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Piezometers: Types, Functions, & How It Works?
Piezometers: Types, Functions, & How It Works?
CONTENT
5 WHAT IS THE WORKING PRINCIPLE
OF A VW PIEZOMETER? 12 APPLICATIONS OF PIEZOMETERS
6 PIEZOMETER TYPES -
ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS 13 WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF
PIEZOMETERS?
Piezometers, also known as pore pressure meter, are used to measure pore water
pressure (Piezometric level) in the soil, earth/rock fills, foundations and concrete
structures.
It also helps in evaluating the pattern of seepage, zones of potential piping and the
effectiveness of seepage control measures undertaken.
2 WHAT IS A PIEZOMETER?
Piezometers or pore pressure meters are the pressure transducers that are installed
beneath the ground to measure the sub-surface piezometric level within
groundwater level, soil, or rock.
It also provides basic data for design improvement that will promote safer and more
economical design and construction.
3 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PIEZOMETERS?
Piezometers are available in different shapes and sizes that are used to measure
the pore pressure inside boreholes and beneath the earth’s surface.
https://www.encardio.com/blog/a-guide-on-structural-health-monitoring-shm/
3 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PIEZOMETERS?
One of the simplest instruments to measure the piezometric level in the ground
is an Open Standpipe Piezometer or Casagrande.
It is a plastic pipe, with a small diameter (up to 20mm) and a porous section at
the bottom
3 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PIEZOMETERS?
This pipe is installed inside a borehole while placing the porous section at the
bottom where the piezometric level is to be measured.
The annulus between the porous filter and the borehole has sand in it, sealed
from both the sides using bentonite and, the rest of the borehole is filled with a
cement mortar.
The groundwater pressure pushes the water into the standpipe until the level of
water inside the standpipe (h) is equal to the piezometric level (pore water pres-
sure) in the ground at the elevation of the porous filter.
3 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PIEZOMETERS?
Electric Piezometers
The next procedure is exactly similar to the open standpipe piezometers. The
electric piezometer is inserted into a borehole while the annulus between the
porous filter and the borehole is filled with cement/bentonite grout.
3 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PIEZOMETERS?
Hydraulic Piezometers
These tubes circulate water through the system to remove air and ensure that
the reservoir remains filled with water.
The piezometer measures overall hydraulic pressure from which pore pressure
can be calculated.
3 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PIEZOMETERS?
Pneumatic Piezometers
The Vibrating Wire Piezometers measure the pore water pressure in fully or par-
tially saturated soil and rock.
3 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PIEZOMETERS?
• To study the effect of water in pores of soil or rock is to reduce load bearing
capacity of soil or rock. Effect is more pronounced with higher pore water
pressure leading eventually in some cases to total failure of load bearing
capacity of the soil.
• To determine level and flow pattern of ground water
• To determine the flow pattern of water in earth/rock fill, concrete dams, and their
foundations.
• To delineate the phreatic line.
5 WHAT IS THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A VW PIEZOMETER?
Any change in pressure deflects the diaphragm proportionally and this, in turn,
affects the tension in the stretched wire. Thus any change in pore pressure di-
rectly affects the tension in the wire.
The wire is plucked by a coil magnet. Proportionate to the tension in the wire, it
resonates at a frequency ‘f’, which can be determined as follows:
f = {[σg/ρ] ^1/2}/ 2l Hz
The resonant frequency, with which wire vibrates, induces an alternating current
in the coil magnet.
The pore pressure is proportional to the square of the frequency and the
Encardio-rite model EDI-51V readout logger (data logger) is able to display this
directly in engineering units.
6 PIEZOMETER TYPES - ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS
The Model EPP-10 SP standpipe is used for measuring groundwater level and its
variation with time.
The Model EPP-10/6 water level sounder is designed to measure the elevation of
groundwater in boreholes, standpipes and wells.
6 PIEZOMETER TYPES - ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS
It is robust, light weight and convenient to use. The water level sounder probe is
lowered from the surface with the help of the connecting flat cable for taking
observations.
The length of the cable is commensurate with the depth up to which the
observation is required to be made.
The unit is battery operated complete with an on-off switch, buzzer, LED for
power on and signal, flat cable connected to a probe, winding reel and carrying
handle.
6 PIEZOMETER TYPES - ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS
This result in a vacuum of around 1/1000 Torr inside the sensor making it
immune to the effect of any ingress of water and other corrosive materials that
may be present in the water.
The Encardio-rite Model EPP-40V piezometer is well known for its long term
stability. This is achieved by:
The Encardio-rite Model EPP-60V vibrating wire low range piezometer is specially
designed to measure low water pressure and water levels in boreholes.
It also provides basic data for design improvement that will promote safer and
more economical design and construction.
• Absolute pressure sensor with 20 m range, which is electron beam welded and
comes with non-vented cable.
6 PIEZOMETER TYPES - ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS
It is similar to the model EPP-30V piezometer except that instead of the special
filter, a 25 mm BSP adaptor is provided for the pipe connection.
The water oozing through internal pores or seams in rock formations of dam
foundations, mass concrete /foundation soil of structures, reclaimed land soil
etc. percolates upward through the pipe to the sensor.
6 PIEZOMETER TYPES - ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS
However, for taking readings, one has to go into the gallery. Remote
measurement of uplift pressure is possible with Model EPU-20V vibrating wire
uplift pressure meter.
The system enables reliable and fast measurement of uplift pressure. It also
enables data storing in case the output is connected to the data acquisition
system or automatic data logger.
6 PIEZOMETER TYPES - ENCARDIO-RITE’S MODELS
Long term stability is ensured in the model EPP-50V Encardio-rite pore pressure
meter by:
In an earth and rock fill dam, a number of piezometers and maybe other sensors are
installed at selected elevations at different cross-sections, as shown in the figure
below:
9 HOW
WHY IS
TOGEOTECHNICAL
INSTALL PIEZOMETER
MONITORING
IN CONCRETE
IMPORTANT?
DAM?
As access galleries are available in concrete dams, the cable from the sensors is
first routed to the gallery.
These cables may be terminated in junction boxes inside the gallery. The data from
the various sensors can then be taken or logged from the junction boxes with the
help of a readout unit or data logger.
Alternatively, if required, the signals from the junction boxes may be carried through
multicore cables to any observation room outside the dam structure.
10 HOW
WHY TO
IS GEOTECHNICAL
INSTALL PIEZOMETER
MONITORING
IN SOFT
IMPORTANT?
SOIL?
For installation in soft soils the Encardio rite model EPP-50V push-in piezometer is
recommended.
It does not require any elaborate grout sealing below and above the piezometer as
required for other piezometer models.
The EPP-50V has a hard conical tip that allows the piezometer to be pushed in to the
required depth from the ground surface or the base of a drilled borehole.
11 WHY
CAN A
ISVW
GEOTECHNICAL
PIEZOMETER MONITORING
MEASURE NEGATIVE
IMPORTANT?
PORE WATER PRESSURE?
A vibrating wire piezometer is the only device that can measure negative pore
pressures because it indicates absolute pressures.
Encardio-Rite's vibrating wire piezometers are fitted with high air entry porous filters
that remove the air inside the piezometer so that the readings are accurate.
12 WHY
APPLICATIONS
IS GEOTECHNICAL
OF PIEZOMETERS
MONITORING IMPORTANT?
• Use of sensors in saline water is one of the most difficult applications from the
point of view of corrosion.
Great care should be taken for corrosion protection in case a piezometer is used for
such applications.
This is a tricky application and precaution must be taken to protect both the body
and the diaphragm of the sensor.