Comprehensive Study Of MPPT Techniques Used For

Photovoltaic System: A State Of The Art

Dr.S.P.Singh Surya Prakash Tripathi

Assistant Professor M.Tech (Persuing)
Kamla Nehru Institute Of Technology Kamla Nehru Institute Of Technology
Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
er.suryatripathi@gmail.com

Abstract—: This paper introduces the comprehensive as well which a PV array should operate to obtain the maximum
as comparative study on different methods is used for MPPT power output (MPP) under a given temperature and
techniques for photo-voltaic systems. The photovoltaic (PV) illumination intensity with the intermediate converter can
module efficiency conversion is affected by various variables increase the system efficiency by matching the PV systems to
used in it and environmental changes. Various algorithms have the load.
been implemented by taking these variables and design an
MPPT based PV system. Here in this review all the algorithms
are divided into basically two methods i.e. Direct Methods and
Indirect Methods to locate the MPP points. This paper
provides numerous factors to be considered during choice of
MPPT ,compares the normally used MPPT technique and also
their advantages and disadvantages.

Keywords—: Renewable Energy, Maximum Power Point

Tracking (MPPT), Boost Converter, Perturbation &
Observation (P & O), Incremental Conductance (IC).

I. INTRODUCTION
Global energy demand is increasing exponentially. This
increase in demand is not fulfilled by using only conventional
methods like Thermal Energy, Hydro Power energy ,Nuclear
Energy , etc. because the very limited world’s fossils fuel
supply i.e. coal, petroleum and natural gas. Thus it is very
essential to use alternative energy or non-conventional energy
or renewable energy for future energy demands and so as to
prevent the globe from energy crisis. Solar energy is
considered one of the major sources of renewable energy,
available inexhaustible, pollution free, and also free of cost.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells are used to convert solar energy
into unregulated electrical energy. The application of the P-V
cell is basically are in either stand-alone (water pumping,
domestic and street lighting, electric vehicles, military and
space applications) or grid-connected configurations (hybrid
systems, power plants).[1] These solar PV cells exhibit
nonlinear characteristics and give very low efficiency.
Therefore, it becomes essential to extract maximum power
from solar PV cells using maximum power point tracking
(MPPT).
MPPT is an power electronics arrangements that allows the
P-V module to deliver maximum power to the load by
automatically find the voltage (VMPP) or current (IMPP) at
Many MPPT techniques have been proposed in the
literature; examples are the Perturb and Observe (P&O)
methods, the Incremental Conductance (IC) methods, the
Artificial Neural Network method, the Fuzzy Logic method
Neural Network methods, etc... These techniques vary
between them in many aspects, including simplicity,
convergence speed, hardware implementation, sensors
required, cost, range of effectiveness and of their needs too.[2]
Photovoltaic cell
A photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell is a semiconductor
device that converts light to electrical energy by photovoltaic
effect. If the energy of photon of light is greater than the band
gap then the electron is emitted and the flow of electrons
creates current.
Modeling of P-V cell:
A PV array consists of several photovoltaic cells in series and
parallel connections. Series connections are responsible for
increasing the voltage of the module whereas the parallel
connection is responsible for increasing the current in the
array. Typically a solar cell can be modeled by a current
source and an inverted diode connected in parallel to it. It has
its own series and parallel resistance. Series resistance is due
to hindrance in the path of flow of electrons from n to p
junction and parallel resistance is due to the leakage current.
FIG 1: Single diode model of a PV cell
In this model we consider a current source (I) along with a
diode and series resistance (Rs). The shunt resistance (RSH) in
parallel is very high, has a negligible effect and can be
neglected.The output current from the photovoltaic array is
I = I SC - I d …………………..(1)
I d = Io exp{(qVd / kT) - 1} ………..(2)
where Io is the reverse saturation current of the diode, q is the
electron charge, Vd is the voltage across the diode, k is
Boltzmann constant (1.38 * 10-19 J/K) and T is the junction
temperature in Kelvin (K)
I = I SC - Io exp{(qVd / kT) - 1} ……….(3)
Using suitable approximations,
I = I SC - Io exp{(q(V + IRS ) / h kT) - 1} …….. (4)
where,
I is the photovoltaic cell current,
V is the PV cell voltage,
T is the temperature (in Kelvin)and
η is the diode ideality factor
FIG 2 : I-V characteristics of a solar panel [3]
The I-V characteristics of a typical solar cell are as shown in
the Figure 2.
When the voltage and the current characteristics are multiplied
we get the P-V characteristics as shown in Figure 3. The point
indicated as MPP is the point at which the panel power output
is maximum.
FIG 3: P-V characteristics curve of photovoltaic
cell [3]
Required Circuit For The MPPT :
There are basically two circuit arrangements shown in the
literatures named as-
I. DC-DC Converter (BUCK-BOOST converters)
II. CUK Converter
Here in this review all the MPPT technique based upon the
Boost converter.
Boost Converter:
In this type of chopper a large value of inductor is placed in
series with the dc voltage source i.e Vs. This value of Vs is the
output of P-V array. The working of Boost converter can be
understand by following two modes of operation.
Mode 1: Chopper CH is on and hence the large inductor stores
the energy and this period ofoperation can be consider as the
Ton .
Mode 2: Chopper is off during this period and inductor
current is forced to flow through diode and load. During this
period Toff the current of inductor decrease whereas due to
reversion of polarity the voltage across the load will increased
as Vo = Vs + L (di / dt ) , hence it acts as a step-up chopper
or Boost converter.
FIG.4 Typical arrangements of Boost Converter
MPPT METHODOLOGY:
Offline methods:
Open circuit voltage (OCV) method
Short circuit current method (SCC)
Artificial intelligence
Online methods
Perturbation and observation method (P&O)
Extremum seeking control method (ESC) .
Incremental conductance method (IncCond).
Hybrid methods
A. Perturbation And Observation Method (P&O)
P&O method is the most common method used for MPPT
technique due to parameters requirement is less to those
compare with other methods. In a fixed period of time, the
load of the PV system is adjusted in order to change the
terminal voltage and hence output power of the PV modules
changes. If perturbation in this time results increases output
power of PV modules than that before variation, output
voltage of PV modules will be varied toward same direction
otherwise it should be reversed. This process continues till the
oscillation around MPP is stabilized and this will happen only
when the step size of perturbation is reduced. To get the MPP
points in P-V module the condition dP/dV = 0 should be
maintained.[5] [6]
B. Incremental Conductance Methods:
The theory of the incremental conductance method is to
determine the variation direction of the terminal voltage for
PV modules by measuring and comparing the incremental
conductance and instantaneous conductance of PV modules.
The output power increases linearly with the terminal voltage
of PV modules (dP/dV > 0), output power decreases linearly
with the increase in terminal voltage (dP/dV < 0) and
operating point is at MPP (dP/dV = 0).
dP d (VI ) dV dI dI
= =I +V = I +V
dV dV dV dV dV
dP
=0
dV
dI I
=-
dV V converter itself can be used to apply a short circuit to the PV
It can be observed that the MPP points somewhere related
to the V-I relationship or broadly it depends upon the
incremental value of conductance. When dV = 0 and dI = 0, It
will shows the corresponding values of MPP’s. If dV = 0 but
dI > 0, it represents that the sun irradiance increases and the
voltage of the maximum power point rises. On the other side
the sun irradiance decreases and the voltage of the maximum
power point reduces if dI < 0. This method is also depends
upon the step size in V-I curve.[7] The step size may be
increased to improve tracking speed, however, accuracy is
decreased. Likewise, reducing the step size improves the
accuracy, but sacrifices the speed of convergence of the
algorithm.[8]
C. Hill Climbing Method:
In this method ‘hill’ represents a unique photovoltaic
power versus voltage or current curve in which power is
varied by varying the Duty cycle of the converter/inverter
being used. This method is somewhere identical to P & O
method in which we have to focus on dP/dD instead of dP/dV.
The MPP’s available at the points where dP/dD is equal to
zero. The duty cycle in every sampling period is determined
by the comparison of the power at present time and previous
time. If the incremental power dP > 0, the duty cycle should
be increased in order to make dD > 0. If dP < 0, the duty cycle
is then reduced to make dD < 0. [7]
D. Fractional Open-Circuit Method:
The fractional Open-circuit Voltage method is based on the
observation that the voltage Vmpp is always close to a fixed
percentage of the open-circuit voltage Voc . Typically 71-
79%.[6]In this method, the PV system is open-circuited at load
end for a fraction of second and is measured, then is calculated
[9].Repeating this process is sampled repeatedly in every few
seconds and value of is updated. This MPPT controller
requires a static switch to be placed in series with the PV array
to enable the open circuit voltage to be measured on demand.
While measuring the open circuit voltage, the current of the
PV panel is zero. so no power is delivered by the load and so
momentarily the energy produced by the photovoltaic system
is lost[2]. In this method the MPPs are traced out inaccurately
as compare to P & O method and also this method suffers
from various other parameters like solar irradiation and
temperature.
E. Fractional Short-Circuit Current Method:
The Fractional short circuit current method is relatively
similar to the fractional open circuit method. This method
exhibit a linear relationship in between IMPP and ISC. IMPP is
approximate (Typically 0.8 to 0.9) to that of I SC. Similar to the
OCV method, the load should be shed in order to determine
the ISC. While the SCC method is more accurate and efficient
than the OCV method due to some practical issues associated
with it. a boost converter is used, where the switch in the
array. An improvement similar to that proposed above for the
OCV method can be applied to the SCC method. In particular,
power losses associated with it[4].
F. Temperature Gradient Method:
The open-circuit voltage VOC mainly depends upon the cell
temperature as per the given equation
dVoc
Voc @ Vstd + (T - Tstd ) ………….(4)
dT
Where Voc is Open circuit voltage
Vstd is open circuit voltage under standard test voltage
(≈21.8V)
(dVOc/dT)is -0.08V/K is the temperature gradient, and
Tstd is the cell temperature under STC.
In this method under standard test condition we first calculate
the temperature of the p-v cell and hence by using the equation
4 we can calculate the open circuit voltage. And thus VMPP can
be calculated by using the fractional short circuit method.[2]
[10]
G. Extremum Seeking Control Method:
H. Particle Swarm Optimization Method:
This method is useful when the variables are more than
one. The PSO algorithm maintains a swarm of individuals
(called particles), where each particle represents an individual
maxima. Many local maxima may exist under partial shading
conditions. The advantage of PSO is that it helps to track the
global maximum and leave the others maximum points.. Thus
all the particles attain the global best solution. It also tracks
without oscillations around MPP.[11]
I. Parasitic Capacitance Method:
In Parasitic capacitance method there is an inclusion of
parasitic junction capacitance of the p-v cell. This method is a
replica of Incremental Conductance with parasitic junction
capacitance taken into account parallel to those with p-v cell.
dV
I = Isc - Io exp{q((V + IRs/ nkT) - 1) + Cp
dt
And hence MPPs can be calculated by using incremental
conductance method i.e. dP/dV=0 or otherwise dI/dV=-(I/V)
hence by every individual switching ripple perturb the array.
And hence by using suitable filters and multipliers we can first
calculate the conductance of the system and hence can
calculate the MPPs accordingly by using above said equations.
[5][12][13]
J. DC Link Capacitor Droop Control Method:
This method is confined where parallel connected ac
systems to that with P-V array. .
The Duty cycle of the boost converter is given by
V dP
D = 1-
VDCL
Where VDCL is the dc link voltage and V is the voltage comes
from the pv panel. Thus by varying the duty cycle keeping dc
link voltage VDCL so as the current comes out to be maximum
from inverter and therefore power comes out to be maximum
from boost converter and get the maximum power from P-V
array. In case of the deviation from MPPs the dc link voltage
gets drooping and therefore to retain the maximum current
from inverter the controlled command transfer to dc link so as
to maintain the voltage with the help of controller. [6][12][14]
[15][16]
K. Look-Up Table Method:
In this type of MPPT, several MPPs are calculated by
taking all the probable atmospheric conditions like solar
irradiance, temperature, insulation etc. and store to the main
memory of the controller being used and these data can be
fetch out in the form of look up table whenever required for
the same condition.[17][18]
L. Fuzzy Logic Method:
Fuzzy logic based MPPT method is one of the intelligent
method which has been used widely over the past two decade.
It is most accurate, can work on the imprecise input and also
non-linearity can be easily handle. This method contain
mainly three stages named as Fuzzification, Knowledge base
look up and Defuzzification. In fuzzification, the input is
converted from numeral value to linguistic variable based on
the membership function. Inference is use to determine the
output of fuzzy logic. During defuzzification controlled
fuzzy output (linguistic variables) converted into numerals.
Mamdani is one of the inference method and Centroid is one
of the method for defuzzification as they produce more
accurate results and are widely accepted.
In fuzzificaton generally two input i.e. one set value (E) and
other error value comes from feedback (ΔE) and one output
(here D). where D is the duty cycle.
dP
Since at MPP ; =0
dV
For kth sampled time using approximation
dP
E (k ) = (k ) - (k - 1) and
dV dV
DE (k ) = E (k ) - E (k - 1)
From equation 5 & 6 we can therefore calculated the error and
change in error of kth sampling and thus can convert it into
linguistic variables based upon membership function by using
appropriate fuzzy levels. Fuzzy logic controller output
convert the linguistic variables into numerical
value and hence change in duty ratioΔD of the
power converter occurred.
The linguistic variables assigned toΔDfor the
different combinations of E and ΔE are based on
the power converter being used. Fuzzy logic
method shows good performance and fast
response and the main advantage is that it does
not require the exact model of the P-V systems.
[6][12][14][19][20][21]
M. Artificial Neural Network Method:
In ANN input can be PV array parameters like PV voltages
and currents, environmental data like irradiance and
temperature, or any combination of these, whereas the output
signal is the identified maximum power or the duty cycle
signal used to drive the electronic converter to operate at the
MPP.
This method is used for the DSP, microcontroller, FPGA,
etc. and for variable operating frequency processors, PWM-
sliding mode or discrete switching mode can be used [23][24].
O. Curve-Fitting Method:(offline)
Curve fitting method is an analytic approach to get the
MPPs. It is purely based upon the hit and trial method and
apply the suitable mathematical equation to get the
approximate equation which relates the P-V characteristic of a
PV cell illustrated in fig.4. once we get the suitable equation in
p and v then apply dP/dV=0 and hence can get the MPPs.
A third order equation relates to the P-V characteristic given
as-
P = a + bV + cV 2 + dV 3 ………………………
dP
= b + 2cV + 3dV 2
dV
dP
=0
dV
b + 2cV + 3dV 2 = 0
-c � c 2 - 3bd
V =
b

And hence by sampling the constants a, b, c, and d in regular

intervals, we can calculate the VMPP by using above equations
[25].
Neural network normally has three layers: input (i/p), hidden
and o/p layers. The ANN input and output data are obtained
from experimental measurement or model-based simulation P. Current Sweep Method:
results. After learning relation of with temperature and In this method of finding MPPs in the P-V array, a current
irradiance, ANN can track the MPP online.[6][12] sweep waveform is used in the I-V characteristic and is
updated at the regular time interval.
For a current sweep waveform the current is taken as the time
N. Sliding Mode Method
function and it is proportional to its derivative such as
Sliding mode MPPT method is based upon the trajectory
di
of a higher system which is being used and makes it into first i (t ) = k1
order system. Sliding mode control uses discontinuous dt
feedback control laws to force the system state to Where k1 is the constant of proportionality
reach, and finally to remain on a fixed surface within The solution of first order differential equation 6 is
the state space (the so called t
sliding or switching surface). The system is dynamic i (t ) = c1e ........7
k1
when fixed to the sliding surface as described in
ideal sliding motion and represents the controlled Here c1 takes the value of IMPP
system behavior [14]. If a higher order system kept And thus power is given by
under the switching surface and by using sliding p (t ) = v(t )*i(t)
mode control we can get the corresponding first At MPP
order system so that the voltage and current of P-V
dp(t ) d (v(t )* i(t )) di(t ) dv(t )
array compare to the change in voltage and current. = = v(t ) + i (t ) =0
This change in voltage and current get utilize in dt dt dt dt
every step by controlling the switching control dv(t ) di (t )
signal to the dc-dc converter and thus the converter Or (v(t) + k1 )* =0
is forced to operate in MPP [22]. dt dt
Since for current sweep waveform, the time derivative of
current function is non zero i.e.
di (t ) In the equation 12 it clearly seems that β depends upon the
�0 temperature while independent to that of solar irradiance [29]
dt [30].
It implies that
dp (t ) dv (t )
= v(t ) + k1 =0 S. Feedback Voltage or Feedback Current Control Method:
dt dt This method is adopted in the system having no battery. The
Equation 10 gives the VMPP which recheck the value of IMPP of voltage of the bus kept constant and the duty cycle of the
equation 7. The current sweep waveform takes converter is varying such that the PV panel voltage is varied.
about 50 ms, implying some loss of available A controller is designed such that the feedback through it gets
power[26][27]. continuously compare the PV panel voltage with the bus
voltage and for some iteration for the duty cycle we can get
Q. Ripple Correlation control Method: the MPPs. The method is low cost, computationally simple,
This method for finding MPPs uses the switching ripple of and only uses one feedback control loop. However, it does not
the power converter. The voltage and current ripple is being consider the effect of variations in temperature and irradiation
utilized by the PV system to perform MPPT. In this method [8][31][32].
the first derivative of voltage or current can correlate with the
first derivative of the power in the time varying PV array to T. Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Method:
drive the power gradient to zero so as reaching the MPP. In this method the adaptive algorithm is used to track MPPs.
In fig(4) Adaptive MPP tracking is based upon the natural fluctuation
dp dv di present in the voltage and power of PV array.If for a particular
Assume p&= ; v&= ; i&=
dt dt dt fluctuation in voltage (i.e. increasing) dp/dv>0. This shows the
voltage and power have same sign. In this case the fluctuating
If v&> 0 (or) i&> 0 and p&> o then V<VMPP (or) I<IMPP
point now become observing point and repeats this algorithm
And if v&> 0 (or) i&> 0 and p&< 0 then V>VMPP (or) I>IMPP to reach the MPPs.s
Combining these observations, we see that pv &&or pi && are In other hands if for a increasing fluctuation in voltage the
dp/dv<0, this shows that the voltage and the power have
positive to the left of the MPP, negative to right of the MPP, opposite fluctuating trend and now the fluctuating point
and zero at the MPP [28]. becomes the observing point and thus for repeating this
power converter is a boost converter results in increasing the algorithm the MPP point can be tracked.[33]
duty ratio increases the inductor current which is same as PV
array current but decreasing PV array voltage, therefore the
duty ratio control input is calculated which is given by U. Support Vector Regression Method:
equations as follows The output power of the PV system depends on temperature
d (t ) = - k �&&
pvdt and solar irradiation. If I-V characteristic draw for various
temperature and solar irradiance levels as fig 12
Or d (t ) = - k �&&
pidt
Where k is a positive constant. By controlling the duty ratio in
this fashion assures that the MPP will be continuously tracked,
making RCC a true MPP tracker [6].
R. Beta Method:
This is one of the MPPT method in which a constant β is
selected as such

I PV q
b = ln -( ) �VPV
VPV k �T �h At the intersecting point O if we use SVR to estimate
Where the irradiation and temperature, the performance of estimator
IPV is the current of PV array will deteriorated. Therefore here multistage SVR is proposed.
VPV is the voltage of PV array The proposed method consist of three levels: the first level
k is Boltzmann constant estimates the initial value of temperature and irradiation; the
T is the ambient temperature of PV array second level estimates the irradiation assuming that the
η is the diode quality factor temperature is constant within a one hour time span; and the
q is the electric charge third level updates the estimated temperature once every one
hour [19] [34].
V. One Cycle Control Method:
In this method of MPPT, single stage inverter is used where
the output current of the inverter can be adjusted according to
the voltage of the PV array so as to get maximum power from
it. The one cycle control system is shown in fig (15).
The parameter L and C are required to be tuned properly as
accuracy is affected by these parameters. One cycle control is
a nonlinear MPPT method. Both MPPT control and DC to AC
conversion are carried out in single stage [35].
W. Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking Method:
This is one of the MPPT techniques to maximize power
output under partially shaded or mismatch condition. In this
techniques, maximum power is tracked either by using full
power dedicated dc-dc converter (FPDC) with each module
or by compensation power-dedicated dc-dc converter
(CPDC).
In the CPDC technique by regulating the current of PV array
so as to get VMPP. This is achieved by using a special
arrangement of a controller; a resonant pulse is generated on
the secondary side of the fly back converter. The converter
operated in two modes one is resonant MPPT mode and the
normal fly back mode.[19]
In this method of MPPT each module gets assign with
intelligent module controller (IMC). There are three functions
of IMC; to initiate MPPT mode for each PV module, to
determine and store the MPP voltage during resonant mode
and to regulate the voltage of the flyback converter at
reference MPP voltage of PV module. VPV(out) i.e. the desired
output voltage of PV array and it is sum of MPP voltage of the
individual modules in a string.[36]
X. dP/dV or dP/dI feedback Control Method:
This method of finding the MPPs is based upon the
computation of the slope either dP/dV or dP/dI from the power
curve and feed it to the power converter so as the slope
becomes zero by using the controller like DSP and
microcontroller in which the complex computation can be
analyzed easily.[6] From fig 3 dP/dV is computed and
its sign is stored for the past few cycles. Based on
these signs, the duty ratio of the power converter
is either incremented or decremented to reach
the MPP.A dynamic step size is used to improve
the transient response of the system. In the
various literatures it is found that dP/dV can be
compute by linearization based methods or
digitalized or sampling data methods [39]-[43].
Y. Load Voltage Or Load Current Maximization Method:
In this method of tracking MPPs, maximizing the
output power of the converter should maximize
the PV array power assuming a lossless
converter. In most of the loads it is adequate to
maximize either the load current or the load
voltage to maximize the load power. In most PV
systems, a battery is used as the main load or as
a backup [6]. Since a battery can be thought of as
a voltage-source type load, the load current can
be used as the control variable. In and positive
feedback is used to control the power converter
such that the load current is maximized and the
PV array operates close to the MPP. Operation
exactly at the MPP is almost never achieved
because this MPPT method is based on the
assumption that the power converter is lossless
[44]-[49].
Z. Forced Oscillation Method:
This technique of finding the MPPs is based on injecting a
small-signal sinusoidal perturbation into the switching
frequency and comparing the ac component and the average
value of the panel terminal voltage. Here, the switching
frequency is varied and input voltage is sensed. Scaling down
the value of and comparing with , the duty cycle of converter
is set at MPP [12][50].
AA. Linearization Based Method:
In this method, successive linearization simplifies the
nonlinear problem back to the linear case. PV module and
converter demonstrate nonlinear and time-variant
characteristics, which make the MPPT design difficult. The
MPP of a PV module is estimated using a set of linear
equations, exploiting the relation existing between the values
of module voltage and current at the MPP locus. The
analytical study of the PV panel model shows that this
relationship between voltage and current tends to be linear for
the higher irradiation conditions due to the effect of the PV
panel series resistance. Based on that relationship of voltage
and current, a linear approximation of the MPP locus is
derived, whose parameters are simply related to those of the
electrical parameters of a PV cell [12][51][52].
BB. Gauss-Newton Method:
The Gauss-Newton technique is the fastest algorithm which
uses a root-finding algorithm. In its algorithm, first and second
derivatives of the change in power are used to estimate the
direction [53]
dP d 2P
If = p& and =&
p&
dV v =v ( n ) dV 2
v =v ( n)
Then by using Gauss-Newton relation
p&
V (n + 1) = V (n) * 12
&
p&
Number of iterations of convergence will solve the above based on a separate algorithmic loop. The first part is
equation [12]. determined according to one of the simplified offline methods
as a constant value, which depends on the given atmospheric
CC. Steepest-Descent Method:
conditions of the PV panel and represents the fixed steady
In this method, the MPPs can be traced by using the equation state value. The second part of the control signal, which could
p& be obtained based on one of the online methods involving
V (n + 1) = V (n) *
Kp steady state searches, represents attempts to track MPP
exactly.
Where Kp is the step-size corrector.
In [56] a hybrid method consisting of two loops is proposed.
dP In the first loop MPP is estimated based on the open circuit
= p&= f ( P,V )
dV voltage at a constant temperature. In the second loop by
and
P (n + 1) - P (n - 1) applying the P&O method the exact amount of the maximum
f (V (n), P(n)) = + ODV 3
2DV output power will be sought. In order to improve the transient
Where ODV 3 is the local truncation error for the centered and steady-state responses, the amplitude and frequency of
perturbation are kept very small. In [57,58] a hybrid method is
differentiation and is of second-order accuracy. The value
proposed that uses an offline method to bring the operating
decides how steep each step takes in the gradient direction
point of the PV array close to the MPP and then uses the
[54].
online Incremental Conductance approach to track the MPP
with high accuracy. Through proper control of the power
DD. Analytic Based Method: converter, the initial operating point is set to match a load
This method of finding the MPPs is based upon the mean resistance proportional to the VOC/ISC ratio associated with
value theorem. In this method regular observation and the PV array. This hybrid method also ensures that the real
computation is performed and thus get Voc and Isc such as the MPP is tracked in case multiple local maxima are present. In
value of these two will be inside a small sphere of radius ɛ. [59,60] the use of fuzzy logic for implementing variable size
perturbations is discussed in the context of achieving
Where radius of sphere kept as small as lim . This technique is
e�0 improved transient and steady state responses. The duty cycle
a simple heuristic strategy based on observations and of the power electronics converter is adjusted in order to push
experimental results [55]. the operating point towards the MPP region as quickly as
possible, thereby improving the transient response. Once the
MPP region is reached, a modified P&O algorithm based on
EE. Modal Reference Adaptive Control Method:
fuzzy logic, which is optimized for small variations around the
This method is used for improving the performance of MPP is used.
MPPT. This method comprises of two level control i.e. ripple There are several other literatures [61-65] available in which
correlation control(RCC) and modal reference adaptive the different types of MPPs are proposed. These are
control(MRAC) itself and thereby easily handle the combination of both online and offline approach.
uncertainty and perturbation for various environmental
condition in P-V systems.
In ripple correlation control VMPP and PMPP can be controlled
by controlling the duty cycle and then in next level i.e. in
MRAC the dynamics of the entire PV power conversion
system or plan are improved to eliminate the transient
oscillations in the system [19] [37].
FF. Modal Predictive Control Method:
This method is also used to improve the performance of
the PV systems. It is fast and hence can attain the steady state
faster. This method involves to track MPPs in two different
levels in which first stage is modified IC (MIC) use to
generate the maximum power reference and the second stage
is MPC which is used to control the PV module and achieves
the maximum power [38].This method has the ability to track
the MPP under changing environmental condition and reaches
steady state in very small time [19].

Hybrid Methods:
The hybrid methods are expected to track MPPs more
accurately. In these methods, the control signal associated with
the algorithm consists of two parts. Each part is generated
 Comparison of different MPPTs based on
MPPT Parameters
Analo
Techniques
Circuit used g or Subhead
Digital
copy More table copya

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TABLE I. TABLE STYLES
 a.
Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote)
b.
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