1E:

P3=80KPa

Since 𝑻 = 𝑻𝟑 (𝑷⁄𝑷 )
𝟑

𝑇𝑁 𝑃3 373.35(80000)
P(N2)= = = 109342.509
𝑇3 273.16

𝑇𝐻 𝑃3 373.15(80000)
P(H2)= = = 109283.9362
𝑇3 273.16

ΔP = P(N2) – P(H2)

= 109342.509 – 109283.9362

ΔP = 58.5 Pa = 0.0585 KPa

𝒑
2E: =?
𝒑𝟑

𝑻𝟑 = 273.16 𝐾

𝑻𝒈𝒂𝒔 = 373.15𝐾
𝒑
𝑻𝒈𝒂𝒔 = 𝑻𝟑 ( )
𝒑𝟑
𝒑 𝟑𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟓
= 𝟐𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟔
𝒑𝟑
𝒑
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔
𝒑𝟑

As, it is the ratio so it has no units.

3E:

Let TL be the temperature and PL be the pressure in the left-hand

thermometer. Similarly, let TR be the temperature and PR be the pressure in
the right-hand thermometer. According to the problem statement, the
pressure is the same in the two thermometers when they are both at the
triple point of water. We take this pressure to be p3. Writing Equation for
each thermometer,
𝑃
𝑇𝐿 = (273.16K) ( 𝐿 ) ……….. (i)
𝑃 3

𝑃
𝑇𝑅 = (273.16K) ( 𝑅 ) ………. (ii)
𝑃 3

we subtract the (ii) equation from the (i) to obtain

𝑃𝐿 − 𝑃𝑅
𝑇𝐿 − 𝑇𝑅 = (273.16𝐾) ( )
𝑃3

First, we take TL = 373.135K (the boiling point of water) and TR = 273.16K

(the triple point of water).Then, PL-PR = 120 torr. We solve:

120𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
373.135𝐾 − 273.16𝐾 = (273.16𝐾) ( )
𝑃3

The result is p3 = 328 torr. Now, we let TR = 273.16K (the triple point of
water) and TL be the unknown temperature. The pressure difference is PL-
PR= 90.0 torr. Solving

90𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
𝑇𝐿 − 273.16𝐾 = (273.16𝐾) ( )
328𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟

for the unknown temperature, we obtain TL = 348 K.

4E:
(a). Twice of celcius:
 As we know that
9
𝑇℉ = 𝑇℃ + 32 _________________ (A)
5

According to given conditions

𝑇℉ = 2 𝑇℃ _____________________ (i)
Put (i) in Equation (A)
9
2 𝑇℃ = 𝑇℃ + 32
5

10 𝑇℃ = 9𝑇℃ + 160

𝑇℃ = 320 ℃______________________ (ii)

Now by putting (ii) in (i)

𝑇℉ = 2(160) 𝑇℃

𝑻℉ = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝑻℃

(b) Half that of celcius scale

As we know that
9
𝑇℉ = 𝑇℃ + 32 _________________(A)
5

According to given conditions

1
𝑇℉ = 𝑇℃ _____________________(i)
2

Put (i) in (A)

1 9
𝑇℃ = 𝑇℃ + 32
2 5

51℃ = 18 𝑇℃ + 320

𝑇℃ = -24.61℃ __________________(i)
 Put (ii) in (A)

𝑻℉ = −𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟎℉

5E:

(a) Fahrenheit & Celsius

According to given conditions

𝑻℉ = 𝑻℃
9
𝑇℉ = 𝑇℃ + 32
5

9
𝑇℃ = 𝑇℃ + 32
5

9 𝑇℃ - 5 𝑇℃ = -160

4 𝑇℃ = -160

𝑇℃ = - 40

(b)Fahrenheit & Kelvin

According to given conditions

𝑻℉ = 𝑻𝐾

𝑻℃ = 𝑻𝐾 - 273

𝑻℃ = 𝑻℉ - 273
9
𝑻℃ = 𝑇℃ + 32 - 273
5

9 𝑻℃ - 5 𝑻℃ = 1205

4 𝑻℃ = 1205

𝑻℃ = 301.25

𝑻𝐾 = 𝑻℃ + 273

𝑻𝐾 = 301.25 + 273
𝑻𝐾 = 574.25
9
𝑇℉ = ( 301.25 ) + 32
5

𝑇℉ = 574.25
(c) Celcius & Kelvin

According to given condition

𝑻℃ = 𝑻𝐾

𝑇𝐾 – 273 = 𝑇𝐾

0 = - 273

Impossible

6E: (a) Temperature in village in oC = Tc = -71oC

TF =?

As we know that
5 o
TF = C + 32
9
5
TF = (-71) + 32
9

TF = - 95.8 oC

(b) Temperature in US oF= 𝑇℉ = 134℉

5
𝑇℃ = 9(𝑇℉ − 32)
5
𝑇℃ = 9(134− 32)
 𝑻℃ = 56.67℃
7E:

For “X” For “Y”

Boiling Point 375 oX -70.00 oY
Freezing point -125.0 oX -30.00 oY

As it is shown that

500 division on oX = 40 division on oY

500 oX = 40 oY
12.5 oX = 1 oY

As we have to find “50.00 oY ” in “ oX ”

So we will put 1 oY = 12.5 oX .

50 oY = 50 (12.5) oX

50 oY = 625 oX

8P:

𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 70 ℃

𝑡1 = 1.0h ( for droping 4℃ )

𝑡2 = 2.0h ( for droping 4℃ )

Since from Newton’s law of cooling

We know that

 ∆𝑇 = ∆𝑇𝑜 𝑒 −𝐴𝑡

ln ∆𝑇° − ln ∆𝑇 = A t ln 𝑒
 ∆𝑇𝑜 1
 𝐴1 = ln ( )
∆𝑇 𝑡 1

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
∆𝑇𝑜 1
 𝐴2 = ln ( )
∆𝑇 𝑡 2

Ratio

𝐴2 ∆𝑇𝑜 1 1 𝑡1
 = ln ( ) × ∆𝑇
𝐴1 ∆𝑇 𝑡 2 ln( 𝑜 ) 1
∆𝑇
𝐴2 𝑡1 1
 = =
𝐴1 𝑡2 2

𝐴2
= 0.5
𝐴1

9E:

(B.P) -53.5 oX 373K

? 340K

(F.P) -170 oX 273K

As we can say that by looking in figure

116.5 reading(div) on oX scale are equal to 100 division on “K”

 i.e 116.5 oX = 100 K

Ratio is given as

116.5 oX
100 K
Now
T = (373 – 340) K (Since T is more close to B.P)
=33K

So we can write

116.5𝑋 𝑜
33K(
100𝐾
) = 38.44 𝑜𝑋

Since this temperature must be between the B.P & F.P on that i.e. 𝑜𝑋
scale, and just a little below the B.p so we can say that

T = -53.3 𝑜𝑋 - 38.44 𝑜𝑋

T = -92.74 𝒐𝑿

10E:

Lo = 33 m

∆T = 15oC

∆L = ?

α (for Aluminium) = 23x10-6 /oC

∆L = αLo∆T

∆L = (23x10-6)(33)(15)
 ∆L = 1.1x10-2 m = 0.011 m

11E:

volume at 60oC = V = 50 cm3

volume at 30oC = Vʹ = ?

α (for Lead) = 29x10-6 /oC

Vʹ = V+∆V

= V+βV∆T

= V (1+β∆T) (β=3α)

= 50(1–(87x10-6)(30))

Vʹ = 49.86 cm3

12E:

Lo = 10 cm

L = 10.015 cm

T1 = 20oC

T2 = 100oC

a) length at freezing ppint of water = Lʹ = ?

∆L
α=
𝐿𝑜 ∆T

= 10.015 – 10 / 10(100–20)

α = 1.8x10-5/oC

thus, change in length from 100oC to 0oC is

∆L = α L∆T

= (10.015)(1.88x10-5)(0–100)
 = – 1.88x10-2 cm

the length at 0oC = Lʹ

Lʹ = ∆L+L

=10.015 – 0.0188

Lʹ = 9.9962 cm

b) Temperature when L = 10.009 cm = ?

let the temperature be Tx

then from 20oC to Tx we have

∆L = L – Lo = αL∆T

10.009 – 10 = (1.88x10-5)(10) ∆T

∆T = 47.87oC

∆T = Tx – 20oC

Tx = 67.87oC

13E:

R = 10 cm

V = 4/3 πr3

= 4/3 π(10)3

V = 4188.79 cm3

T1 = 0oC

T2 = 100oC

∆T = 100oC

α (for Aluminium)= 23x10-6 /oC

 ∆V = Vβ∆T (β=3α)

= (4188.79)(3x23x10-6)(100)

∆V = 28.90 cm3

17:

If Vc is the original volume of the cup, αa is the coefficient of linear

expansion of aluminum, and ∆T is the temperature increase, then the
change in the volume of the cup is ∆Vc = 3αa Vc ∆T. See Eq. 18-11. If β is
the coefficient of volume expansion for glycerin then the change in the
volume of glycerin is ∆Vg = βVc ∆T. Note that the original volume of glycerin
is the same as the original volume of the cup. The volume of glycerin that
spills is

∆Vg−∆Vc=(β−3αa)Vc∆ T=[( 5.1x10-4/oC)-3 (23x10-6/oC)] (100 cm3)(6.0oC)

=0.26cm3.

18:

The change in length for the section of the steel ruler between its 20.05 cm
mark and 20.11 cm mark is

∆Ls=Lsαs∆T=(20.11cm)(11x10-6 /oC )(270oC-20oC) = 0.055cm

Thus, the actual change in length for the rod is ∆L = (20.11 cm – 20.05 cm)
+ 0.055 cm = 0.115 cm. The coefficient of thermal expansion for the
material of which the rod is made is then
∆L 0.115cm
α = = = 23x10 − 6/℃.
∆T 270℃ − 20℃
19:

After the change in temperature the diameter of the steel rod is

Ds=Ds0+αsDs0 ∆T and the diameter of the brass ring is Db = Db0 + αbDb0
∆T, where Ds0 and Db0 are the original diameters, αs and αb are the
coefficients of linear expansion, and ∆T is the change in temperature. The
rod just fits through the ring if Ds = Db. This means Ds0 + αsDs0 ∆T = Db0 +
αbDb0 ∆T. Therefore,
Ds0 − Db0
∆T =
αb Db0 − αsDs0
3.000 cm − 2.992cm
=
(19.00 × 10 6/(°C))(2.992 cm) − (11.00 × 10 − 6/(°C))(3.000m)
−
= 335.0°C

The temperature is T = (25.00°C + 335.0 °C) = 360.0°C.

20:

(a) We use ρ = m/V and

∆ρ = ∆(m/V) = m∆(1/V) = −m∆V/ V2 = −ρ(∆V/V) = −3ρ(∆L/L).

The percent change in density is

∆ρ ∆L
=3 = −3(0.23%) = −0.69%
ρ L

(b) Since α = ∆L/(L∆T ) = (0.23 × 10–2) / (100°C – 0.0°C) = 23 × 10–6/C°, the

metal is aluminum (using Table 18-2).

22:

(a) Since A = πD2/4, we have the differential dA = 2(πD/4)dD. Dividing the

latter relation by the former, we obtain dA/A = 2 dD/D. In terms of ∆'s, this
reads
∆A ∆D ∆D
=2 for «1
A D D
We can think of the factor of 2 as being due to the fact that area is a two-
dimensional quantity. Therefore, the area increases by 2(0.18%) = 0.36%.

(b) Assuming that all dimensions are allowed to freely expand, then the
thickness increases by 0.18%.

(c) The volume (a three-dimensional quantity) increases by 3(0.18%) =

0.54%.

(d) The mass does not change.

(e) The coefficient of linear expansion is:

∆D 0.18 × 10 − 2
α= = = 1.8x10 − 5/℃
D∆T 100℃

24:

We divide Eq. 18-9 by the time increment ∆t and equate it to the (constant)
speed v = 100 × 10–9m/s.
∆T
V = αLo
∆t

where L0 = 0.0200 m and α = 23 × 10–6/C°. Thus, we obtain

∆𝑇 ℃ 𝐾
= 0.217 = 0.217
∆𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
25:

Consider half the bar. Its original length is l0= L0 / 2 and its length after the
temperature increase is l=lo +αlo ∆T. The old position of the half-bar, its new
position,and the distance x that one end is displaced form a right triangle,
with a hypotenuse of length l , one side of length l0, and the other side of
length x. The Pythagorean theorem yields x2=l2-l2o=l2o(1+α∆T)2-l2o. Since
the change in length is small we may approximate (1 + α ∆T )2by 1 + 2α ∆T,
where the small term (α ∆T )2was neglected.

Then,

X2=l2o+2 l2o α ∆T

And

√2(25 × 10– 6/C°)(32C°) = 7.5x10-2m.

3.77m
𝑥 = lo √2α∆T =
2

26:

We use Q = cm∆T. The textbook notes that a nutritionist's “Calorie” is

equivalent to 1000 cal. The mass m of the water that must be consumed is
𝑄 3500x103cal
𝑚= = = 94.6x104g
𝑐∆T (1g⁄cal . C°)(37.0C° − 0.0C°)

Which is equivalent to 9.46 × 104g/(1000 g/liter) = 94.6 liters of water. This

is certainly too much to drink in a single day.

27:

(a) The specific heat is given by c = Q/m(Tf – Ti), where Q is the heat
added, m is the mass of the sample, Ti is the initial temperature, and
Tf is the final temperature. Thus, recalling that a change in Celsius
degrees is equal to the corresponding change on the Kelvin scale,
314𝐽
𝑐= = 523J/kg. K
(30.0𝑥10 − 3𝑘𝑔)(45.0C° − 25C°)

(b) The molar specific heat is given by

𝑄 314𝐽
cm= )
= (0.600𝑚𝑜𝑙)(45.0C°−25.0C°) = 26.2J/mol. K
𝑁(𝑇𝑓 −𝑇𝐢

(c) If N is the number of moles of the substance and M is the mass per
mole, then m = NM, so
𝑚 30.0𝑥10 − 3𝑘𝑔
𝑁= = = 0.600𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 50𝑥10 − 3𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
28:

The amount of water m which is frozen is

𝑄 50.2𝑘𝐽
𝑚= = = 0.151𝑘𝑔 = 151𝑔
𝐿𝐹 333𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Therefore the amount of water which remains unfrozen is 260 g – 151 g =

109 g.

29:

The melting point of silver is 1235 K, so the temperature of the silver must
first be raised from 15.0°C (= 288 K) to 1235 K. This requires heat

𝑄 = 𝑐𝑚(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 ) = (236𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾)(0.130𝑘𝑔)(1235C° − 288C°) = 2.91x104J

Now the silver at its melting point must be melted. If LF is the heat of fusion
for silver this requires

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝐹 = 0.130𝑘𝑔)(105𝑥103𝐽/𝑘𝑔) = 1.36𝑥104𝐽

The total heat required is 2.91𝑥104𝐽 + 1.36𝑥104𝐽) = 4.27𝑥104𝐽

30:

In the problem

Power=P= 100 W

Time=t= 1 hr= 3600 s

SOL.

Energy = Power x Time

=Pt

=100 x 3600
 =360000 J

Here 90% of Energy is converted to Heat so;

Heat= 360000 x 0.9

Q= 324000 J

As there are FOUR bulbs in the room so

Heat absorbed by the room= 324000 x 4

= 1296000 J

31:
“1 Calorie” is equivalent to 1000 cal.
The athlete’s rate of dissipating energy is:

(4000∗103 cal)(4.18J/cal)
P = 4000 Cal/day =
(1day)(86400s/day)

P = 194W
which is 1.9 times as much as the power of a 100 W light bulb.

32:

The work the man has to do to climb to the top of Mt. Everest is given by

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦 = (73.0𝑘𝑔)(9.80𝑚/𝑠2)(8840𝑚) = 6.32𝑥106𝐽

Thus, the amount of butter needed is

1.00𝑐𝑎𝑙
(6.32𝑥106𝐽) (
4.186𝐽 )
𝑚= = 250𝑔
6000𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔
34:

(a) The water (of mass m) releases energy in two steps, first by
lowering its temperature from 20°C to 0°C, and then by freezing into
ice. Thus the total energy transferred from the water to the
surroundings is

Q = Cm∆T + LFm = (4190𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾)(125𝑘𝑔)(20C°) + (333kJ/kg)(125kg)

= 5.2x107J

(b) Before all the water freezes, the lowest temperature possible is 0°C,
below which the water must have already turned into ice.

35:

The mass m = 0.100 kg of water, with specific heat c = 4190 J/kg·K, is

raised from an initial temperature Ti = 23°C to its boiling point Tf =
100°C. The heat input is given by Q= cm(Tf – Ti). This must be the
power output of the heater P multiplied by the time t; Q =Pt. Thus,
𝑄 𝑐𝑚(Tf − Ti) (4190J/kg. K)(0.100kg)(100C° − 23C°)
𝑡= = =
𝑃 P 200J/s

36:

(a) Using Eq. 18-17, the heat transferred to the water is

 𝑄𝑤 = 𝑐𝑤𝑚𝑤 ∆T = Lvms
= (1cal/g. C°)(220g)(100C° − 20.0C°) + (539cal/g)(5.00g)
= 20.3kcal

(b) The heat transferred to the bowl is

𝑄𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏𝑚𝑏∆T = (0.0923cal/g. C°)(150g)(100C° − 20.0C°) = 1.11kcal

(c) If the original temperature of the cylinder be Ti, then Qw+Qb=ccmc(Ti –

Tf), which leads to
𝑄𝑏 20.3𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 + 1.11𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑖 = 𝑄𝑤 + + 𝑇𝑓 = + 100C° = 873C°
𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑐 (0.0923𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔. C°)(300g)

37:

Number of Shakes= N

Energy= Heat= Q= 𝑁𝑚𝑔ℎ

𝑁
= 𝑅 = 30 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡
𝑄 𝑁
= ( )𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑇 𝑡

𝑄 𝑐𝑚(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 ) 𝑐(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
𝑡= = =
𝑅𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑅𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑅𝑚𝑔ℎ
(4190𝐽/𝐾𝑔𝐾 )(100 − 15)
𝑡=
(30𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠/min)(9.8𝑚/𝑠^2 )(.3048 𝑚)
𝑡 = 3.97 × 103 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
 38:

We note from Eq. 18-12 that 1 Btu = 252 cal. The heat relates to the power,
and to the temperature change, through Q = Pt = cm∆T. Therefore, the time
t required is
𝑐𝑚∆𝑇
𝑡=
𝑃
(1000𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔. C°)(40gal)(1000kg/264gal)(100℉ − 70℉)(5℃/9℉)
=
(2.0x105Btu/h)(252.0cal/Btu)(1h/(60 min))
= 3.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛

The metric version proceeds similarly:

𝑐𝑝𝑉∆𝑇 (4190𝐽/𝑘𝑔. C°)(1000kg/m3)(150L)(1m3/1000L)(38℃ − 21℃)
𝑡= =
𝑃 (59000𝐽/𝑠)(60𝑠/(1 min))
= 3.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛

39:

To accomplish the phase change at 78°C, Q = LVm = (879) (0.510)

=448.29 kJ must be removed. To cool the liquid to –114°C, Q = cm|∆T|
=(2.43) (0.510) (192) = 237.95 kJ, must be removed. Finally, to accomplish
the phase change at –114°C,

𝑄 = 𝐿𝐹𝑚 = (109)(0.510) = 55.59𝑘𝐽

must be removed. The grand total of heat removed is therefore (448.29 +

237.95 + 55.59) kJ = 742 kJ.

40:

Mass of container = 3.6 kg = 3600 g

Mass of water = 14 kg = 14000 g

 Mass of metal piece = 1.8 kg = 1800 g

Initial temperature of container and water = Ti = 16oC

Final temperature of entire system = Tf = 18oC

Initial temperature of metal piece = 180oC

Now, specific heat of container and water = Q1 = cm∆T

=(1)(17600)(2)

=35200 cal

And specific heat of entire system is

Q2 = cm∆T

= (1)(19400)(178)

=3453200 cal

Now specific heat of metal piece is given by

Q2 –Q1 = 3453200–35200

So, specific heat of metal = 3418000 cal

42:

The power consumed by the system is

1 𝑐𝑚∆T
𝑃=( %)
20 t
1
(20 %) (4.18J/g. C°)(200x103cm3)(1g/cm3)(40C − 20C°)
=
(1.0h)(3600s/h)

43:

Let the mass of the steam be ms and that of the ice be mi. Then
 𝐿𝑓𝑚𝑐 = 𝑐𝑤𝑚𝑐(𝑇𝑓 − 0.0℃) = 𝐿𝑠𝑚𝑠 + 𝑐𝑤𝑚𝑠(100℃ − 𝑇𝑓)

where Tf = 50°C is the final temperature. We solve for ms:

𝐿𝐹𝑚𝑐 + 𝑐𝑤𝑚𝑐(𝑇𝑓 − 0.0℃)
𝑚𝑠 =
𝐿𝑠 + 𝑐𝑤(100℃ − 𝑇𝑓)
(79.7𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔)(150𝑔) + (1𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔. ℃)(150𝑔)(50℃ − 0.0℃)
=
539𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 + (1 + 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔. ℃)(100℃ − 50℃)

= 33𝑔

44:

(a) Since work is done on the system (perhaps to compress it) we write
W=–200 J.

(b) Since heat leaves the system, we have Q = –70.0 cal = –293 J.

(c) The change in internal energy is ∆Eint = Q – W =–293J–(–200 J)= –93J.

45:

Over a cycle, the internal energy is the same at the beginning and end, so
the heat Q absorbed equals the work done: Q = W. Over the portion of the
cycle from A to B the pressure p is a linear function of the volume V and we
may write
10 20
𝑝= 𝑃𝑎 + ( 𝑃𝑎/𝑚3) 𝑉
3 3
Where the coefficients were chosen so that p = 10 Pa when V = 1.0 m3
and p = 30 Pa when V = 4.0 m3. The work done by the gas during this
portion of the cycle is
4
10 20 10 10
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ( + 𝑉) 𝑑𝑉 = ( 𝑉 + 𝑉2) ∫
3 3 3 3
1

40 160 10 10
= + − − ) 𝐽 = 60J
3 3 3 3
The BC portion of the cycle is at constant pressure and the work done by
the gas is WBC =p∆V = (30 Pa)(1.0 m3– 4.0 m3) = –90 J. The CA portion of
the cycle is at constant volume, so no work is done. The total work done by
the gas is W = WAB + WBC + WCA = 60 J – 90 J + 0 = –30 J and the total
heat absorbed is Q = W = –30 J. This means the gas loses 30 J of energy
in the form of heat.

46:

We denote the ice with subscript I and the coffee with c, respectively. Let
the final temperature be Tf. The heat absorbed by the ice is QI = λFmI +
mIcw (Tf – 0°C), and the heat given away by the coffee is |Qc| = mwcw (TI –
Tf). Setting QI = |Qc|, we solve for Tf:
𝛾𝐹𝑚𝑙
𝑇𝑓 = 𝑚𝑤𝑐𝑤𝑇𝑙 −
(𝑚𝑙 + 𝑚𝑐 )𝑐𝑤
(130𝑔)(4190𝐽/𝑘𝑔. C°)(80.0℃) − 333𝑥103𝐽/𝑔(12.0𝑔)
=
(12.0𝑔 + 130𝑔)(4190𝐽/𝑘𝑔. C°)
= 66.5℃

Note that we work in Celsius temperature, which poses no difficulty for the
J/kg·K values of specific heat capacity (see Table 18-3) since a change of
Kelvin temperature is numerically equal to the corresponding change on
the Celsius scale. Therefore, the temperature of the coffee will cool by
|∆T|= 80.0°C – 66.5°C = 13.5C°.

47:

We note that there is no work done in the process going from d to a, so Qda
= ∆Eint da= 80 J. Also, since the total change in internal energy around the
cycle is zero, then

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑐 + ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑑 + ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑎 = 0

−200𝐽 + ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑑 + 80𝐽 = 0

which yields ∆Eint cd = 120 J. Thus, applying the first law of

thermodynamics to the c to d process gives the work done as Wcd = Qcd
−∆Eint cd = 180 J – 120 J = 60 J.
48:

(a) Since work is done on the system (perhaps to compress it) we write W=
–200 J.

(b) Since heat leaves the system, we have Q = –70.0 cal = –293 J.

(c) The change in internal energy is ∆Eint = Q – W = –293 J –(–200J)=–93J.

49:

(a) One part of path A represents a constant pressure process. The

volume changes from 1.0 m3 to 4.0 m3 while the pressure remains at
40 Pa. The work done is
𝑊𝐴 = 𝑝∆𝑉 = (40𝑃𝑎)(4.0𝑚3 − 1.0𝑚3) = 1.2𝑥102𝐽
(b) The other part of the path represents a constant volume process. No
work is done during this process. The total work done over the entire
path is 120 J. To find the work done over path B we need to know the
pressure as a function of volume. Then, we can evaluate the integral
W = ʃ p dV. According to the graph, the pressure is a linear function
of the volume, so we may write p = a + bV, where a and b are
constants. In order for the pressure to be 40 Pa when the volume is
1.0 m3 and 10 Pa when the volume is 4.00 m3 the values of the
constants must be a = 50 Pa and b = –10 Pa/m3. Thus p =50 Pa– (10
Pa/m3)V and
4 4 4
𝑊𝐵 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = ∫ (50 − 10𝑉)𝑑𝑉 = (50𝑉 − 5𝑉2) ∫
1 1 1
= 200𝐽 − 50𝐽 − 80𝐽 + 5.0𝐽 = 75𝐽
(c) One part of path C represents a constant pressure process in which
the volume changes from 1.0 m3 to 4.0 m3 while p remains at 10 Pa.
The work done is
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑝∆𝑉 = (10𝑃𝑎)(4.0𝑚3 − 1.0𝑚3) = 30𝐽
The other part of the process is at constant volume and no work is
one. The total work is 30 J. We note that the work is different for
different paths.

50:
During process A → B, the system is expanding, doing work on its
environment, so W> 0, and since ∆Eint > 0 is given then Q = W + ∆Eint must
also be positive.

(a) Q > 0.

(b) W > 0.

During process B → C, the system is neither expanding nor contracting.

Thus,

(c) W = 0.

(d) The sign of ∆Eint must be the same (by the first law of thermodynamics)
as that of Q which is given as positive. Thus, ∆Eint > 0.

During process C → A, the system is contracting. The environment is doing

work on the system, which implies W < 0. Also, ∆Eint < 0 because ¦ ∆Eint = 0
(for the whole cycle) and the other values of ∆Eint (for the other processes)
were positive. Therefore, Q = W + ∆Eint must also be negative.

(e) Q < 0.

(f) W < 0.

(g) ∆Eint < 0.

(h) The area of a triangle is 1/2 (base)(height). Applying this to the figure,
we find I Wnet I=1/2(2.0m3)(20Pa)= 20 J .Since process C → A involves
larger negative work (it occurs at higher average pressure) than the
positive work done during process A → B, then the net work done during
the cycle must be negative. The answer is therefore Wnet = –20 J.