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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٤٢٥ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬???‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬،‫א‬F
،E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،F‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 KE‫א‬‫א‬،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 KE،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬
E،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬
-١-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ( Early Internal Combustion Engine Development ) W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬1768–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬1860 –2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬1876–3
 KEL٣٥FEF1878–4
 KE‫א‬F1882–5
 K‫א‬EF1885–6
 KE‫א‬F1886–7
 K،‫א‬‫א‬ EF1893–8
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1900–9
 K،‫א‬ EF1954–10

 
 W(Types of Automobile ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W
 KE–FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 KE‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬–2
 KE‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 KE‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
-٢-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Engine ) ‫א‬– 1
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬– 2
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.( Automobile Chassis ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ – א‬3
.( Automobile Body ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ – א‬4

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 K •
 K‫א‬ •
-٣-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E3FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F


-٤-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Types of Engine ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(External Combustion Engine)‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Internal Combustion Engine )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ −
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W( In line Engine)–1
‫א‬‫א‬W (Opposed Cylinder Engine)‫א‬‫א‬–2

 KE 5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W( V - Engine)V–3
 K(6  ) ( 90° ‫ أو‬60° ) 
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 4F
-٥-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ −

 
‫א‬‫א‬E 5F


 EF‫א‬V‫א‬E 6F

 ( Types of Internal Combustion Engine )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

 –W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–W
 K‫א‬–W
 K‫א‬–W
 ‫א‬W
 –W‫א‬‫א‬
 WEFE
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬E
-٦-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 WE
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 WE
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–1
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E180° FE180° F
E180° FKE2 × 180° = 360°F‫א‬
 .( 2 × 360° = 720° )‫א‬ E180° F
 W‫א‬‫א‬–2 
E180° F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E180° F
.( 1 × 360° = 360° )
-٧-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8
 ‫א‬‫א‬W9
‫א‬‫א‬W10
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
-٩-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Four – stroke Otto Engine ‫א‬‫א‬EF


‫א‬‫ א‬−
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 7F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–W 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Cylinder Head ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K( Cylinder Block ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K( Crank Case ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EF–3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W
 K( Piston )E‫א‬F‫א‬–1
 K( Connecting Rod )‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K( Crank Shaft )E‫א‬F‫א‬–3

 W‫א‬–W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Cam Shaft )E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K( Valves ) E‫א‬F‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬–3
- ١٠ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W
 K( Fuel System ) ‫א‬–1
 K( Cooling System ) ‫א‬–2
 K( Lubricating System )‫א‬–3


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 7F
- ١١ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 WETop Dead Center = T . D . C=KKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   KE8F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬E8F

 W ( Bottom Dead Center = T . D . C=KKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –W( Piston Strokr ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬

 ( Compression – space Volume ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–4
EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 –W( Piston Displacement ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4

 ( Four – stroke )‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬

 –WESuction StrokeٍF‫א‬–1
،EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬( 100 m/sec )‫א‬‫א‬
0.8 bar )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE9F‫א‬
 ( 0.2 bar 0.1 bar )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( 0.9 bar 
 K( 180° )‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٣ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E9F
 ( Volumetric Efficiency ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –WE‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 –W •
 KK‫א‬
 –WE‫א‬‫א‬F •
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF •
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –WECompression StrokeF‫א‬–2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .( 14 bar12bar ) ‫א‬
،( 180° )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE10F(180° + 180° = 360°)‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٤ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
  

 ‫א‬E10F

 –W‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬–4
 
 –W‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬÷ E‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬F=ε‫א‬ −

⎡ Vcy + Vc ⎤
⎢ε = ⎥
 ⎣ Vc ⎦


- ١٥ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W ( Power Stroke )‫א‬–3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Expansion Stroke )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬.( 360° + 180° = 540°)( 180° )
 .E 11 F( 2 cm ) ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E 11 F

 –W( Exhaust Stroke )‫א‬–4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬EKKF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ( 180° )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE12F ( 540° + 180° = 720 ° )



- ١٦ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–

 ‫א‬E12F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E13F
 .(Opposed Cylinder Engine)–1
 K( V - Engine)V–2
 .( In line Engine)–3

  
 V E13F
 


- ١٧ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Engine Power ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

EF‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 –W‫א‬K‫…א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎡ Vs . pi . n ⎤
⎢Pi = 1200 ⎥ (kw ) ‫א‬‫א‬–1
⎣ ⎦
⎡ Vs . pi . n ⎤
⎢Pi = 600 ⎥ (kw ) ‫א‬‫א‬–2
⎣ ⎦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( kw )‫א‬‫ = א‬Pi
 ( L )‫א‬‫א‬‫= א‬Vs
 ( r.p.m.)‫א‬‫א‬= n
 ( bar )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = pi

 WBreaking (effective ) PowerE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Peff ) K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

M.n 
Peff = ( kw )
9550
- ١٨ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( kw )‫א‬‫ = א‬Peff
 ( N.m.)‫א‬‫א‬= M
 ( r.p.m.)‫א‬‫א‬= n

 ‫א‬
 W1
pi = 8.5 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n =2750 r.p.m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vs = 2.21 L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

n = 2750 r.p.m , Vs = 2.21 L , pi = 8.5 bar, ‫א‬‫א‬–W( Data )‫א‬–


 ( Pi = ? )‫א‬‫א‬–W ( Request )‫א‬–
p . Vs . n 8.5 × 2.21× 2750

Pi = i = = 43.05 kw –W( Solution ) ‫– א‬
1200 1200
 W2
 Peff‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n =3310 r.p.m ‫א‬M = 200 N.m‫א‬
 n =3310 r.p.m , M = 200 N.m –W( Data )‫א‬–

 ( Peff = ? )‫א‬‫א‬–W( Request )‫א‬–
M . n 200 × 3310
Peff = = = 69.3193 kw –W( Solution ) ‫א‬–
9550 1200




- ١٩ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W3
S =110 mm d =80 mm‫א‬Z = 4‫א‬‫א‬
F = 177 N ‫א‬‫א‬ pi = 8.5 bar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n = 2750 r.p.m‫א‬
 –W‫א‬L =0.6 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KN.mM‫א‬‫א‬E1
 Kkw Peff‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 KkwPi‫א‬‫א‬E3
 Kηm‫א‬‫א‬E4

 n = 2750 r.p.m ،S =110 mm،d = 80 mm،Z = 4–W( Data )‫א‬–
 L =0.6 m،F = 177 N ، pi = 8.5 bar

 –W( Request )‫א‬–
 KN.m( M = ? )‫א‬‫א‬E1
 Kkw ( Peff = ? )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 Kkw( Pi = ? )‫א‬‫א‬E3
 .( ηm = ? )‫א‬‫א‬E4 

–W ( Solution ) ‫ א‬–

Vs = A . S . Z = 0.785 (8) × 11 × 4 = 2210.56 cm3
2
2210.56
Vs = = 2.21 L
1) 1000
60
M = F . L = 177 × = 106.2 N.m
100 
2)
Μ. n 106.2 × 2750
Ρeff = = = 30.58 kw
9550 9550
- ٢٠ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3)
peff . Vs . n 8.5 × 2.21 × 2750

Pi = = = 43.05 kw
1200 1200
4)
Peff 30.58
ηm = = = 0.71
Pi 43.05

 W( Engine Torque ) ‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –WE‫א‬F
 K( n )‫א‬( Peff )E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–2
 
Peff . 9550
1 - {M = ( N.m ) }
n
2 - {M = F . L ( N.m )}

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( kw )‫א‬‫ = א‬Peff
 ( N.m )‫א‬‫א‬ = M
( r.p.m.)‫א‬‫א‬= n
 ( N )‫א‬‫א‬= F
 ( m )‫א‬‫א‬= L




- ٢١ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W1
 ‫؟‬Peff = 75 kw‫א‬n = 3750 r.p.m.‫א‬ M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 n =3750 r.p.m , Peff = 75 kw –W( Data )‫א‬–
 ( M = ? )‫א‬–W( Request )‫א‬–
Peff . 9550 75 × 9550

M= = = 191 N.m –W( Solution ) ‫א‬–
n 3750
 W2 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F = 130 N‫א‬‫א‬ M‫א‬‫א‬
 L = 0.955 m
 L = 0.955 m , F = 130 N –W( Data )‫א‬–
 ( M = ? )‫א‬–W( Request )‫א‬–
M = F . L = 130 × 0.955 = 124.15 N.m –W(Solution ) ‫– اﻟﺤـﻞ‬
 ( Engine Efficiency )ηm‫א‬EF −

‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEηmFK

 ⎡⎢ηm = Peff ⎤⎥
⎣ Pi ⎦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ = ηm
 ( kw )‫א‬‫א‬= Pi 
 ( kw )‫א‬‫ = א‬Peff
- ٢٢ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W1
 ‫؟‬Peff = 75 kw‫א‬Pi = 95 kw‫א‬ηm ‫א‬‫א‬
 Pi = 95 kw , Peff = 75 kw –W( Data )‫א‬–
 ( ηm = ? )‫א‬–W( Request )‫א‬–
Peff 75
ηm = = = 0.7894 –W( Solution ) ‫– א‬
Pi 95

 W2
 ‫؟‬ηm = 0.75 Pi = 85 kw‫א‬Peff ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Pi = 85 kw , ηm = 0.75 –W( Data )‫א‬–
 ( ηm = ? )‫א‬–W( Request )‫א‬–
Peff = Pi ×ηm = 85 × 0.75 = 63.75 (kw ) –W( Solution ) ‫– اﻟﺤـﻞ‬
 W3
 Peff = 80 kw‫א‬ηm = 0.8 ‫א‬Pi‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Peff = 80 kw، , ηm = 0.8 –W( Data )‫א‬–
 ( Pi = ? )‫א‬‫א‬–W ( Request )‫א‬–
Peff 80
Pi = = = 100 (kw ) –W( Solution ) ‫– א‬
ηm 0.8









- ٢٣ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F = 138 N‫א‬‫א‬ n = 3770 r.p.m.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬ L = 0.955 m‫א‬‫א‬
  M‫א‬‫א‬(1
 Peff‫א‬‫א‬( 2

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 n = 4000r.p.m. ‫א‬Peff = 90 kw‫א‬‫א‬M ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F = 177 N ‫א‬‫א‬Peff = 100 kwE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬L = 0.955m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KN.m‫א‬‫א‬EF
 Kn‫א‬‫א‬EF

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬n = 2550 r.p.m‫א‬Z = 6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 d =85 mm‫א‬ F = 170 N ‫א‬‫א‬ pi = 9.5 bar ‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬L =0.955 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S =120 mm‫א‬
 KN.mM‫א‬‫א‬E1
 Kkw Peff‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2
 KkwPi‫א‬‫א‬E3
Kηm‫א‬‫א‬E4
- ٢٤ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫א‬W5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
 W7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W10
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Cylinder ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −


-٢٦-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ( Cylinder ) ‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬–4

 ‫א‬‫א‬E 14F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 W‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬( 60 bar – 40 bar )‫א‬
 K( 80 bar–50 bar)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬( 2000 c° )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( 120c°80c°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢٧-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( 220c° 100 c°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬–3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E 15F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬ –3
-٢٨-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬–3
KE‫א‬F–4
K‫א‬–5
K‫א‬–6
K–7
K‫א‬–8
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE1 – 16F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2– 16F‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E2 – 16F‫א‬‫א‬E1 – 16F
-٢٩-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬–2

–W‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬–2

Cylinder Head ‫א‬‫א‬

 –WE17F‫א‬‫א‬
K( Combustion Chamber )‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 2
 K( Valves & Valve guide )‫א‬–3
 K ( Cam Shaft )‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K( Spark Plugs ) ‫א‬–5

 K‫א‬‫א‬E17F
-٣٠-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E19F
K‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •











-٣١-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E19FW‫א‬‫א‬ −


 ‫א‬‫א‬E19F
-٣٢-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 W( Vcy ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE20F ( Vcy )E‫א‬‫א‬F
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡
⎢ Vcy = A . S =
d2 . Π
4
⎤
. S⎥ ( cm3 )
⎣ ⎦

⎡ Vs ⎤
⎢Vcy = Z ⎥ ( cm3 )
⎣ ⎦
( Vcy )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E20F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( cm3 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ = א‬Vcy
 ( cm F‫א‬‫א‬ = d
 ( cm2 )‫א‬= A
 ( cm )‫א‬ = S
 ( cm3 )‫א‬‫א‬‫ = א‬Vs
 K‫א‬‫א‬ = Z
-٣٣-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W1
A = 50 cm2 ‫א‬Vcy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 S = 8 cm‫א‬

 A = 50 cm2 , S = 8 cm –W( Data )‫א‬–
 E Vcy =? F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–W( Request )‫א‬–
Vcy = A . S = 50 × 8 = 400 ⎛ cm 3 ⎞ –W( Solution ) ‫– اﻟﺤـﻞ‬

⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

 WVs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K( Z )‫א‬‫א‬ ( Vcy )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ⎡
⎢ Vs = Vcy.Z = A . S . Z =
d2 . Π
4
⎤
. S . Z⎥ ( cm3 )
⎣ ⎦

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( cm3 )‫א‬‫א‬‫ = א‬Vs
 ( cm )‫א‬‫א‬ = d
 ( cm2 )‫א‬ = A
 ( cm )‫א‬ = S
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = Z


-٣٤-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W2
S = 9 cm‫א‬d = 6 cm ‫א‬Z = 4‫א‬
 Vs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   S = 9 cm , Z=4 , d = 6 cm –W( Data )‫א‬–
 ( Vs = ? )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–W( Request )‫א‬–
d2. Π
Vs = A . S . Z = .S. Z
4 –W( Solution ) ‫– اﻟﺤـﻞ‬
Vs =
( 6 ) 2. Π × 9 × 4 = 1017.36 ⎛ cm 3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝ ⎠

 WVc‫א‬–3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( Vc )
⎡ Vcy ⎤
⎢Vc = ε − 1⎥ ( cm3 )
⎣ ⎦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( cm3 )‫א‬ = Vc
 ( cm3 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ = א‬Vcy
‫א‬ = ε
-٣٥-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W3
ε = 21 : 1 ‫א‬Vcy = 600 cm3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Vc‫א‬‫א‬

 Vcy = 600 cm3  , ε = 21 : 1 –WEDataF‫א‬–
 E Vc =? F‫א‬–WERequestF‫א‬–
Vcy 600 ⎛ cm 3 ⎞
Vc = = = 30 ⎜ ⎟ –W( Solution ) ‫– اﻟﺤـﻞ‬
ε − 1 21 − 1 ⎝ ⎠
 EεF‫א‬–4
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EEpsilonFε‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ Vcy + Vc ⎤
⎢ε = ⎥
⎣ Vc ⎦ ))
⎡ Vcy ⎤
⎢ε = Vc + 1⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ Vcn , max ⎤
⎢ε = Vc , min ⎥
⎣ ⎦
-٣٦-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EεF‫א‬E21F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ = ε
 ( cm3 )‫א‬ = Vc
 ( cm3 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ = א‬Vcy

 W 4
 ‫א‬Vcy = 650 cm3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ε ‫א‬‫ א‬Vc = 50  cm3
 Vcy = 650 cm3  , Vc = 50 cm3 –WEDataF‫א‬–
 E ε =? F‫א‬–WERequestF‫א‬–

Vcy + Vc 650 + 50
ε= = = 14 : 1 –W( Solution ) ‫– א‬
Vc 50
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( 10 % )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kρ = 0.71 kg/L ‫א‬( 10 % , 5 % ) 
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
( m3/kg )( kg/kg ) ( kg/L )
11.5 14.8 0.75  ‫א‬
11.0 14.2 0.78  ‫א‬‫א‬
  
11.2  14.5 0.84  ‫א‬
 
 10.8  14.0  0.80  
-٣٧-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 100 km ‫א‬‫א‬ m3 ‫א‬
 ρ = 0.71 kg/L ‫א‬V = 8.5 L/100 km
 10 % =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ρ = 0.71 kg/L  , V = 8.5 L/100 km –WEDataF‫א‬–

 E m3 =? F‫א‬‫א‬ m3 –WERequestF‫א‬–

–W( Solution ) ‫– א‬

M = v . ρ = 8.5 × 0.71 = 6.035 kg ‫א‬–1
11.6 + 10 % = 11.6 + 1.16 = 12.76 m3 W‫א‬‫א‬ 1 kg –2
6.035 × 12.76 = 76.996 m3 W‫א‬‫א‬6.035 kg  –3
-٣٨-
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫א‬‫א‬W6
 ‫א‬‫א‬W7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W10
-٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Piston )‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
-٤٠-
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Piston )‫א‬
 –WE‫א‬F‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4

 –W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬–3
 
 –W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،12 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬

،18 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤١-
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF −
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–1
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–2
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬–4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 22F
 –W‫א‬

 –W ( Solid – Skirt Piston ) –1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–W( Split – Skirt Piston ) –2

 ( Piston with ring holder ) EF–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬–W‫א‬‫א‬–4

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
EFEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE،،– 22F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٢-
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E 22F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ −

 EF
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E 22F
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





 KEF‫א‬E،،– 22F
-٤٣-
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Piston Rings ) E‫א‬F‫א‬

 –WE‫א‬F‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3

 –WE23F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬–2

 ‫א‬K‫א‬E23F

 –W‫א‬W‫א‬ −
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬

-٤٤-
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ( Vmax )‫א‬( Vm )‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬ ( S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K( n )
K‫א‬ ( 14 m/s )( Vm )‫א‬
( Vmax )‫א‬( Vm )‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE24F
⎡ 2 .S. n ⎤
⎢Vm = 60 ⎥ ( m/sec )
⎣ ⎦
[ Vmax ≈ 1.6 × Vm ] ( m/sec )

 ( Vmax )‫א‬( Vm )‫א‬‫א‬E24F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( m/s )‫א‬‫ = א‬Vm
 ( m/s )‫א‬‫ = א‬Vmax
 ( r.p.m.)‫א‬‫א‬= n
 ( m )‫א‬ = S
-٤٥-
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W1
 –W‫א‬ S = 76 mmn = 4000 r.p.m.‫א‬
 Vm ‫א‬‫א‬–1
 Vmax ‫א‬‫א‬–2

 n = 4000 r.p.m , S = 76 mm–W( Data )‫א‬–
 ( Vm = ? )‫א‬‫א‬–1–W( Request )‫א‬–
  ( Vmax = ? )‫א‬‫א‬–2
–W( Solution ) ‫– اﻟﺤـﻞ‬
1)
2 . S . n 2 × 0.076 × 4000
Vm = = = 10.13 (m/sec ) 
60 60
2)
Vmax ≈ 1 . 6 × Vm = 1.6 × 10.13 = 16.2 (m/sec )
 W2
n = 3000 r.p.m.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vm = 15 m/s ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( S ) ‫א‬
 n = 3000 r.p.m , Vm = 15 m/s–W( Data )‫א‬–
 ( S = ? ) ‫א‬–W ( Request )‫א‬–

2 .S. n Vm . 60
Vm = ⇒ S=
60 2.n
15 × 60 –W( Solution ) ‫– א‬

S= = 0.15 m
2 × 3000
= 0.15 × 1000 = 150 mm
-٤٦-
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W3
 Vmax = 20 m/s ‫א‬‫א‬ ( Vm ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Vmax = 20 m/s –W( Data )‫א‬–
 ( Vmax = ? )‫א‬‫א‬–W( Request )‫א‬–
Vmax 20
Vm = = = 12.5 ( m/s ) –W( Solution ) ‫– اﻟﺤـﻞ‬
1.6 1 .6


 (Mean Effective Pressure = MEP )‫א‬‫א‬ −
( pmax , po )‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
( n )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K( pi )‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬( n )

⎡ p1 + p 2 + p3 + ..... + p h ⎤
⎢pi = ⎥ ( bar )
⎣ n ⎦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( bar )‫א‬‫א‬ = pi
 ( bar )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = pmax
 ‫א‬= n
-٤٧-
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E25F

 [ Fi = A . pi ] (N)


 K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬E25F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( N )‫ = ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺱ‬Fi 
 ( bar )‫א‬‫א‬ = pi
 E Cm2 F‫א‬= A


 [ 1 bar = 10 N/cm2 ] 
-٤٨-
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W1
pi = 300 N/cm2‫א‬‫א‬ A = 70 cm2
 ( Fi ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 pi = 300 N/cm2،A = 70 cm2–W( Data )‫א‬–
 EFi=? F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–WERequestF‫א‬–
Fi = A . p = 70 × 300 = 21000
i
(N ) –W( Solution ) ‫– اﻟﺤـﻞ‬

 
 W1‫א‬
 –W‫א‬ S = 86 mmn = 4500 r.p.m.‫א‬
 Vm ‫א‬‫א‬–1
 Vmax ‫א‬‫א‬–2

 W 2‫א‬
 A = 50 cm2‫א‬Fi = 5000 N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 pi ‫א‬ ‫א‬


W
 ‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W4
 ‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
-٤٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EConnection Rod F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF −

-٥٠-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EConnection Rod F‫א‬‫א‬

–W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬–3

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬–4

 –W‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
-٥١-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF–4

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E26F

 W‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE27F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E27F
-٥٢-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬( I )‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 28F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E 28F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬E 29F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬KW‫א‬‫א‬J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 29F
 W‫א‬ –
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 30F
-٥٣-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ −
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–1
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–2
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–3
 
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬E 30F
 
 
 
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬W5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
-٥٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Crank Shift‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −









-٥٥-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Crank Shift )‫א‬

–W‫א‬ −
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–5
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
–WE31F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3

 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E31F

-٥٦-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬–4

–W‫א‬EF‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE32F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬E32F

–W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬–3
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE33F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( V )

-٥٧-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬E33F

 
 K‫א‬E33F


–W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬EF–2 
 K‫א‬EF–3 
 K‫א‬–4
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E34F
-٥٨-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬( 100 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE F E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬E–35FE–35F
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–35F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–35F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 



 ‫א‬‫א‬E35F
-٥٩-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 –WE36F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–2
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–3
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E36F

‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ( 0.5 mm )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ( 1.5 mm )‫א‬
 K( 0.02 mm )




-٦٠-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–1
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬–3
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–4

–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫א‬‫א‬W6
‫ ؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W9
-٦١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

( Cam Shaft ) E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦٢-
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Cam Shaft ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 –W‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE37F‫א‬K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E37F
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
‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3

‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
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E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE38
 
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
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 
 ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ 



 K‫א‬‫א‬E38F

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E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE39F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 


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 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E39F



 
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E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE40F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E40F
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

W
 ‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫א‬W2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5
-٦٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Cylinder Head ) ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
–W‫א‬ −
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
 K‫א‬ −
K‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬ −
KE‫א‬F‫א‬ −


-٦٧-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ( Cylinder Head ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –WE41F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( Combustion Chamber )‫א‬‫א‬–1
.( Spark Plugs ) ‫א‬– 2
 K( Valves & Valve guide )‫א‬–3
 K( Cam Shaft )‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K–5
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E41F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬–1
K‫א‬– 2
-٦٨-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
–W‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ −
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( 500 km )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 –WE 42F‫א‬‫א‬
 K–1
 K–2

K–2K–1
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E 42F



-٦٩-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
( Valves )‫א‬–W ‫ א‬−
 ‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬WInlet valveE‫א‬F‫א‬ –1
 K‫א‬‫א‬WExhaust valveE‫א‬F‫א‬–2

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E43F



 K‫א‬‫א‬E43F

-٧٠-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ −

 W‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Land )

 W‫א‬–2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،45°‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬–3
‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬
( Keepers ) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  E1 J 43F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E43F
-٧١-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–4
( 75° , 15° )‫א‬( 45° ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE44F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬KE44F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 
 
 
‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬
 E1 J 43F
 ‫א‬‫א‬



-٧٢-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –WE45F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Standard Valve )‫א‬‫– א‬1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Tulip Valve )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Flat Top Valve )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 ‫א‬‫– א‬1
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E45F

W( Valve Seat )‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬
W‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( 2.5 mm 1.0 mm )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE46F
-٧٣-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E46F
 W( Valve Guide )‫א‬ −

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE47F
W‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬E47F
-٧٤-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Valve Springs )‫א‬‫א‬ −

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE47F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬−

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E47F

-٧٥-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W( Cam Follower )‫א‬‫ א‬−

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،( Push rod )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1–47F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬−

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1–47F
W( Push Rod )‫א‬‫א‬ −

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE48F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬E48F
-٧٦-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬،
 KE49F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E49F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E49F

‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( 0.70 mm , 0.15 mm )‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE50F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–2
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬



-٧٧-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F–3

 K‫א‬E50F
W‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ET.D.CF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EFeeler Gauge‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE51F

 
‫א‬E51F‫א‬KE51F
-٧٨-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE52F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Overlap ) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E52F‫א‬= S.o −
‫א‬= S.c −
‫א‬= E.o −
 ‫א‬= E.c −
‫א‬ −
d‫א‬( L∝)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( BDC )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( TDC )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬( L∝)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ⎡ α .d.Π ⎤
⎢Lα = 360 ⎥ ( mm) 
⎣ ⎦

 ⎡ α . 60 ⎤
⎢t = n.360 ⎥ ( S ) 
⎣ ⎦
-٧٩-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( mm ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = L∝
 ( mm )‫א‬‫א‬ = d
 ( ° )‫א‬‫א‬ = ∝
 ( Sec )‫ = א‬t
 ( r.p.m )‫א‬‫א‬ = n
 ( ° )‫א‬‫א‬ = σ

( Inlet Opens )‫א‬= S.o
 ( Inlet Closes )‫א‬= S.c
( Exhaust Opens )‫א‬= E.o
 (Exhaust Closes )‫א‬= E.c
 ( Overlap )‫א‬‫א‬ = σ
 W1
‫א‬n = 5400 r.p.m.‫א‬d = 300 mm ‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 ( T.D.C. )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 39° )(S.o)‫א‬
 ( B.D.C. )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 93° )(S.c)‫א‬
 ( B.D.C. )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 65° )(E.o)‫א‬
 ( T.D.C. )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 45° )(E.c)‫א‬
 
 n = 5400 r.p.m.  , d = 300 mm –WEDataF‫א‬–
 –WERequestF‫א‬–
 ( ∝Ev , ∝ Sv ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 Kσ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 (S.c)(S.o)‫א‬(L∝)‫א‬E
 K ‫א‬‫א‬(t)‫א‬E
-٨٠-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 F
∝ Sv = 39° +180° + 93° = 312° –WESolution F‫א‬–
  ∝ Ev = 65° +180° + 45° = 290°

 F
 σ = 39° + 45° = 84°
 
 F
  ⎡⎢Lα = α . d . Π =
312° × 300 × Π ⎤
= 816.8 ⎥ ( mm) 
⎣ 360° 360° ⎦

 F
 ⎡ α . 60 ⎤ 290° × 60
⎢t = n.360 ⎥ = 5400 × 360° = 0.0089 ( S ) 
⎣ ⎦
 
W‫א‬‫א‬−
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






-٨١-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W( Cylinder head gasket )‫א‬‫א‬EF−

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 KE1–52F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬E1–52F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬W2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4
 ‫א‬‫א‬W5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W6
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬J WW7
 ‫א‬‫א‬W8
 ‫א‬W9
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W10
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W12
-٨٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Two – Stroke Petrol Engine ) ‫א‬‫א‬EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −








 
- ٨٣ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Two – Stroke Petrol Engine ) ‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،E……،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE1/200 s‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE،–53F‫א‬‫א‬
 –W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–1 ‫א‬–1 –W‫א‬‫א‬–1
 KE–53F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–2  KE–53F‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EKKF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–2 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–3 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
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E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬–1 ‫א‬–1 –W‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ KEKKF‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE–53F‫א‬‫א‬  KE–53F‫א‬
 
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E53F
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E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ −
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE54F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E54F

 W‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE54F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٨٦ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E55F‫א‬‫א‬E54F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE55F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E– 56F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E– 56F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E––– 57F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٨٧ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 56F

  
 E– 57FE– 57FE– 57F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K( 1 : 20 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F

- ٨٨ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 –WE58F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 WCrank Case ‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
( 1.3 bar )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،( 0.5 bar )‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WMain Fold ‫א‬–2
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WPiston E‫א‬F‫א‬–3
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WCylinder ‫א‬‫א‬– 4
F‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٩ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WCrank ShaftE‫א‬F‫א‬–5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E58F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬–1  K،،–1
 K‫א‬–2  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬–3  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬–4  K–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5  K‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬–6  K‫א‬–6

- ٩٠ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Diesel Engine‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫ א‬−
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

-٩٢-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Diesel Engine‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬1893
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 –WK‫א‬‫א‬
 K–1
 K‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬–4
 
 ‫א‬ −
K‫א‬
KEKKKK،،،F،
 KE 59F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬E 59F
-٩٣-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬
 –WESuction StrokeF‫א‬–1
EKKF‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE 60F( 180° )‫א‬

 ‫א‬E 60F
-٩٤-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W( Compression Stroke )‫א‬–2

‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( 900 C° )‫א‬‫א‬( 40 bar 30 bar ) ‫א‬
.( 180° + 180° = 360° )‫א‬( 180° )‫א‬‫א‬
    E 61F
 
 K‫א‬E 61F

 –W( Power Stroke )‫א‬–3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ( Expansion Stroke )‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE 62F ( 360° + 180° = 540° )( 180° )
-٩٥-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E 62F
 –W ( Exhaust Stroke )‫א‬–4

EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E63F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .( 540° + 180° = 720 °)( 180° )‫א‬

 K‫א‬E 63F
-٩٦-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5

 W‫א‬‫א‬–1
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E 64F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E 64F
-٩٧-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E 65F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 65F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E 66F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٨-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 66F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 67F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 67F
-٩٩-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
E‫א‬F‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬KE 68F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 68F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬–1  K–1
 K‫א‬–2  K‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬–3 ‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K ‫א‬–4  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5 ‫א‬‫א‬ – 4
 K‫א‬–6  K
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E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ −
     ‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1892   1876  ‫א‬
270 g/kwh200 g/kwh 390 g/kwh 290 g/kwh ‫א‬‫א‬
32 % 24 %  ‫א‬
 24 : 1 14 : 1  9:1 6 : 1  ‫א‬
 55 bar30 bar  15 bar8 bar  ‫א‬
 900° c700° c  600° c400° c ‫א‬‫א‬
 80 bar60 bar  40 bar30 bar  ‫א‬‫א‬
 600° c500° c  1000° c700° c ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3500 r.p.m.2000 r.p.m. 7000 r.p.m.3500 r.p.m.  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
     ‫א‬
E‫א‬F0.045 %  E‫א‬F4.5% 2% ‫א‬
     ‫א‬



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E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
–WE 69F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 68F
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 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬–2
 ‫؟‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 ‫א‬–7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
( Cooling System ) ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬  −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬ −
-١٠٤-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Cooling System )‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ( 1600° c ) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ −
 KE95° c– 75° cF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 2
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬– 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 5
-١٠٥-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ – 2
K‫א‬– 3
K– 4
 K– 5
‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Air Cooling System )‫א‬‫א‬ – 1
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Water Cooling System )‫א‬ – 2 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K( Radiator )E‫א‬F‫א‬– 1
 K( Water Pump ) ‫א‬– 2
K( Thermostat ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 3
K( Fan and Fan belt )‫א‬‫ – א‬4
 K( Water Jackets )‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬– 5
 K( Radiator Cap )‫א‬ – 6
 K( Expansion Tank ) ‫א‬‫א‬– 7
K( Cooling Fluid )‫א‬– 8
K( Water Hoses )‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬– 9
 K( Temperature Sensor ) ‫א‬‫א‬– 10


-١٠٦-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ −
–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬– 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬– 3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬EF – 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF– 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬ −

 (Air Cooling System )‫א‬‫א‬ –W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-١٠٧-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E70F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E70F

 W E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ – א‬2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE71F‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬E71F
-١٠٨-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Water Cooling System )‫א‬–W

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ – א‬1 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 –72F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE2 –72F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 –72F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1–72F
-١٠٩-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫ – א‬2 
K‫א‬EF‫א‬
KE7° c5° cF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE73F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬E73F



 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –5
 ‫א‬‫א‬–6
 ‫א‬‫א‬–7
‫א‬‫א‬–8
-١١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Air Fan ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE–F
‫א‬EFK‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
KE–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF −
K‫א‬‫א‬EF −
-١١١-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Air Fan )‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 74F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬E 74F
 K– 3 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 2K‫א‬– 1
 K‫א‬– 6K‫ – א‬5K‫א‬– 4
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
-١١٢-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
  –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬– 1
(V)‫א‬‫א‬
 KE75F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E75F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ – 2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
(95 % )‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( V )‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE76F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E76F
 W‫א‬‫א‬– 3
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E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،( 100° c ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE77F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E77F
 W‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬ ( 181° F = 83° c ) ‫א‬‫א‬– 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 E1 – 78F
‫א‬ ( 199° F = 93° c ) ‫א‬‫א‬– 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KE2 – 78F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E2 – 78F ‫א‬E1 – 78F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
-١١٤-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 1 mm )‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1 – 79F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WEF −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE2 – 79F‫א‬،
 

 E1 – 79FE2 – 79F

  
‫א‬‫א‬EF −
-١١٥-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EF −
‫א‬‫א‬K،،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
‫א‬‫א‬–6
-١١٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
( Water Hoses ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −















-١١٧-
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Water Hoses )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 E80F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E80F
‫א‬‫א‬ −
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 81F‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 81F
-١١٨-
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬E82F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K–
 K–
 KEF–


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E82F

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
-١١٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Water Temperature Gauges and Hot Warning Unit )
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬  −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
- ١٢٠ -
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Water Temperature Gauges ) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  –W‫א‬K
 K( Sending Unit )E‫א‬‫א‬F–1
 K( Indicator ) ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F–2

‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬–3
‫א‬‫א‬ −
KE83F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬E83F
- ١٢١ -
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Hot Warning Unit )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Sending Unit )E‫א‬‫א‬F–1
 K( Indicator ) ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F–2
‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬،( 90° c ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE84F‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬E84F
- ١٢٢ -
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E85F
 1
 72

 63
 4
 5


 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E85F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K–2
 K–3
 K–4
 K‫א‬–5
 KE‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬–6
 K–7

( Temperature Sensor ) ‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ −
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K–1
 K–2
- ١٢٣ -
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E86FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

 1 2 3 4 5
K–3K‫א‬–2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬–5K–4

K‫א‬–3K–2K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬–5K‫א‬–4
 K–7 KEF –6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E86F

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
( Thermostat )E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
K‫א‬ −
- ١٢٥ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Thermostat )E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( 95° c - 75° c ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬–3

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
KE87F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K–3
 KEF–4
 
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E87F



- ١٢٦ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE–88FE–88F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–88F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–88F

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( 80° cF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E–89F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ( 80° c )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ( 90° cF‫א‬‫א‬KE–89F
 KE–89F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E89F
- ١٢٧ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Water Pump )‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ −
K‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
- ١٢٩ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Water Pump )‫א‬EF

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

W‫א‬ −
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L( 475 )،‫א‬(5000 – 3500 )
‫א‬‫א‬KEFV‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E VF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 20 mm10 mm )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1– 90F
E2– 90F‫א‬‫א‬

 E2– 90FE1– 90F
- ١٣٠ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ −
–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E91F‫א‬EF 
‫א‬–3 ‫א‬–2  –1
–6 –5 ‫א‬–4
‫א‬–9 ‫א‬–8E‫א‬F–7
 ‫א‬–10

 E91F‫א‬EF
‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E92FK( 4.2 kJ/kg.K ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( m )‫א‬

 K‫א‬E92F
- ١٣١ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 – W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
 
⎡ Q ⎤
 ⎢⎣ m = ∆t . C ⎥⎦ ( L/h ) 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( kJ )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Q
( L/h )‫א‬= m 
 ( K )‫א‬‫א‬=∆t
 ( kJ/kg.k )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= C


  –W1
C = 4.2 kJ/kg.K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬m‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = 131544 kJ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆t = 10 k‫א‬‫א‬
Q = 131544 kJ،∆t = 10 k،C = 4.2 kJ/kg.K –W ( Data )‫ א‬−

( m = ? )‫א‬ –W( Request )‫ א‬−
⎡ Q 131544
⎢m = ∆t . C = 10 × 4.2 = 3132 ( L/h )⎤⎥  –W( Solution ) ‫ א‬−
⎣ ⎦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( Z ) ‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎡ m ⎤
 ⎢ Z= ⎥ ( 1/h ) 
⎣ mT ⎦
- ١٣٢ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( 1/h )‫א‬‫א‬ZZ 
 ( L/h )‫א‬Zm
 ( L , kg )E‫א‬F‫א‬ZmT

  –W
 m = 3132 kg‫א‬ Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 mT = 11 kgE‫א‬F‫א‬

m = 3132 kg،mT = 11 kg  –W ( Data )‫ א‬−
( Z = ? )‫א‬‫א‬ –W( Request )‫ א‬−
⎡
⎢ Z =
m 3132
= = 284.7 ( 1/h )⎤⎥  –W( Solution ) ‫ א‬−
⎣ mT 11 ⎦




 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬–4
‫א‬‫א‬–5
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Radiator ) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬  −
K‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
- ١٣٤ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Radiator )E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
W‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE93F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E93F




- ١٣٥ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬E‫א‬F −
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E94F‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬–6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬‫א‬–8
K‫א‬‫א‬–9
 K‫א‬–10


 K‫א‬‫א‬E94F
- ١٣٦ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
  –W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
95F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E95F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE96F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٣٧ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E96F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE97F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E97F

‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –WE98F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1

- ١٣٨ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E98F
- ١٣٩ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Pressure Valve ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K( 0.4 bar ) ‫א‬‫א‬ ( 1 bar )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 KE1–98F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Vacuum Valve )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE99F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1–98F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E99F
- ١٤٠ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( Expansion Tank ) ‫א‬‫א‬ −

‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE100F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ( Expansion Tank ) ‫א‬‫א‬E100F
( Coolant )‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (20° c )
 K‫א‬( 2 L ) ‫א‬( 1 L ) ‫א‬( 2 : 1 )‫א‬
 K( Ethylene Glycol Base )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ −
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬–4
- ١٤١ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬ –‫א‬ –W‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–4
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
‫א‬‫א‬–7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Lubrication System )‫א‬
.E–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬ −
KE–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
.‫א‬‫א‬  −
.‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
-١٤٣-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Lubrication System ) ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬E101F‫א‬
 ( Circulating Splash System )‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–1
 (Internal Force Feed and Splash System )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 ( Full Internal Force System )E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
-١٤٤-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ −
 
 ‫א‬


 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E101F
-١٤٥-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ −
–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E102F‫א‬
 ( Oil Pump ) ‫א‬–1
 ( Oil Filter ) ‫א‬–2
 ( Dipstick ) ‫א‬EF–3
 ( Oil Pan ) ‫א‬EF–4
 ( Oil Pipes ) ‫א‬EF–5
( Oil Pressure Gauges ) ‫א‬–6

‫א‬ −
‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE102F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬EFE102F
-١٤٦-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬–2
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4

W‫א‬ −
 W‫א‬ •
ESociety of Automotive EngineersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W‫א‬
 SAE 10 W E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–1
 SAE 20 W ‫א‬–2
 SAE 30 W –3
( W ) ‫א‬( SAE 20 W , SAE 10 W )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( SAE 20 W/20 ) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  –W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( SAE 20 W/50 , SAE 20 W/40 , SAE 10 W/30 )
 W( API )‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬( American Petroleum Institute ) ‫א‬‫א‬

 –W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬   SD
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   SE
 K‫א‬K‫א‬  CC
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   CD
-١٤٧-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ −
 –W( ML , MM , MS ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Motor Light )( ML )
 ( Motor Medium ) ( MM )
 ( Motor Service ) ( MS )

  –W‫א‬
 ( Diesel General )( DG )
 (Diesel Medium ) ( DM )
 (Diesel Service ) ( DS )

( Additives ) ‫א‬ −
 –W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( HD = Heavy Duty )‫א‬‫א‬( HD )‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ −
  K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬–2
  K‫א‬‫א‬–3
  K‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–6
-١٤٨-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ −

 ( Oil Gear Pump ) ‫א‬‫א‬–1
 W‫א‬–
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE103F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
-١٤٩-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E103F
‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ( Oil Filter ) ‫א‬–2

 W‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE104F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬EFE104F
‫א‬ −
 KE1 –104F‫א‬–1
 KE2 –104F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 
-١٥٠-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E2 –104F‫א‬E1 –104F

‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ( Oil Pan ) ‫א‬EF–3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
( Drain Plug ) EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE105F‫א‬



-١٥١-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E105F
‫א‬‫א‬ −

 ( Dipstick ) ‫א‬EF–4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE106F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E106F

-١٥٢-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( Oil Pressure Regulating Valve ) ‫א‬–5

 K‫א‬‫א‬–2 K‫א‬‫א‬–1 –W‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE107F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬–1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E107F

 K‫א‬‫א‬E107F
-١٥٣-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Oil Pressure Gauges )‫א‬–6

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE108F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E108F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE1 –108F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE2–108F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 E2 –108FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 –108F
-١٥٤-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Oil Warning Unit )‫א‬–7

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬–
K ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( 0.2 kg/cm2 = 0.4 psi )‫א‬
 KE1–109FE‫א‬F‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2–109FE‫א‬F‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E1–109F

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E2–109F
-١٥٥-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ −
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ −
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 KW‫א‬‫א‬–2

 W‫א‬EF −
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE110F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E110F
-١٥٦-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬ –‫א‬ –‫א‬ –‫א‬ –W‫א‬–2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 ‫א‬ –‫א‬ –‫א‬ –W‫א‬–4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F–8
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–9
 ‫א‬ –‫א‬ –W‫א‬–10
 ‫א‬ –‫א‬ –W‫א‬–11
 ‫א‬‫א‬–12
 ‫א‬‫א‬–13
 ‫א‬‫א‬–14
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–15

-١٥٧-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬E×F،‫א‬‫א‬E√FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 EFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–2
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 4
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 5
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 6
 E
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–9
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–10
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–11
 EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 12
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–13
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 14
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–15
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬–3
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬–8
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 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

–W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬E
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
K‫א‬EK‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E
 KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
K‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬E
 KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
K‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 ‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬E
 KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 E،F‫א‬EKE‫א‬F‫א‬EKE‫א‬F‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬–8
 E،F‫א‬EK‫א‬EK‫א‬E
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 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 KEKKFEKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬E×F،‫א‬‫א‬E√FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 EFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ –6
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 EF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–8
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–9
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬–10
EF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–11
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–12
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–13
 EFE‫א‬F‫א‬–14
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–15
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–16
 EF‫א‬‫א‬–17
-١٦٠-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–18
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–19
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–20
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKK–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4

 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬EK‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 E،F‫ א‬E EE
 KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬EE،F‫א‬EK‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 KEK‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–5 
 K‫א‬EFE‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬E 
KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 KE،F‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬–7
K‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
-١٦١-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF  K‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K‫א‬–4
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬–6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  ‫א‬‫א‬–8

 E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –W‫א‬‫א‬E×F،‫א‬‫א‬E√FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–3
 EF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 EF–8
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–9
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–10
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–11
EF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–12
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–13
-١٦٢-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–14
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–15
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–16
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–17
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–18
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–19
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–20
-١٦٣-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKK–1
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–4


–W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K( 1 : 40 )EK( 1 : 30 )EK( 1 : 20 ) E
 KKKKKKKKKK–2
 KEKEK‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–3
 KE950° c– 150° cFEKE95° c– 25° cFEKE95° c– 75° cFE
 KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E  K‫א‬EKE،F‫א‬E
 KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 KEKEKE
  KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 KE،F‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
 K‫א‬EK‫א‬EK‫א‬E
-١٦٤-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬E×F،‫א‬‫א‬E√FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–4
EF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬–6
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–9
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–10
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–11
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–12
 EFEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–13
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–14
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–15
 EF‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–16
 EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–17
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–18
  EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–19
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–20

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬–2
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
-١٦٥-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Ethylene Glycol Base )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–4
 KKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K( 20 mm10 mm )‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬–6

–W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 KE،F‫א‬EKEKE
 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 KEKE،F‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKK‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K( 4 : 1 )EK( 2 : 1 )EK( 3 : 1 )E
 KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬EK‫א‬E
 KKKKKKK‫א‬( SAE 20 W ) ‫א‬‫א‬–6
 K‫א‬EK‫א‬EK‫א‬‫א‬E
 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬،‫א‬EF K‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬EF  K‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K‫א‬–6
-١٦٦-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬E×F،‫א‬‫א‬E√FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 E×FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–2
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 4
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 5
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 6
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 E√F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–9
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–10
E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–11
 E× F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 12
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–13
E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 14
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–15

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
-١٦٧-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–1
‫א‬‫א‬EKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬‫א‬EKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
K‫א‬EKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
K‫א‬‫א‬EKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 E،F‫א‬EKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 E،F‫א‬EKKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬–8
 

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬E4F  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 KEKKFEKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F K‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
-١٦٨-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬E×F،‫א‬‫א‬E√FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 E√F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 E×FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ –6
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–8
 E×F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–9
E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬–10
E×F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–11
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–12
E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–13
 E×FE‫א‬F‫א‬–14
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–15
E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–16
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬–17
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–18
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–19
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–20





-١٦٩-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 E،F‫ א‬EKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 E،F‫א‬EKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬EFEKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–5 
 KE،F‫א‬EKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKKKK‫א‬–7

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8F  K‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F  K‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E6F  K‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7F K‫א‬–4
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F  K‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 1F  K‫א‬–6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F  K‫א‬–7
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 4F  ‫א‬‫א‬–8
-١٧٠-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –W‫א‬‫א‬E×F،‫א‬‫א‬E√FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–3
 E√F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 E√F–8
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–9
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–10
E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–11
E√F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬–12
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–13
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–14
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–15
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–16
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–17
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–18
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–19
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–20
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 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ 1892 –1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4


–W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( 1 : 20 ) EKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
KEKKKKKKKKKK –2
KE95° c– 75° cFEKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–3
KE،F‫א‬EKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–4
KE KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 KE،F‫א‬E KKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6
K‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
K‫א‬EKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
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 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 –W‫א‬‫א‬E×F،‫א‬‫א‬E√FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–4
E×F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬–6
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–7
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–8
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–9
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–10
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–11
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–12
 E√FEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–13
 E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–14
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–15
 E√F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–16
 E√F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–17
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–18
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–19
 E×F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–20

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
-١٧٣-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Ethylene Glycol Base )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–5
 K( 20 mm10 mm )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–6

–W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،F‫א‬EKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKKK ‫א‬–3
K( 2 : 1 )EKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬E KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–5
K‫א‬‫א‬EKKKKKKK‫א‬( SAE 20 W ) ‫א‬‫א‬–6

 –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F  K‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5F  K‫א‬–2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F  K‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬،‫א‬E6F K‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬E2F  K‫א‬–5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 F K‫א‬–6
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 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Types of Automobile ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Engine ‫א‬
 Automobile ChassisE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Automobile Body E‫א‬F‫א‬
Types of Engine ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
External Combustion Engine‫א‬‫א‬
Internal Combustion Engine ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
In line Engine 
 Opposed Cylinder Engine ‫א‬‫א‬
V - Engine V
Types of Internal Combustion Engine‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Four – stroke Otto Engine ‫א‬‫א‬
Two – Stroke Petrol Engine ‫א‬‫א‬EF
Diesel Engine‫א‬
Cylinder Block ‫א‬‫א‬
Connecting Rod ‫א‬‫א‬
Crank Shaft  E‫א‬F‫א‬
Cam ShaftE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Cylinder ‫א‬‫א‬
Crank Case ‫א‬
Fuel System ‫א‬
Lubricating ‫א‬
 System
Top Dead Center = T . D . CEKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bottom Dead Center = T . D . CEKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Piston Stroke E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Compression – space VolumeE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
Piston Displacement E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Four – stroke‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Suction Stroke
ٍ ‫א‬
Volumetric Efficiency E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Compression Stroke  ‫א‬
Power Stroke or Expansion Stroke ‫א‬‫א‬
Exhaust Stroke ‫א‬
Engine Power ‫א‬
Breaking (effective ) PowerE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 Engine Torque ‫א‬‫א‬
Engine Efficiency ηm‫א‬EF
PistonE‫א‬F‫א‬
Solid – Skirt Piston 
Split – Skirt Piston  
Piston with ring holder EF
Piston Rings E‫א‬F‫א‬
Cylinder Head ‫א‬‫א‬
Combustion Chamber ‫א‬‫א‬
Main Fold ‫א‬
Spark Plugs ‫א‬
Mean Effective Pressure = MEP ‫א‬‫א‬
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 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Valves E‫א‬F‫א‬
Inlet valve E‫א‬F‫א‬
Exhaust valve E‫א‬F‫א‬
Standard Valve ‫א‬‫א‬
 Tulip Valve ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Flat Top Valve ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Valve Seat  ‫א‬
Valve Guide ‫א‬
 Valve Springs‫א‬‫א‬
Cooling System ‫א‬
Air Cooling System‫א‬‫א‬
 Water Cooling System‫א‬
 Radiator E‫א‬F‫א‬
Water Pump ‫א‬
Thermostat ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air Fan ‫א‬‫א‬
 Fan belt ‫א‬
Water Jackets‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
Radiator Cap ‫א‬
Expansion Tank ‫א‬‫א‬
Cooling Fluid ‫א‬
Water Hoses  ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
Temperature Sensor ‫א‬‫א‬

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 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EF    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Lubrication System ‫א‬EF
 Oil Pump ‫א‬
 Oil Filter ‫א‬
 Dipstick ‫א‬EF
Oil Pan ‫א‬EF
Oil Pipes ‫א‬EF
Oil Pressure Gauges‫א‬
 Oil Pressure Regulating Valve ‫א‬
 Additives ‫א‬

 
-١٧٨-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ Vs . p i . n ⎤
⎢Pi = 1200 ⎥ ( kw ) W‫א‬‫א‬–1
⎣ ⎦

⎡ Vs . p i . n ⎤
⎢Pi = 600 ⎥ ( kw ) W‫א‬‫א‬–2
⎣ ⎦


M.n
 Peff = ( kw ) W‫א‬‫א‬
9550
W‫א‬‫א‬
Peff . 9550
M= ( N.m )
n
M=F.L


⎡ Peff ⎤
 ⎢ηm = Pi ⎥ W‫א‬‫א‬
⎣ ⎦

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ ⎤
⎢ Vcy = A . S =
d2 . Π
4
. S⎥ ( cm3 )
⎣ ⎦
⎡ Vs ⎤
⎢Vcy = Z ⎥ ( cm3 )
⎣ ⎦

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ ⎤
⎢Vs = Vcy.Z = A . S . Z =
d2 . Π
4
. S . Z⎥ ( cm3 )
⎣ ⎦

-١٧٩-
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ Vcy ⎤
⎢Vc = ε − 1⎥ ( cm3 )
⎣ ⎦
W‫א‬
⎡ Vcn , max ⎤ ⎡ Vcy ⎤ ⎡ Vcy + Vc ⎤

⎢ε = Vc , min ⎥ ⎢ ε = + 1⎥ ⎢ε = ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ Vc ⎦ ⎣ Vc ⎦
⎡ 2 .S. n ⎤
⎢ Vm = 60 ⎥ ( m/sec ) W‫א‬‫א‬
⎣ ⎦
[Vmax ≈ 1 . 6 × Vm ] ( m/sec ) W‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ p1 + p 2 + p 3 + ..... + p h ⎤
⎢p i = ⎥ ( bar ) W‫א‬‫א‬
⎣ n ⎦

[ Fi = A . pi ] (N) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

⎡ Q ⎤
 ⎢⎣m = ∆t . C ⎥⎦ ( L/h ) W‫א‬

⎡ m ⎤
 ⎢Z = ⎥ ( 1/h ) W‫א‬‫א‬
⎣ mT ⎦
-١٨٠-
E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–1979‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–1
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– 2
K‫א‬‫א‬–1979
 1979‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
K‫א‬‫א‬
 1986‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–4
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬––5
 K‫א‬–1999 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1998‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬––7
‫א‬‫א‬–2000‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–K،–8
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬––9
 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬––10
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2001‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬––11
‫א‬‫א‬–?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–12
 K‫א‬‫א‬1996
‫א‬‫א‬–?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–13
K‫א‬‫א‬–1996
-١٨١-
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 2KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
3KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 4 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 5 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 5KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 5 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
6KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 8KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬EF −
 ١٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 13KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 17KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 21KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ٢٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ٢٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 28KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 29KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ −
 30KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
٣١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
32KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ −
 33KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 36KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
37KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 39KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 40KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 41KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
41KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 42KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ٤٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 44KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
44KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 45KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 47KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
48KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 49KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 51KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 51KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 51KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 5١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 52KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 54KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF −
 54KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 56KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 56KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 57KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 57KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 58KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 59KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
61KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 61KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
63KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
63KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬ −
64KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ٦٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
68KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
68KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
69KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 70KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫ א‬−
 70KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 73KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
‫א‬،‫א‬F −
 74KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 78KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
٧٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
81KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
82KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬ −
 82KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬
 84 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 86 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 88 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 89 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 90 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 93 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 94 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 97 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 100 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
101 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 102 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 103 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬
 105 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 106 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
106 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 105 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 106 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
107 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
112 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
113 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 114 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 115 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 116 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 116 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 116 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 118 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
118 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 119 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
121 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 121 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬  −
 121 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
122 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
123 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 123 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 124 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 126 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 126 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
  127 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
128 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 130 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
130 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
131 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
131 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 132 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 133 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 135 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 135 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 136 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
137 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
 138 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
138 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
140 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 140 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
 141 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
143 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
143 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
14٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ −
145KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 146 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 147 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
 ١٤٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
148KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
149KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
150KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
151KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
١٥٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
153KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
154KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
155KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ −
156KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK −


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٤٢٥ 

 ( Types of Engine ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W (Opposed Cylinder Engine)‫א‬‫א‬–2

 ( Types of Internal Combustion Engine )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

 Four – stroke Otto Engine ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 –W ( Power Stroke )‫א‬–3

 ( Engine Power ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −

n = 2750 r.p.m , Vs = 2.21 L , pi = 8.5 bar, ‫א‬‫א‬–W( Data )‫א‬–

p . Vs . n 8.5 × 2.21× 2750

 n =3310 r.p.m , M = 200 N.m –W( Data )‫א‬–

peff . Vs . n 8.5 × 2.21 × 2750

Peff . 9550 75 × 9550

 ( Engine Efficiency )ηm‫א‬EF −

K( 220c° 100 c°F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W( Vcy ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1

( Vcy )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E20F

Vcy = A . S = 50 × 8 = 400 ⎛ cm 3 ⎞ –W( Solution ) ‫– اﻟﺤـﻞ‬

11.6 + 10 % = 11.6 + 1.16 = 12.76 m3 W‫א‬‫א‬ 1 kg –2

6.035 × 12.76 = 76.996 m3 W‫א‬‫א‬6.035 kg  –3

 ( Piston Rings ) E‫א‬F‫א‬

[ Vmax ≈ 1.6 × Vm ] ( m/sec )

15 × 60 –W( Solution ) ‫– א‬

= 0.15 × 1000 = 150 mm

 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−

EConnection Rod F‫א‬‫א‬

 ( Crank Shift )‫א‬

 ( Cam Shaft ) E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W( Valve Guide )‫א‬ −

 W( Valve Springs )‫א‬‫א‬ −

W( Cam Follower )‫א‬‫ א‬−

W( Push Rod )‫א‬‫א‬ −

W( Cylinder head gasket )‫א‬‫א‬EF−

 ( Two – Stroke Petrol Engine ) ‫א‬‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬

 –W( Compression Stroke )‫א‬–2

 –W ( Exhaust Stroke )‫א‬–4

     ‫א‬

 ( Cooling System )‫א‬EF

 ( Water Cooling System )‫א‬–W

 ( Air Fan )‫א‬‫א‬

 ( Water Hoses )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Water Temperature Gauges ) ‫א‬‫א‬

( Hot Warning Unit )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

( Thermostat )E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ( Water Pump )‫א‬EF

Q = 131544 kJ،∆t = 10 k،C = 4.2 kJ/kg.K –W ( Data )‫ א‬−

 ( Radiator )E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 W( Pressure Valve ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1

 W( Expansion Tank ) ‫א‬‫א‬ −

 ( Lubrication System ) ‫א‬EF

‫א‬( American Petroleum Institute ) ‫א‬‫א‬

 ( Oil Filter ) ‫א‬–2

 ‫א‬E2 –104F‫א‬E1 –104F

 ( Oil Pan ) ‫א‬EF–3

 ( Oil Pressure Regulating Valve ) ‫א‬–5

( Oil Pressure Gauges )‫א‬–6

( Oil Warning Unit )‫א‬–7

⎡ Vcn , max ⎤ ⎡ Vcy ⎤ ⎡ Vcy + Vc ⎤

[Vmax ≈ 1 . 6 × Vm ] ( m/sec ) W‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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