Hydraulic Machines

Hydraulic Machines
Mechanical PE Thermal & Fluids Systems Exam Prep Course

© 2019 Kaplan, Inc.

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Hydraulic Machines
Topics
• Introduction
• Hydraulic Machines & Fluid Distribution (MERM Chapter 18)
• Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems (MERM Chapter 19)

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Hydraulic Machines
Two basic types:

Pumps – convert mechanical energy into fluid energy, increasing the energy
possessed by the fluid

Turbines – convert fluid energy into mechanical energy, extracting energy from
the fluid

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Pumps
• Classified according to how energy is transferred to the fluid: intermittently or
continuously
• Positive displacement pumps (PD pumps)
• Discharge a fixed volume for each stroke or revolution.
• Reciprocating action pumps (use pistons, plungers, diaphragms, or bellows)
• Rotary action pumps (use vanes, screws, lobes, or progressing cavities)
• Kinetic pumps
• Transform fluid kinetic energy into fluid static pressure energy
• Centrifugal pumps
• Jet pumps and ejector pumps

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Rotary Pumps
• PD pumps that move fluid by means of screws, progressing cavities, gears, lobes, or
vanes turning within a fixed casing (the stator)
• Useful for high viscosities
• Slip - the amount (sometimes expressed as a percentage) of each rotational fluid
volume that “leaks” back to the suction line on each revolution. Slip reduces pump
capacity.
• Volumetric efficiency is defined by

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Other Types of Pumps
• Diaphragm Pumps
• Have a diaphragm that completely separates the pumped fluid from the rest of the pump
• Common application is metering, have no packing and are essentially leakproof
• Limited by capacity, suction pressure, and discharge pressure and temperature
• Centrifugal Pumps
• Have either radial-flow impellers (impart energy primarily by centrifugal force) or axial-
flow impellers (impart energy to the fluid by acting as compressors)
• Single-suction, double-suction, or multiple-stage
• The impeller tip speed is calculated from the impeller diameter and rotational speed
• Sewage Pumps
• Primary consideration is resistance to clogging
• Good practice to install in sets of two, with a third backup pump being readily available

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Common Terminology
• A pump has an inlet (designated the suction) and an outlet (designated the discharge).
The subscripts s and d refer to the inlet and outlet of the pump, not of the pipeline.
• All of the terms that are discussed in this section are head terms and have units of
length. The term head is often substituted for pressure or pressure drop. Any head
term (pressure head, atmospheric head, vapor pressure head, etc.) can be calculated
from pressure by using

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Common Terminology (cont’d)
• Friction head, hf – The head required to overcome resistance to flow in the pipes,
fittings, valves, entrances, and exits

• Velocity head, hv – The specific kinetic energy of the fluid. Also known as dynamic
head.

• Static suction head, hz(s) – The vertical distance above the centerline of the pump inlet
to the free level of the fluid source
• Static discharge head, hz(d) – The vertical distance above the centerline of the pump
inlet to the point of free discharge or surface level of the discharge tank

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Pumping Power
• The energy (head) added by a pump can be determined from the difference in total
energy on either side of the pump

• In most applications, the change in velocity and potential heads is either zero or small
in comparison to the increase in pressure head, therefore

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Pumping Efficiency
• Pump efficiency (ηp) is the ratio of hydraulic power (WHP) to brake pump power (BHP)
• Friction horsepower (FHP) is the difference between the brake and hydraulic powers

• The pump must be driven by an engine or motor. The power delivered to the motor is
greater than the power delivered to the pump, as accounted for by the motor efficiency (ηm)

• The overall efficiency of the pump installation is the product of the pump and motor
efficiencies.

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Example

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Example: Solution

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Pump Specific Speed
• Quantitative index used to optimize the impeller design
• Certain impeller designs are appropriate for different specific speeds – MERM
Table 18.9
• Specific speed is a function of a pump’s capacity, head, and rotational speed at
peak efficiency,

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Cavitation
• Spontaneous vaporization of the fluid inside the pump, resulting in a degradation of
pump performance
• Manifested as noise, vibration, impeller pitting, and structural damage to the pump
casing
• Can be caused by any of the following conditions:
• discharge head far below the pump head at peak efficiency
• high suction lift or low suction head
• excessive pump speed
• high liquid temperature (i.e., high vapor pressure)

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Cavitation Prevention
• Cavitation occurrence is predictable since it occurs when the available head is less than
the required head for satisfactory operation
• Minimum fluid energy required at the pump inlet for satisfactory operation is known as
the net positive suction head required (NPSHR)
• Net positive suction head available (NPSHA) is the actual total fluid energy at the pump
inlet
• Need to increase NPSHA or decrease NPSHR

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System Curve and Operating Point
System curve is a plot of the static and Operating point is the intersection of the
friction energy losses experienced by the pump and system curve
fluid for different flow rates • defines the system head and system
• depends only on the configuration of flow rate
the suction and discharge lines

• easy to find friction losses for other flow

rates

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Pump Configurations
Pumps in Parallel Pumps in Series
• two pumps discharging into a common • one pump discharges into the
header suction of the next

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Affinity Laws
Constant impeller diameter Constant speed

• The affinity laws are based on the assumption that the efficiency stays the same.

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Similarity Laws
The performance of one pump can be used to predict the performance of a dynamically
similar (homologous) pump

These similarity laws assume that both pumps operate in the turbulent region, have the
same pump efficiency, and operate at the same percentage of wide-open flow.

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Example

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Example: Solution

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Turbines
• Classified according to the manner in which the impeller extracts energy from the fluid
flow
• This is measured by the turbine specific speed equation, which is different from the
equation used to calculate specific speed for pumps

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Impulse Turbines
• Consist of a rotating shaft on which buckets or
blades are mounted
• A jet of water (or other fluid) hits the buckets
and causes the turbine to rotate
• The kinetic energy of the jet is converted into
rotational kinetic energy
• Turbine power

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Reaction Turbines
• Essentially centrifugal pumps operating in
reverse
• Used when the total available head is small
• Energy conversion efficiency is higher than
that of impulse turbines, typically in the
85–95% range
• All of the power, affinity, and similarity
relationships apply
• Axial, mixed, or radial flow

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Example

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Example: Solution

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Hydraulic Systems
• Fluid power (hydraulic power or power hydraulic) equipment is hydraulically operating
equipment that generates hydraulic pressure at one point in order to perform useful
tasks at another
• The equipment typically consists of a power source (i.e., an electric motor or internal
combustion engine), pump, actuator cylinders or rotary fluid motors, control valves,
high-pressure tubing or hose, fluid reservoir, and hydraulic fluid
• During operation, the power source pressurizes the hydraulic fluid, and the control
valves direct the fluid to the cylinders or hydraulic motors

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Components and Symbols
Hydraulic Fluid/Oils
• MERM Table 19.1
Control Valves
• used to direct the flow of hydraulic fluid
Electric Motors
• power to drive a hydraulic pump
Strainers and Filters
• protection from dirt, grit, and metal
particles
Accumulators
• store potential energy in the form of
pressurized hydraulic fluid

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Pressure Rating of Pipes and Tubing
• Maximum Working Pressure

• Burst Pressure

• Pressure Drop

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Pneumatic Systems
• Fluid power systems that transfer energy using compressed gas (usually, air) as the
working fluid
• Require air compressors (instead of fluid pumps) and solenoid valves, but they are
otherwise analogous to fluid power systems
• Due to the gas compressibility, operate more slowly than liquid based systems using
liquid

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Modeling Hydraulic/Pneumatic Systems
• Work and power are functions of pressure primarily, and as such, pressure is referred
to as the effort variable
• The power available at a point in a system is
• Characteristic equations are similar for hydraulic and pneumatic systems except for the
use of basic variable

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Fluid Flow Through an Orifice
• A valve or other flow restriction in a hydraulic system can be modeled as an orifice
• Flow through orifices is highly turbulent, and the mass flow rate depends on an
experimentally determined discharge coefficient, Cd, to account for geometric and
frictional effects

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Fluid Flow Properties
• Resistance – represents the energy-dissipation aspect of a system

• Compliance – ratio of change in stored volume or mass to change in pressure

• Inertance – accounts for the pressure needed to accelerate a lump of gas/fluid

• Impedance – complex quantity, converts changes in pressure to changes in flow rate

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Hydraulic Machines - Other Topics

• Pump Motor Sizes and Speeds

• Pump Shaft Loading MERM Chapter 18
• Pumping Liquids Other Than Water
• Fluid Power Pumps
• Electric Motor Variables MERM Chapter 19

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Questions?

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