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Buildings: Shoring
Buildings: Shoring
Buildings: Shoring
is the process of temporarily supporting a building, vessel, structure, or trench with shores (props)
when in danger of collapse or during repairs or alterations. Shoring comes from shore, a timber or
metal prop.[1] Shoring may be vertical, angled, or horizontal.
Buildings[edit]
Single steel raking shore system specifically for tilt slab shoring.
Raking Shores
In this method, inclined members called rakers are used to give temporary lateral support to an
unsafe wall. One or more timbers slope between the face of the structure to be supported and the
ground.[2] The most effective support is given if the raker meets the wall at an angle of 60 to 70
degrees. A wall-plate is typically used to increase the area of support.
Foundations
Shoring is commonly used when installing the foundation of a building. A shoring system such as
piles and lagging or shotcrete will support the surrounding loads until the underground levels of the
building are constructed. Commonly used shoring equipment includes post shores, shoring beams,
and timber jacks.
Trenches[edit]
Schematic sketch of a modern steel trench shore being lowered into a trench.
During excavation, shoring systems speed up excavation and provide safety for workers since
trenches can be prone to collapse. In this case, shoring should not be confused with shielding.
Shoring is designed to prevent collapse where shielding is only designed to protect workers when
collapses occur. Concrete-structure and stone-building shoring, in these cases also referred to
as falsework, provides temporary support until the concrete becomes hard and achieves the desired
strength to support loads.
Hydraulic Shoring
Hydraulic shoring is the use of hydraulic pistons that can be pumped outward until they press up
against the trench walls. They are typically combined with steel plate or plywood, either being 1-1/8"
thick plywood, or special heavy Finland Form (FINFORM) 7/8" thick.
Beam and Plate
Beam and Plate steel I-beams are driven into the ground and steel plates are slid in amongst them. A
similar method that uses wood planks is called soldier boarding. Hydraulics tend to be faster and
easier; the other methods tend to be used for longer term applications or larger excavations.
Soil Nailing
Soil nailing is a technique in which soil slopes, excavations or retaining walls are reinforced by the
insertion of relatively slender elements - normally steel reinforcing bars. The bars are usually installed
into a pre-drilled hole and then grouted into place or drilled and grouted simultaneously. They are
usually installed untensioned at a slight downward inclination. A rigid or flexible facing (often sprayed
concrete) or isolated soil nail heads may be used at the surface.
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The placement of temporary shoring ensures the safety of construction crews and others who need to enter a
space that has been damaged, while also minimizing the risk of additional harm coming to the structure. While
this is oftentimes an essential part of reconstruction, many home and business owners don’t realize that there
are different types of shoring available to consumers who need it. When you know what kind of shoring
methods exist, as well as what materials they are composed of, it can help you to make the most informed
decision possible for the betterment of your structure and your own peace of mind.
There are three types of shoring on the market. They are classified by their supporting characteristics and
where in the space they are implemented.
Raking Shoring
This type of shoring is used when there is one or more unsafe wall in a space.
When more than one raker is necessary they are bound together by hoops or braces that are 25cm by
15cm.
Flying/Horizontal Shoring
This type of shoring is implemented when there are two structures, one of which can be subject to damage
while the other is under repair.
Consists of wall plates, struts, straining pieces, horizontal shores/struts, cleats, needles and wedges.
Double flying shores are used for distances more than 10m.
Dead/Vertical Shoring
This type of shoring uses horizontal needles to support walls, floors and roofing.
Used in repairing existing foundations, rebuilding a defective wall and providing large openings in
existing walls.
Horizontal beams made of timber or steel are referred to as “needles” and are placed at right angles.
This shoring is only removed when the building has enough strength to sustain itself.
May be used alongside raking shores, which should be removed before the dead/vertical shores.
Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in building floors,
roofs, bridges, and other types of structures. The slab may be supported by walls, by reinforced
concrete beams usually cast monolithically with the slab, by structural steel beams, by columns, or
by the ground.
Slabs are classified into two types:
Due to the huge difference in lengths, load is not transferred to the shorter beams. Main
reinforcement is provided in shorter span and distribution reinforcement in longer span.
Example: Generally all the Cantilever slabs are one Way slab. Chajjas and verandahs are an practical
example of one way slab.
In two way slabs, load will be carried in both the directions. So, main reinforcement is provided in
both direction for two way slabs.
Example: These types of slabs are used in constructing floors of multi storeyed building.
Slabs are supported by the beams on Slabs are supported by beams on all the
One Way Slab Two Way Slab
Loads are carried along one direction Loads are carried along both the directions
in one way slab. in two way slabs.
The slump test is the most simple workability test for concrete, involves low cost and provides
immediate results. Due to this fact, it has been widely used for workability tests since 1922. The slump
is carried out as per procedures mentioned in ASTM C143 in the United States, IS: 1199 –
1959 in India and EN 12350-2 in Europe.
Generally concrete slump value is used to find the workability, which indicates water-cement
ratio, but there are various factors including properties of materials, mixing methods, dosage,
admixtures etc. also affect the concrete slump value.
3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.
4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a uniform manner over the cross
section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.
5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.
7. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of height point of the specimen
being tested.
Figure-2: Concrete Slump Test Procedure
NOTE:
The above operation should be carried out at a place free from Vibrations or shock and within a period
of 2 minutes after sampling.
When the slump test is carried out, following are the shape of the concrete slump that can be observed:
A beam is a horizontal member provided to transfer the load from the upper structure to
column and walls or foundation.
Before moving to the difference between plinth beam and tie beam, first, you should know
some of the basic definitions used in it.
Plinth Level:
The finished ground level on which the building or structure rest is known as plinth level.
It is constructed slightly higher than the Ground Level.
Ground Level:
Ground Level is the natural surface of the earth on which the construction takes place.
The main reason the Plinth Level is kept higher than the Ground Level is to prevent the
water to enter the building.