Asteroids are also known as planetoids. These are small,
irregularly shaped rocky objects which orbit the Sun
between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are
also known as the minor planets.
Basically the word Asteroid means “Starlike”. Ceres
asteroid was the first to be discovered.
#7
Monday, March 17, 2014
Join Date: Jul 2013
exclusively Posts: 1,880
Senior Member Thanks: 1,595
Thanked 1,286 Times in 782 Posts
• Meteorites:
Meteorites are small chunks of iron and rock thought to
be resulted from collisions between asteroids. They also
may be formed when comets disintegrate into
fragments. Meteorites enter the earth’s atmosphere and
become a meteor. A meteor is a “falling star” that is
usually seen in the sky at night. A meteor will burn up
from frictional heating as it enters the atmosphere. Most
of the meteors burn up before they reach the earth. If
they do not reach the ground they become meteorites.
Meteorites can be seen at a distance of 70 miles from
the earth. Meteorites are heavy objects, which weigh
about 60 tons.
#8
Monday, March 17, 2014
• Comets:
Comets are those bodies, which revolve round the sun.
They are mainly composed of ice and dust. Most comets
have three parts, which are as under.
i) A solid centre.
ii) A head or round coma that surrounds the centre and
consists of dust particles mixed with frozen water,
frozen methane and frozen water, frozen methane and
frozen ammonia.
iii) A long tails of dust and gases that escape from the
head. Most comets stay near the solar system.
#9
Monday, March 17, 2014
Temperature
Features of the Moon:
of the Sun: Average diameter of the moon is 3475 km (2159
he Sun is a hot miles)
aseous mass whose Mass of the moon is 1.343x1019 tonnes.
urface temperature The moon has no atmosphere, so there is a wide
s very gigh. The variation in temperature between 117oC (243oF) at
emperature of the the equator at midday and –163oC (-261oF) after
un is divided into nightfall.
he following two The rotation period of the moon is 29 days, 7 hours
ypes: and 43 minutes.
The moon is 81 times lighter than the Earth, that is
Photosphere: why objects on the moon weight less.
The surface The moon is a poor reflector than the Earth.
emperature of the The most amazing features of the moon is the
un is called as the presence of craters which are the most conspicuous
hotosphere, that is and most plentiful.
000o C. The moon is rich in chromium, Tianium, Scandium,
Zironium and yetterbium.
The Average of density of the moon is 3.34 gm/cc.
The moon has different shapes at different times of
Chromosphere: the month which are known as the phases of the
The interior moon.
emperature of the
un is called
hromosphere, that
s about 15 million
egree C.
Characteristics
of the Sun:
The Mass of the
un is 2*1030 tons.
The diameter of
he Sun is 1.4 million
ms.
Its mean distance
rom the earth is 149
million kms.
The average
ensity of the sun is
.4 gm/cc.
The main source of
nergy in the sun is
Hydrogen, which is
oveted into Helium
y the process of
uclear fusion.
The Sun has 27
ays solar rotation
eriod and 11-years
unspot cycle.
The Sun is
lassified as a
yellow dwarf’ star of
pectral types G2V.
The minimum
istance between
un & the Earth is
nown as perihelion,
which is
47,098,200 kms &
he maximum
istance between the
un, & the Earth is
alled aphelion, that
s 152,097,900 kms.
ome Features of
he Sun:
Sun Spots:
un spots are a
umber of dark
atches on the
urface of the sun.
hey are seen
hrough a telescope
with colored glass.
hey are funnel-
haped vortex
hrough which
aseous matter
treams spiral
pwards and
utwards. The sun
pots vary greatly
oth in size and
uration. Some of
hem disappear in
he course of a few
ays, others survive
or one or two
evolutions of the
un. Large spots
may be more than
00,000 miles in
iameter.
Solar Wind:
olar wind is
omposed of protons
nd electron, which
re streams of
lectricially charged
articles, which are
mitted by the Sun.