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EFD Compilation of Equations Tables and Figures
EFD Compilation of Equations Tables and Figures
Enclosure Fire
Dynamics:
A collection of
equations, tables and
figures
Pool fire.............................................................................................................................2
Fire Plumes and Flame Heights.........................................................................................2
The Zukoski Plume....................................................................................................2
The Heskestad Plume................................................................................................2
The Thomas Plume....................................................................................................2
Line Source Plume....................................................................................................2
Ceiling Jet..................................................................................................................3
Flame Extensions Under Ceilings.............................................................................3
Pressure Profiles and Vent Flows, WellVentilated Enclosures.......................................3
The WellMixed Case................................................................................................3
Taking into Account the Mass Produced in the Room..............................................4
The Stratified Case....................................................................................................4
Mass Flow out through a Ceiling Vent......................................................................4
Gas Temperatures in Ventilated Enclosure Fires..............................................................4
Predicting time to Flashover......................................................................................4
The Energy and Mass Balance..................................................................................5
Conservation Equations and Smoke Filling......................................................................5
The Conservation of Energy......................................................................................5
Smoke filling of an Enclosure with Leaks................................................................5
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Equations, tables and figures
Estimating Gas Temperature for the Floor Leak Case..............................................6
Smoke Control in Large Places.................................................................................6
Natural Ventilation from Upper Layer......................................................................6
Lower layer Pressurization by Mechanical Ventilation............................................7
Combustion Products.........................................................................................................7
Momentumboyancy equation:
d
dz
b2u 2
Qg
u c p T
(4.13)
c p T
Plume mass flow rates:
. . .
For z > L: z z 0 (4.27)
1/ 3 5/3
m p 0.071Q c 1.85 10 3 Q c
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Enclosure Fire Dynamics
. . z
For z < L: m p 0.0056Q c (4.28)
L
The Thomas Plume
Mass flow rate: m
p 0.188 P z 3 / 2 (4.31)
Q 2 / 3
Mass flow rate: m p 0.21 B
z (4.35)
Ceiling Jet
2/3
16.9 Q
For r/H < 0.18: Tmax T (4.36)
H5/ 3
For r/H > 0.18: Tmax T
r
5.38 Q 2/3
(4.37)
H
1/ 3
Q
For r/H < 0.15: u max 0.96 (4.38)
H
1 / 3 H1 / 2
0.195 Q
For r/H > 0.15: u max (4.39)
r5/ 6
Nonconstant velocity: m C d vdA
A
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Equations, tables and figures
2 2 a g g
Mass flow rate through upper vent: m
g C d W g h 3u / 2 (5.18)
3 g
2 2 a g g
a
Mass flow rate through lower vent: m C d W a h 3l / 2 (5.19)
3 a
Mass flow into tall opening: m
a 0.5 A H o (5.24)
2 a g g
a
Mass flow rate in: m
2
Cd W a H N H D 1 / 2 H N 1 H D (5.36)
3 a 2
2
Thermal penetration time: t p (6.14)
4
kc
For t < tp hk (6.15)
t
k
For t tp hk (6.16)
A W ,C kc W ,C AF kc F
For t < tp hk (6.17)
AT t AT t
A W, C k W,C A F k F
For t tp hk (6.18)
AT W,C A T F
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Enclosure Fire Dynamics
1
hk
For composite layers: (6.19)
n
1
h
i 1 k ,i
. 1/ 2
Necessary energy release rate: Q FO 610 h K A T A o H o (6.20)
0.72 0.36
Q Tg
h K AT
Mechanically ventilated area: 0.63 (6.21)
Ta m
m c p Ta cp
R A o f Tg4 Ta4
Radiation through opening: q (6.30)
Universal gas law: P = R T (8.12)
d
With enthalpy: dt udV h v
CV CS
n
dS Q (8.21)
.
P - Pa Qt
Sealed pressure rise: = (8.24)
Pa V a c v Ta
c v V dP . .
Leaky pressure rise: + me cp Te Q (8.30)
R dt
. .
When leakage is stabilized: m e c p Te Q (8.31)
2
1
.
Q
Leaky pressure difference: P (8.32)
2 e c p Te Ae Cd
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Equations, tables and figures
g H2
Dimensionless time: = t (8.38)
H S
dy * * )1/3 y 5/3 = 0
Dimensionless equation: Q + 0.21 (Q (8.39)
d
3 / 2
Solution for y: y 1
2 0.21 *
Q 1/ 3
(8.41)
3
* (1 - y) 1 - g
Dimensionless equation: Q
(8.46)
a
t n 1
Upper layer density: g a 1 (8.55)
n 1 H z Sc p 353
kc
Heat transfer: h t
(8.61)
Q
Gas temperature: Tg Ta c m e hA w (8.62)
p
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Enclosure Fire Dynamics
Upper opening mass flow rate: m
e = Cd A E
2 g Pl + a - g g H E - z (8.72)
Combustion Products
mi
Yield of species: y i (9.1)
mf
mi
Mass fraction of species: i = (9.2)
m
m f m ox
Equivalence ratio: = (9.5)
r
m
f
Fuel mixture fraction: f =
m
f = 1
Fuel mixture fraction based on equivalence ratio: + (9.8)
r
+ m j Yi , j - Yi = y i m f - m i, loss
dYi N
m
Control volume formulation: dt j=1 (9.20)
net out
mf
Yi ( t ) y i yi f
Steady state mass fraction: f m
m p (9.25)
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Q (M W )
Equations, tables and figures
20
4 .8 m
15
3 .0 m
10
2 .4 m
5
1 .7 m
0 .9 m
0
0 300 600 900 T im e ( s )
Q (k W )
4000
Figure 3.1 Energy release rate measured when burning 1.2 m by 1.2 m wood pallets,
stacked to different heights.
3000
2000
1000
0
0 300 600 900 T im e ( s )
Figure 3.6 Typical Energy Release Rate from a wood pallet stack.
Figure 3.7 Dependence of pallet stack height on peak energy release rate (from
Babrauskas [3.1]).
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Enclosure Fire Dynamics
Table 3.2 Burning rate per unit area and complete heat of combustion for various materials (from Tewarson [3.4]).
Material (values in brackets indicate pool diameters tested) Hc (MJ/kg)
m
" (kg/m s) 2
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Equations, tables and figures
Table 3.3: Data for large pool (D > 0.2 m) burning rate estimates (from Babrauskas [3.1])
Material Density(kg/m3) Hc (MJ/kg) k (m1)
"
m
(kg/m2s)
Cryogenics:
Liquid H2 70 0.017 120.0 6.1
LNG (mostly CH4) 415 0.078 50.0 1.1
LPG (mostly C3H8) 585 0.099 46.0 1.4
Alcohols:
*
methanol (CH3OH) 796 0.017 20.0
*
ethanol (C2H5OH) 794 0.015 26.8
Simple organic fuels:
butane (C4H10) 573 0.078 45.7 2.7
benzene (C6H6) 874 0.085 40.1 2.7
hexane (C6H14) 650 0.074 44.7 1.9
heptane (C7H16) 675 0.101 44.6 1.1
xylene (C8H10) 870 0.09 40.8 1.4
acetone (C3H6O) 791 0.041 25.8 1.9
’’
dioxane (C4H8O2) 1035 0.018 26.2 5.4**
diethyl ether (C4H10O) 714 0.085 34.2 0.7
Petroleum products:
benzine 740 0.048 44.7 3.6
gasoline 740 0.055 43.7 2.1
kerosine 820 0.039 43.2 3.5
JP-4 760 0.051 43.5 3.6
JP-5 810 0.054 43.0 1.6
**
transformer oil, hydrocarbon 760 0.039 46.4 0.7**
fuel oil, heavy 940 - 1000 0.035 39.7 1.7
crude oil 830 - 880 0.022-0.045 42.5 - 42.7 2.8
Solids:
polymethylmethacrylate (C5H8O2)n 1184 0.020 24.9 3.3
polypropylene (C3H6)n 905 0.018 43.2
polystyrene (C8H8)n 1050 0.034 39.7
* **
Value independent of diameter in turbulent regime. Estimate uncertain since only two points available
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Enclosure Fire Dynamics
1200
Hospital bed
1000
Improved bed
Figure 3.8 Typical upholstered furniture energy release rates (from Babrauskas [3.1]).
800
HHR (kW)
600
400
200
0
0 300 600 900 1200
Time (s)
400
4.1 kg
Figure 3.9 Typical mattress energy release rate (from Särdqvist [3.2]).
300
3.51 kg
HRR (kW)
2.34 kg
200
1.17 kg
100
0
0 120 240 360 480 600
Time (s)
300
Figure 3.10 Energy release rates for trash bags (adopted from Babrauskas [3.1]).
HRR (kW)
200
100
0
0 300 600 900 1200
Time (s)
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Equations, tables and figures
800
Figure 3.11 Energy release rates from two experiments with television sets (adopted
Test 16
from Babrauskas [3.1])
600
HRR (kW)
Test 17
400 Test 18
200
0
0 120 240 360 480 600
Time (s)
Figure 3.12 Energy release rates from three experiments with Christmas trees
(adopted from Babrauskas [3.1]).
Table 3.4: Conversion to Equivalent Fire Load Density and Equivalent Opening
Factor
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Enclosure Fire Dynamics
5000
4000
HRR (kW)
3000
ultra fast
2000 fast
medium
1000
slow
0
0 300 600 900
Time (s)
Figure 3.14 Energy release rates for different growth rates.
Table 3.5 Values of for different growth rates according to NFPA 204M [3.6].
Growth rate kW/s2 Time (s) to reach 1055 kW
ultra fast 0.19 75
fast 0.047 150
medium 0.012 300
slow 0.003 600
Table 3.7 Typical growth rates recommended for various types of occupancies.
Type of occupancy Growth rate
Dwellings, etc. medium
Hotels, Nursing homes, etc. fast
Shopping centers, entertainment centers ultra fast
Schools, offices fast
Hazardous industries Not specified
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Equations, tables and figures
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Enclosure Fire Dynamics
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Equations, tables and figures
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Enclosure Fire Dynamics
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Equations, tables and figures
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