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    Lect16 PDF

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    Mahesh
    This document discusses functions in C programming. It explains that a function definition includes a return type, name, parameters, and body. A function prototype only includes the return type, name, and parameters. By default a function returns an int, but the void type can be used when no return value is needed. Arguments are converted to match parameters, with implicit conversion if a prototype is seen and default argument promotion otherwise. The document provides examples of functions without parameters or return values, and with various return types. It also gives an example of a function that converts a decimal number to its binary equivalent.

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    Lect16 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mahesh
    42 views10 pages
    This document discusses functions in C programming. It explains that a function definition includes a return type, name, parameters, and body. A function prototype only includes the return type, name, and parameters. By default a function returns an int, but the void type can be used when no return value is needed. Arguments are converted to match parameters, with implicit conversion if a prototype is seen and default argument promotion otherwise. The document provides examples of functions without parameters or return values, and with various return types. It also gives an example of a function that converts a decimal number to its binary equivalent.

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    This document discusses functions in C programming. It explains that a function definition includes a return type, name, parameters, and body. A function prototype only includes the return type, name, and parameters. By default a function returns an int, but the void type can be used when no return value is needed. Arguments are converted to match parameters, with implicit conversion if a prototype is seen and default argument promotion otherwise. The document provides examples of functions without parameters or return values, and with various return types. It also gives an example of a function that converts a decimal number to its binary equivalent.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views10 pages

    Lect16 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mahesh
    This document discusses functions in C programming. It explains that a function definition includes a return type, name, parameters, and body. A function prototype only includes the return type, name, and parameters. By default a function returns an int, but the void type can be used when no return value is needed. Arguments are converted to match parameters, with implicit conversion if a prototype is seen and default argument promotion otherwise. The document provides examples of functions without parameters or return values, and with various return types. It also gives an example of a function that converts a decimal number to its binary equivalent.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10

    C Programming

    Functions

    Functions in C
    Function Definition
    return-value-type function name (paramter-list) {
    declarations
    statements
    }

    Function name is an identifier.


    Return type is any valid C type or void.
    Parameters to function specified by a comma separated list.
    The declaration of a function which excludes its body is called a
    function prototype

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4


    C Programming
    Functions

    Functions in C
    Return from Function
    Only one function with a given name is allowed
    A function returns (control restored back to caller) when either
    A return is encounter during execution of the function code, or
    The control reaches end of the function body
    Argument Conversion
    C allows function calls even if argument types do n’t match with
    corresponding parameter types.
    The rules for type conversion of arguments depends on whether
    function prototype is encountered not prior to call or not.

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4


    C Programming
    Functions

    Functions in C
    Argument Conversion
    Prototype seen prior to call Prototype not seen priort to call
    Each argument implicitly Default argument promotion is
    converted into type of performed.
    corresponding parameter as if by
    assignment float coverted to double
    Eg., int type converted to Integral promotion are
    double if function expects performed, causing short or
    double. char converted to int

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4


    C Programming
    Functions

    Functions in C
    Relying on default promotion is dangerous.
    #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
    i n t main ( ) {
    double x = 5 . 0 ;

    /∗ No p r o t y p e s e e n . Not known i f i n t i s e x p e c t e d . ∗
    ∗ D e f a u l t p r o m o t i o n t o d o u b l e i s o f no e f f e c t ∗
    ∗ Result i s undefined ∗/

    p r i n t f ( ” s q u r e o f %.5 f = %.5 f \n” , x , s q u a r e ( x ) ) ;


    }
    int square ( int n) {
    return n ∗ n
    }

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4


    C Programming
    Functions

    Functions in C
    Without Parameters & Return Values
    #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
    void f a c t o r i a l () {
    int n , r e s u l t = 1;
    p r i n t f (” Enter n : ” ) ;
    s c a n f ( ”%d” , &n ) ;
    p r i n t f ( ”%d ! = ” , n ) ;
    while ( n > 0 ) {
    result = result ∗ n;
    n−−;
    }
    p r i n t f ( ”%d\n” , r e s u l t ) ;
    }

    i n t main ( ) {
    factorial ();
    }

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4


    C Programming
    Functions

    Functions in C
    Void Type
    Void is not a type.
    Syntactically it is used where a type name is expected.
    When used for parameter-list: function does require any
    parameters.
    Eg., int function(void) is same as int function().
    If return type not mentioned function always returns int, i.e.
    function() same as int function()

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4


    C Programming
    Functions

    Functions in C
    Void Type
    Void type introduced so that compiler can issue a warning when a
    function does not return an integer type if that is supposed to return
    one.
    A variable declared void is useless.
    But, void * defines generic pointer. (Any pointer can be cast to void
    pointer and back without loss of information)

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4


    C Programming
    Functions

    Functions in C
    Function with a Return Value
    #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
    int f a c t o r i a l ( int n) {
    int r e s u l t = 1;
    while ( n > 0 ) {
    result = result ∗ n;
    n−−;
    }
    }

    i n t main ( ) {
    int n;
    p r i n t f (” Enter n : ” ) ;
    s c a n f ( ”%d” , &n ) ;
    p r i n t f ( ”%d ! = %d\n” , f a c t o r i a l ( n ) ) ;
    }

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4


    C Programming
    Functions

    Functions in C
    Function with a Return Value

    Problem: convert a decimal number n to its binary equivalent nb .

    read n

    Partition n into sum of


    set s=1
    powers of 2, eg., 67 = set r=0
    26 +21 + 20 .
    Binary equivalent of 67 yes
    n != 0 ? n%2 != 0? no s = s*10
    will have 1’s in 5th, 1st n = n/2
    and 0th bit positions. no yes
    return r r=r+s

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4


    C Programming
    Functions

    Functions in C
    Decimal to Binary
    #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>
    i n t binaryNumber ( i n t n ) {
    i n t r = 0 , s =1;

    w h i l e ( n !=0) {
    i f ( n % 2 != 0 )
    r = r + s;
    s=s ∗ 1 0 ;
    n=n / 2 ;
    }
    return r ;
    }

    i n t main ( ) {
    p r i n t f ( ” B i n a r y o f %d i s %d\n” , 5 8 , b i n a r y N u m b e r ( 5 8 ) ) ;
    }

    R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming February 7, 2011 1/4

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