Viva voce questions

1. Composite
"A material made up of a polymerizable monomer with a suitable filler and an interface"

BRADEN (1978)

“A reinforced material with a continuous phase (dispersion) and an "interrupted phase”

BOWEN (1979)

“A filled material in which inter-atomic or molecular bonding exists between the filler particles

and the matrix” (DOGON 1982)

A composite material has been defined as a “three dimensional combination of at least two

chemically different materials with a distinct interface separating the components.

(LUTZ AND PHILLIPS 1983)

Composites are those materials that consist of two or more fundamentally different components

that are able to act synergistically to give properties superior to those provided by either

components alone. It is usual although not mandatory, for the components to be quite different

structures and quiet distinct type. (WILLAMS ETAL 1990)

3. light cured composite – a particle filled resin consisiting of single paste that becomes
polymerised through the use of a photosensitive initiator system and a light source activator.

4. Filler
Organic or inorganic resin particles that are designed to strengthen a composite, decrease
thermal expansion, minimize polymerization shrinkage and reduce the amount of swelling by
water sorption.
6. Flowable composite
A hybrid composite with reduced filler level and a more narrow particle size distribution that
increases flow and promotes intimate adaptation to prepared tooth surface.
7. Packable composite
A hybrid resin composite designed for use in posterior areas where a stiffer consistency
facilitates condensation in posterior teeth.
8. Basic composition of composite resins
i. The resin matrix comprising: A monomer system. BisGMA / UDGMA/ TEGDMA /
combinations / newer monomers
ii. The inorganic filler consisting of particulates such as glass, quartz, and or fused silica
iii. The coupling agent, usually an organosilane that chemically bonds the reinforcing filler
to the resin matrix.
iv. An initiator system - for free radical production and polymerization
v. Inhibitor – Butylated hydroxyl toulene - for maximizing the storage stability of the
uncured resin composite and the chemical stability of the cured resin composite.
9. Various monomer systems used:
Methyl methacrylate resins
Epoxy resins
BIS-GMA resins
Eutectic monomer system.
Urethane dimethacrylate resin.
10. Disadvantages of methyl methacrylate resins
large polymerization shrinkage,
high coefficient of thermal expansion,
serious discoloration,
severe pulp damage, and
high incidence of secondary caries.

11. Who introduced Bis GMA

Bowen, in 1956,
Chemical name - 2, 2-bis (4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacrylyl-oxypropoxy) phenyl) Propane
The organic resin matrix is a high molecular-weight monomer such as bisphenol A glycidyl
methacrylate (bis-GMA) or urethane dimethacrylate. Bis-GMA, which stands for 2,2-bis (4(2-
hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl)-propane, is an aromatic methacrylate developed by
Dr R.L Bowen at the National Bureau of Standards in the early 1960s; terminal methacrylate
groups provide sites for free radical polymerization; it sets to a relatively rigid polymer
because it has two benzene rings near its center.

12. Main disadvantage of Bis GMA

High viscosity – to over come this TEGDMA is added

13. Main function of fillers in composite

Increases strength
Decreases polymerization shrinkage
Decreases thermal co-efficient of contraction
Increases viscosity and workability
Decreases water sorption
Increases radio – opacity

14. Concept of adding filler to resin given by

Knock & Glenn in 1951

15. Classification of fillers depending on particle size - Stephen C. Bayne (1994)

Nanofillers – 0.005 - 0.01 μm
Microfillers – 0.01 – 0.1 μm
Minifillers – 0.1 – 1 μm
Midifillers – 1 – 10 μm
Macrofillers – 10 – 100 μm

16. Classification of Fillers - Lutz and Philips (1983)

Three types of fillers organized into four major classes.
The three types of filler particles are
1. Traditional macro-filles
2. Microfillers (Pyrogenic silica)
3. Microfiller based complexes, with three subgroups.
a. Splintered pre-polymerized microfilled complexes (SSP)
b. Spherical polymer-based microfilled complexes (SphPB)
c. The agglomerated microfiller complexes (AMC)
The four classes based on these types of fillers were :
1. Traditional composite resins,
2. Hybrid composite resins,
3. Homogeneous microfilled composite resins,
4. Heterogeneous microfilled composite resins. The heterogeneous group was further
subdivided into three groups:
a. Splintered pre-polymerized particles;
b. Spherical pre-polymerized particles,
c. Agglomerated microfiller complexes.

17. Methods of filler production or preparation

Grinding / Milling
Pyrolytic / precipitation

18. Examples for fluoride containing fillers

Yittrium trifluoride
Yitturbium trifluoride
19. Ingredients of light cure activator – initiator systems
Light activated –
Activator – Visible light (400-500 nm), UV light
Photosensitizer – Visible light – Camphoroquinone
UV light – Benzoin methyl ether
Initiator – Amines

20. Ingredients of Chemical activated – initiator systems–

Activator – Tertiary amine – N, N – Dimethyl – p - toluidine
Initiator – Benzoyl peroxide
21. Chemical cured composite - Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvanatges

22. Light cured composite - Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages
Disadvanatges

23. Different light sources for light activation

Earlier – UV light
Recent – Visible light 400-500nm
i. Quartz tungsten halogen
ii. Plasma arc lamps
iii. LED lamps
iv. Lasers
24. Advances in monomer systems
Non-shrinking monomer system.
Undergo double ring opening with either no change in volume or an actual
expansion.
Bicyclic monomers, like spiro orthoesters, spiro orthcarbonates, bicyclo ketal
lactones, trixoabicyclooctanes and unsaturated diketals of benzoquinone.
Hydrophobic monomer system.
Fluorinated dimethacrylates based on Bis-GMA and UDMA
Anticariogenic monomer system.
Fillers - fluorides that are released subsequently
Ag as filler
Resin - Chlorehexidine
MDPB – 1,2 – methacryloyloxy dodecyl pyridinium bromide

High strength, high conversion monomer system.

 High molecular weight monomers
Esterified multi methacrylate monomers
Monomethacrylates
Addition of chain transfer agents
25. First packable composite
PRIMM – Polymeric Rigid Inorganic Matrix Material

26. Examples of commercial packable composites

Solitaire (Heraeus Kulzer) SureFil (Dentsply)
Alert (Jeneric /Pentron Inc.) P60 (3M)
27. What are flowable composites
Flowable Resin-based Composites – Simply, this class of dental composite is a micro filled
or hybrid resins with a reduced viscosity
28. Indications of flowable composites
Class V defects, Minimal class I, III and Gingival wall of Class II
Restoration of air abrasion preparation
Porcelain, Composite, Crown margin repair repairs.
Enamel defects and incisal edge repairs in anterior sites.
Liners, pits and fissure sealants.
Preventive resin restorations and tunnel preparation restorations.
29. Filler content of flowable composite in Volume % ?
Filler content is generally less than 50% by volume
30. Examples of commercial flowable composites
Tetric flow (Vivadent)
Revolution (Kerr Corp.)
Flow-it (Jeneric /Pentron Inc.)
31. What are compomers
- New class of dental materials designed to combine the aesthetics of traditional composite
resins with the fluoride release and adhesion of glass-ionomer cements.
- polyacrylic acid modified composite resin or PMCR’s.
- Two main constituents; dimethacrylate monomer with two carboxylic groups present in
their structure, and filler that is similar to the ion-leachable glass present in GICs.
32. Examples of commercial compomers
Dyract, Dyract AP , Dyract Seal - Dentsply
Hytac (ESPE)

33. Compomers - Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of compomers
No mixing
Ease of placement
Easy to polish
Good esthetics
Excellent handling
Less susceptible to dehydration
Radiopaque
Disadvantages of Compomers
Limited clinical experience and few long term clinical trials
Require a bonding agent like composites
More marginal staining and chipping
Wears more than composites
Enormous variation of products makes longevity difficult to predict
Weaker physical properties than composites that decrease to predict
Clinical significance of fluoride undetermined
34. What are Ormocers
The ormocer structure consists of a special pre-shaped copolymeric network. Unlike
conventional polymers, Ormocers have a large back bone, which is functioned with
polymerizable organic units. This produces three dimensional polymeric composites, i.e.
Ormocers. Filler particles are incorporated into this cross linked inorganic and organic network
matrix as with proven composite technology.
35. Examples of commercial Ormocers
Definite (Degussa) Admira (Voco)
36. What are Ceromers
CERamic Optimized polyMER
Utilizes combinations of ceramic fillers (metal oxides) to provide unique handling, wear,
and aesthetic properties
Ceromers are composed of specially developed and conditioned fine particle ceramic
fillers of submicron size (0.04 and 1.0 µm), which are closely packed (75 – 85 wt %)
and embedded in an advanced temperable organic polymer matrix
37. Examples of commercial Ceromers
Tetric flow (Flowable Ceromer) Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent)
38. What id Giomer
Giomers are hybrid aesthetic restorative materials which employ the use of PRG technology.
The fluoroaluminosilicate glass in these materials reacted with polyalkenoic acid in water
prior to inclusion into silica-filled urethane resin
39. What are smart composites
Composite material that releases fluoride, hydroxyl and calcium ions as the pH drops in the
area immediately adjacent to the restorative material
40. Examples of commercial smart composites
Ariston pHc (Vivadent) in 1998
41. Examples for commercial Indirect composites
Art Glass (Heraeus Kulzer) Belle glass(Kerr Corp.) Targis (Ivoclar Vivadent)
42. Examples for commercial Fiber reinforced composites
Indirect – Belleglass (Kerr), Sculpture
Direct – Connect (Kerr), Ribbond,
43. Examples for commercial Fiber reinforced composites
Corestore (Kerr) Biscore (Bisco) Ticore (EDS)
Y u choose the case
Diagnosis
What r the different types of obturation techniques for post and core and which is the best
Anti rotation groove