Eco-friendly Bio-products

Lecture by:
Dr. Indu Chauhan
Assistant Professor
Department of Biotechnology
 Fuels
Any material that store potential energy in form that can be
practicable released and used for work or as heat energy
Classification: Chemical fuel and Fossil fuel
Chemical Fuel:

Nuclear Fuel: (Produced by geological processes)

Nuclear fuel is a substance that is used in nuclear power stations to
produce heat to power turbines. Heat is created when nuclear fuel
undergoes nuclear fission

Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable
of nuclear fission, such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239
Self-sustaining chain reaction that
is controlled in a nuclear reactor, or
uncontrolled in a nuclear weapon
Processes involved in mining, refining, purifying, using, and disposing
of nuclear fuel are collectively known as the nuclear fuel cycle.

nuclear/nuclear-energy/nuclear-fuel-cycle/
http://teachnuclear.ca/all-things-
Source: Wikipedia
Why and Where these fuels are used?
OR
 Biofuel
• A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through biological processes, such
as agriculture and anaerobic digestion.
• Biofuels can be derived directly from plants, or indirectly from
agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes
• Renewable biofuels generally involve contemporary carbon fixation,
such as those that occur in plants or microalgae through the process
of photosynthesis
• Biomass can be converted to energy-containing substances in three
different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and
biochemical conversion.
• Biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This
new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels.
Common type of biofuels
 Biodiesel
Made from renewable biological sources such as vegetable oils and
animal fats using a process known as transesterification.
Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure (straight chain) and
number of carbon atoms (10 to 21)

Scheme: Transesterification reaction of oil with methanol in the presence of

sodium hydroxide as catalys
Flowchart of transesterification of vegetable oil to
produce biodiesel
Applications
Advantages and Disadvantages of Biodiesel
Advantages Disadvantages
 Biogas

Composition of Biogas:
Figure. Fixed-dome type bio-gas plant
Fixed-dome type
bio-gas plant
• Advantages:

• Applications:
Cooking
Lightening
Fuel for engine
 Biohydrogen

•Algae split water molecules to hydrogen ion and oxygen via photosynthesis.
•Generated hydrogen ions are converted into hydrogen gas by hydrogenase enzyme.
•Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is one of the well-known hydrogen producing algae
•Hydrogenase activity has been detected in green algae, Scenedesmus obliquus, in marine green
algae Chlorococcum littorale, Playtmonas subcordiformis, and in Chlorella fusca.
A schematic diagram for bio-hydrogen production from cellulose/starch
containing agricultural wastes and food industry wastewaters
Principal microalgae biomass transformation processes for biofuel production

Types of Biofuels
Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels
Advantages Disadvantages