Mirror and Lens Four Principal Rays of Curved Mirror

1. P Ray / P-F Ray: Parallel to Focus

EM Spectrum EM Waves Visible Light Refraction 2. F Ray / F-P Ray: Focus to Parallel
and Reflection (properties utilized in mirror and lenses) 3. C Ray / C-C Ray
4. V Ray
MIRROR
1. Flat Mirror or Plane Mirror Identifying a characteristic(s) of a mirror
- Property: Reflection  Location: Between F and C, Along C, Beyond C
- Reflecting surface is flat  Orientation: Upright ( ), Inverted ( )
 Size: Along C—Same, Between F and C—Reduced,
Characteristics of a Plane Mirror Beyond C—Enlarged
 Orientation: upright or laterally inverted  Type: Real and Virtual
 Size: same
- do = di (distance of object = distance of image) Mirror Equation
- ∠i = ∠r (angle of incidence = angle of reflection) 1
+
1 1
=𝑓
ℎ −𝑑
𝑀 = ℎ 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑜𝑖
 Type: Virtual 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 𝑜

- Image is formed behind the mirror

- Reflection is extended behind the mirror
Multiple Images – are the images that are formed when
two or more mirrors are placed in front of each other and
an object is placed between them
Focal Length: + concave, – convex
Object Distance: + real object, – virtual object
Image Distance: + real image, – virtual image
Magnification: + upright, – inverted

2. Spherical Mirror or Curved Mirror LENS

- Follows the shape of a sphere  Property: Refraction
- Diffuse: distorted  Refraction is the bending of light when it travels from
- Regular: normal or smooth one medium to another optical density (using lens to
focus light rays)
a. Concave Mirror  Lens is a transparent material made of glass or plastic
o Converging mirror (refracts light rays)
o Bulges away from the light source
o Property: Reflection When light travels from a rarer medium (less dense
Uses: material), it bends toward the normal
o Dentist mirror
o Headlight When light travels from a denser medium to a rarer
o Flashlight medium, it bends away from the normal

b. Convex Mirror Index of Refraction

o Diverging mirror  The index of refraction of a substance is the ratio of
o Bulges toward the light source the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in
o Property: Reflection that substance
𝑐
Uses:  𝑛 = 𝑣 : where n is the index of refraction, c is the
o Malls speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in
o 7-eleven medium
o Spoon
Characteristics of Convex Mirror Snell’s Law
o Upright  States that a ray of light bends in such a way that the
o Reduced ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine
o Virtual of the angle of refraction is constant
 𝑛𝑖 sin θ𝑖 = 𝑛𝑟 sin θ𝑟
C – Center of Curvature
F – Focus or Focal Point
V – Vertex
Principal Axis or Normal Line
Types of Lenses
1. Convex Lens or Converging Lens
- It is thicker in the center than edges
- Forms real or virtual images depending on the
position of object
- The light that passes through it tends to converge
at a particular point called focal point
- Magnifying glasses, eyeglasses, cameras,
microscopes, projectors
2. Concave Lens or Diverging Lens
- Thicker at the edge and thinner in the center
- Upright, reduced, virtual
- The light that passes through it tends to diverge at
a particular point called focal point
- Telescope, binocular, spectacles, lasers, cameras,
flashlights, peepholes
Image formed by lens
 Vertex (V) – the geometric center of the lens
 Focal Point or Focus (F) – where light rays converge;
when parallel light rays pass through a lens, its
distance from the vertex is called the focal length
 Center of Curvature (2F)
The three most useful Principal Rays in lenses
(Convex Lens)
1. P – F Ray
2. F – P Ray
3. V Ray
Human Eye and Camera Lens
Parts of the Human Eye
 Cornea – thin membrane, transparent part of the
human eye that surrounds the eye
 Conjunctiva – layer that is inflamed during sore eyes
 Pupil – hole in the eye controlled by the iris
o Pupils open up or dilate when there is low light,
they get smaller or constrict when it’s bright.
 Iris – controls the amount of light that enter the eye
 Lens – biconvex lens that focuses the amount of light
to be directed to the retina
 Ciliary Body – maintains the size of the lens
 Retina – where image is formed; originally, the
appearance of the image is inverted
o Rods: black and white
o Cones: color (red, blue, green)
 Fovea – part that has greater amount of cones
 Fovea Centralis – a small, central pit composed of
closely packed cones in the eye
 Optic Nerve – cranial nerve where impulses go to the
brain and fixes the image the way we see it
 Choroid – outer membrane that surrounds the eye
Parts of Camera compared to human eye
 Film: retina
 Diaphragm: iris
 Pupil: aperture
 Lens: lens
 Black Paint: Choroid

(Concave Lens) Pinhole Camera – camera without lens; the image formed
1. P – F Ray is smaller than the object, inverted and real
2. F – P Ray
3. V Ray Human Eye defects
1. Hyperopia or Farsightedness
Conditions: - This is due to a focal length that is too long
 Location: Beyond 2F, At 2F, Between F and V, causing the image to be focused behind the retina,
Between 2F and F making it difficult for the person to see close up
 Orientation: upright and inverted things
 Size: At 2F—same, Between F and 2F—reduced, - Convex Lens: used to correct hyperopia
beyond 2F—enlarged
2. Myopia or Nearsightedness
 Type: real and virtual
- Result of bulging cornea, elongated eyeball
- This is due to a focal length that is too short
Lens Equation
1 1 1 ℎ −𝑑 causing the images of distant objects to be
𝑑𝑜
+ 𝑑𝑖
=𝑓 𝑀 = ℎ 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑜𝑖 focused in front of the retina
𝑜
- Concave Lens: used to correct myopia
Focal Length: + converging, – diverging
Object Distance: + real object, – virtual object 3. Astigmatism
Image Distance: + real image, – virtual image - Irregular formation of the lens
- The light does not focus on the eye therefore the
image formed is distorted
- Commonly cause of genetics