EXERCISE 1.

3 Using this information, what will be the

estimated score of a student who spent 4
Answer the following questions:
hours studying?
1. Vlad had a summer job packing
Answer:
sweets. Each pack should weigh 200
Given: x = 4 hours
grams. Vlad had to make 15 packs
Required: The estimated score of a
of sweets. He checked the weights,
student (y)
in grams, correct to the nearest
Solution:
gram. Following are his
y = 10x + 45
measurements:
y = 10(4) + 45
212 206 203 206 199 y= 40 + 45

196 197 197 209 206 y = 95

Therefore, the estimated score of a
198 191 196 206 207
student who spent 4 hours studying
What is the most frequent data? is 95.

Answers:
3. The distance traveled by an object
Given: 212, 206, 203, 206, 199, 196,
given its initial velocity and
197, 197, 209, 206, 198, 191, 196, 206, acceleration over a period of time is
207
given by the equation d = V0t+ at2.
Required: Most frequent data Find the distance traveled by an
Solution: Since the number 206 occurs airplane before it takes off if it starts

more often than the other numbers, thus, from rest and accelerates down a

the number 206 is the most frequent runway at 3.50m/s2 for 34.5s,

data. Answers:

2. A certain study found that the Given: t = 34.5s

relationship between the students’ a = 3.50m/s^2

exam scores (y) and the number of v0 = 0

hours they spent studying (x) is Required: Distance traveled by an

given by the equation y= 10x+45. airplane
 3. What number should come next in
Solution: this sequence?
d = v0t + 1/2at^2 22, 21, 25, 24, 28, 27, …
d = 0(34.5s) + Answer: 30
1/2(3.50m/s^2)(34.5s)^2
d = 1/2(3.50m/s^2)(1190.25s^2) 4. What letter comes next in this
d = 1/2(4165.875m) pattern?
d = 2082.94m OTTFFSSE…
Answer: N
Therefore, the distance traveled by
an airplane before it takes off is 5. What number comes next in
2082.94m 1,8,27,64,125, ______?
Answer: 216

6. Starting with the Fibonacci number,

Fib1=1 and the second Fibonacci
CHAPTER 1 TEST number, Fib2=1, What is the 15th
1. Draw the image that completes the Fibonacci number, Fib15?
pattern. Answer:

? √
[(
√
) (
√
) ]

Answer:

7. What is Fib20?

2. What completes the following Answer:

pattern? Fib (20)=

√
CSD, ETF, GUH, ______, KWL [( )
√
Answer: IVJ
 √ Answer: Every third fibonacci
( ) ]
number is even number while every
fourth fibonacci number is divisible by 3.
8. Given Fib30=832,040 and
11. Exponential growth, A house in
Fib28=317,811, What is Fib29?
purchased for ₱1,000,000 in 2002.
Answer:
The value of the house is given by
Fib (29)=
the exponential growth model
√ √
[( ) ( ) ]
√ A=1,000,000 . Find t when the
house would be worth ₱5,000,000.
Answer:

Given:
9. The ratio as n gets larger is A=1000,000e^0.645t
said to approach the Golden Ration, P 5,000,000
which is approximately equal to P 1000,000
1.618. what happens to the inverse of Req'd: t=?

this ratio, ? What number Formula: A=Pe^rt

Sol'n:
does the quantity approach? How
A= 1,000,000e^0.645t =
does this compare to the original
5,000,000
ratio?
lne^0.645t = ln5
Answer: 0.645t/0.645 = ln5/0.645
final answer: t= 2.495

10. Consider Fib3=2. What do you notice

about every third Fibonacci number, 12. Exponential decay, The amount of

i.e. Fib6, Fib9, Fib12, …? Similarly, radioactive material present at time t

look at Fib16, … What seems to be is given by A=Ao , where Ao is the

the pattern behind these sequences initial amount, k < 0 is the rate of

generated from Fibonacci number? decay. Radioactive substances are

more commonly described in terms
of their half-life or the time required
for half of the substance to
decompose. Determine the half-life
of substance X if after 600 years, a
sample has decayed to 85% of its
original mass.

Answer:

Given:
k<0 - rate of decay
600 years EXERSICE SET 2.1
85%
 In each of 1-6, fill in the blanks
0.5 - half life
using a variable or variables to
Req'd: t=?
rewrite the given statement.
Formula: Aoe^kt
Sol'n:
1. Is there a real number whose square is
0.5=e^3.16x10^-3t
-1?
ln 0.5=-3.16x10^-3t
a. Is there a real number x such
t=ln 0.5/-3.16x10^-3
as that _x2_= -1?
Final answer: t=219.35
b. Does there exist _a real
number x_ such that

2. Is there an integer that has a

remainder of 2when it is divided by 5
 and a remainder of 3 when divided by a. Given any real number r, there is _a
6? real number_s such that s is greater
a. Is there an integer n such that than r.
n has _ a remainder of 2 b. For any _real number r_,there is a
when it is divided by 5 and a real number ssuch that s>r.
remainder of 3 when it is
divided by 6?
5.The reciprocal of any positive number is
b. Does there exist an integer n
positive.
such that if n is divided by 5
the remainder is 2 and if n is a. Given any positive real number r, the
divided by 6 the remainder is reciprocal of _r is positive_.
3? b. For any real number r, if r is

_positive_ then _ is positive_.

Note: There are integers with this property.
Can you think of one? c. If real number r _is positive_, then

_ is positive.

3. Given any two real numbers, there is

a real numbers in between.
6.The cube root of any negative number is
a. Given any two real numbers
negative.
aandb, there is a real number
c such that c is a real number a. Given any negative number s, the

in between? cube root of _s is negative_.

b. For any two _real numbers a b. For any real number s, if s is

and b_, _there is a real _negative_, then _ √ is negative_.

number c such that a<c<b. c. If real number sis negative, then

√ is negative.

4.Given any real number, there is a real

7. Rewrite the following statement less
number that is greater.
formally, without using variables.
Determine as best as you can,
 whether the statements are true or a. All squares _have four sides_.
false. b. Every square _has four sides_.
a. There are real numbers u and v c. If the object is square, then it
with the property that u+v< u-v. _has for sides_.
b. There is a real number x such d. If Jis a square, then J_has for
that . sides.
c. For all positive integers n, e. For all squares J,_there are
. four sides_.

d. For all numbers a and b,

9. For all equations E, if E is quadratic
then E has at most two real solutions.
Answer: a. All quadratic equations have

a. There are two real numbers with at most two real solution.

the property that their sum is less b. Every quadratic equations has

than their difference. False. at most two real solutions_.

b. There is a real number such that c. If an equation is quadratic,

its square is less than the number then it has at most two real

itself. False. solutions.

c. For all positive integers, their d. If E _is quadratic_, then E

square is greater than or equal to _has at most two real

the integer itself. True. solutions_.

d. For all real numbers, the absolute 10. Every nonzero real number has a

value of the sum of two real reciprocal.

numbers is less than or equal to a. All nonzero real numbers

the sum of the absolute values of have a reciprocal.

each number. True. b. For all nonzero real numbers

 In each of 8-13 fill in the blanks to r, there is a reciprocal for r.

rewrite the given statement. c. For all nonzero real numbers

r, there is a real number s such

8. For all objects J is J is a square then J that s is the reciprocal of r.

has for sides.

11. Every positive number has a positive
square root.
a. All positive numbers have a
positive square root.
b. For any positive number e,
there is positive square root
for e.
c. For all positive numbers e,
there is a positive number r
such thatthe square root of e.
number s,leaves the number
unchanged.
13. There is a real number whose product
with every real number equals zero.
a) Some _real number_ has
the property that its real
number equals to zero.
b) There is a real number
such as that the product
of a with every real
number is equals to zero.
c) There is a real number a
with the property that for
every real number b,
equals to zero.

12. There is a real number whose product

with every number unchanged.
a. Some _product of real number
has the property that its
numbers leaves the number
unchanged.
b. There is a real number r such
that the product of rwith every
number leaves the number
unchanged.
c. There is a real number r with
the property that for every real
EXERCISE 2.2

Answer the following questions:

1. Which of the following sets are

equal?
A = {a, b, c, d}
C= {d, b, a, c}
B = {d, e, a, c}
D = {a, a, d, e, c, e}
Given: A= {a, b, c, d}, B= {d, e, a,
c}, C= {d, b, a, c}, D= {a, a, d, e, c,
e}
Required: Equal Sets
Answer:
 Sets A and C are equal
because all elements of A are
also the elements of C.
 Sets B and D are equal; all
elements of B are also in D.

2. Write in words how to read each of

the following out load.
a. {x R+ І 0 < x <1}
Given: {x R+ І 0 < x <1}
Required: Write in words how to
read out load.
Answer: Set of all positive real
numbers (strictly) between 0 and
1.
 Answer: No, because 4 is just an
b. {x R І x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 1} element of {4} and not exactly equal
Given: {x R І x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 1} to {4}.
Required: Write in words how to
read out load. b. How many elements are in the
Answer: Set of all real numbers set {3, 4, 3, 5}?
such that x is less than or equal to
Given: {3, 4, 3, 5}
zero but greater than or equal to
one. Required: Number of Elements

Answer: There are three elements: 3,

c. {n Z І n is a factor of 6} 4 and 5.
Given: {n Z І n is a factor of 6}
Required: Write in words how to
read out load. c. How many elements are there in
Answer: Set of all integers such the set {1, {1}, {1, {1}}}?
that n is a factor of 6.
Given: {1, {1}, {1, {1}}}

d. {n Z+ І n is a factor of 6} Required: Number of Elements

Given: {n Z+ І n is a factor of Answer: There are three elements: 1,

6} {1} and {1,{1}}.
Required: Write in words how to
read out load.
Answer: Set of all positive 4. a. 2 {2}?
integers such that n is a factor of Given: 2 {2}
6. Required: Is 2 an element of {2}?
Answer: Yes.
3. a. Is 4 = {4}?
Given: 4 = {4} b. How many elements are in the set
Required: Is it equal? {2, 2, 2, 2}?
Given: {2, 2, 2, 2}
Required: Number of Elements
 Answer: There is only one element, A = {0, 1, 2}
which is 2. B = {x R І -1 ≤ x <3}
C = {x R І -1 < x < 3}
d. How many elements are in the D = {x Z І -1 < x < 3}
set { 0 {0}}? E = {x Z+І -1 < x < 3}
Given: A = {0, 1, 2}, B = {x R І -1
Given: {0 {0}}
≤ x <3}, C = {x R І -1 < x < 3}, D
Required: Number of Elements = {x Z І -1 < x < 3}, E = {x Z+І
Answer: There are two elements: 0 -1 < x < 3}
and {0}. Required: Equal Sets
Answer: Sets A and D are equal due
to the given condition.
e. Is {0} {{0}, {1}}?
6. For each integer n, let Tn = {n, n2}.
Given: {0} {{0}, {1}}
How many elements are in each of
Required: Is {0} an element of {{0}, T2, T-3, T1 and T0? Justify your
{1}}? answers.

Answer: Yes. Given: Tn = {n, n2}

Required: Number of Elements of
T2, T-3, T1 and T0
f. Is 0 {{0}, {1}}? Answer: T2 = {2, 4}
T-3 = {-3, 9}
Given: 0 {{0}, {1}}
T1 = {1,1}
Required: Is 0 an element of {{0}, T0 = {0,0}
{1}}?  T2 and T-3 have two distinct

Answer: No, the element of {{0}, elements each, while T1 and

{1}} are {0} and {1}. T0 have same elements each,

counted as one.
7. Use the set-roster notation to indicate
5. Which of the following sets are the elements in each of the following
equal? sets.
 a. S = {n Z І n = (-1)k , for the Given: W = {t ZІ 1 < t < -
integer k}. 3}
k
Given: S = {n Z І n = (-1) Required: Indicate the
Required: Indicate the Elements
Elements Answer: W = {2, 3, . . .}, { -
Answer: S= {-1, 1} 4, -5, . . .}
b. T = {m Z І m = 1 + (-1)i ,
for some integer i}. f. X = {u Z І u ≤ 4 or u ≥ 1}
Given: T = {m ZІm=1+ Given: X = {u Z І u ≤ 4 or
(-1)i u ≥ 1}
Required: Indicate the Required: Indicate the
Elements Elements
Answer: T = {0, 2} Answer: X = { 1, 2, 3, 4}

c. U = {r Z І 2 ≤ r ≤ -2}
Given: U = {r ZІ2≤r≤- 8. Let A = {c, d, f, g}, B = {f, j}, and

2} C = {g, d}. Answer the following

Required: Indicate the questions. Give reasons for your

Elements answers.

Answer: U = {2, 3, 4. . .}, { - a. Is B  A?

2, -3, -4. . .} Given: A = {c, d, f, g}, B =

{f, j}, and C = {g, d}

d. V = {s Z І s > 2 or s < 3} Required: Is B  A?

Given: V = {s Z І s > 2 or s Answer: No, not all elements

< 3} of B are in A.

Required: Indicate the b. Is C  A?

Elements Given: A = {c, d, f, g}, B =
Answer: V = {2.1, 2.2, 2.3, {f, j}, and C = {g, d}
2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9} Required: Is B  A?
Answer: Yes, all elements of
e. W = {t Z І 1 < t < -3} C are in A.

c. Is C  C?
Given: A = {c, d, f, g}, B =
{f, j}, and C = {g, d}
d. Is {3}  {1,{2}, {3}}?
Given: {3}  {1,{2}, {3}}
Required: Is {3}  {1,{2}, {3}}?

Required: Is C  C? Answer: Yes.

Answer: Yes, all elements of
C are the same as C.
e. Is 1  {1}?
d. Is C a proper subset of A?
Given: 1  {1}
Given: A = {c, d, f, g}, B =
{f, j}, and C = {g, d} Required: Is 1  {1}?
Required: Is C a proper
Answer: Yes.
subset of A?
Answer: Yes, some elements
of C are in A. f. Is {2}  {1, {2}, {3}}?

9. a. Is 3  {1, 2, 3}? Given: {2}  {1, {2}, {3}}

Given: 3  {1, 2, 3} Required: Is {2}  {1, {2}, {3}}?

Required: Is 3  {1, 2, 3}?
Answer: No.
Answer: Yes.

b. Is 1  {1}? g. Is {1}  {1, 2}?

Given: 1  {1}
Given: {1}  {1, 2}
Required: Is 1  {1}?
Answer: No. Required: Is {1}  {1, 2}?

Answer: Yes.
c. Is {2} {1,2}?
Given: {2} {1,2}
Required: Is {2} {1,2}? h. Is 1  {{1}, 2}?
Answer: No.
Given: 1  {{1}, 2}
 Required: Is 1  {{1}, 2}? Answer: Yes.

Answer: No.
d. Is ( , (-2)3) = ( , -8)?

Given: ( , (-2)3) = ( , -8)

i. Is {1}  {1,{2}}?
Required: Is ( , (-2)3) = ( , -8)?
Given: {1}  {1,{2}} Answer: Yes.

Required: Is {1}  {1,{2}}?

11. Let A = {w, x, y, z} and B = {a,
Answer: Yes. b}.Use the set-roster notation to
j. Is {1}  {1}? write each of the following sets, and
indicate the number of elements that
Given: {1}  {1}
are in each set.
Required: Is {1}  {1}? a. AB
Given: A = {w, x, y, z} and B
Answer: Yes.
= {a, b}
Required: AB, Number of

10. a. Is ((-2)2 , -22) = ( -22 , (-2)2)? Elements

Given: ((-2)2 , -22) = ( -22 , (-2)2) Answer: { (w, a), (x, a), (y,

Required: Is ((-2)2 , -22) = ( -22 , (- a), (z, a), (w, b), (x, b), (y, b),

2)2)? (z, b)}

Answer: Yes.  There are

eight

b. Is (5, -5) = (-5, 5)? elements.

Given: (5, -5) = (-5, 5)

Required: Is (5, -5) = (-5, 5)? b. BA
Answer: No. Given: A = {w, x, y, z} and B
= {a, b}

c. Is (8-9 , √ ) = ( -1, -1)? Required: BA, Number of

Given: (8-9 , √ ) = ( -1, -1) Elements

Required: Is (8-9 , √ ) = ( -1, -1)?

 Answer: {(a, w), (a, x), (a, y), 12. Let S = {2, 4, 6} and T = {1, 3, 5}.
(a, z), (b, w), (b, x), (b, y), (b, Use the set-roster notation to write
z)} each of the following sets, and
 There are indicate the number of elements that
eight are in each set:
elements. a. ST
Given: S = {2, 4, 6} and T =
c. AA {1, 3, 5}
Given: A = {w, x, y, z} and B Required: ST
= {a, b} Answer: {(2, 1), (4, 1), (6, 1),
Required: AA, Number of (2, 3), (4, 3), (6, 3), (6, 1), (6,
Elements 3), (6, 5)}
Answer: {(w, w), (w, x), (w,  There are nine
y), (w, z), (x, w), (x, x), (x, elements.
y), (x, z), (y, w), (y, x), (y, y), b. TS
(y, z), (z, w), (z, x), (z, y), (z, Given: S = {2, 4, 6} and T =
z)} {1, 3, 5}
 There are Required: TS
sixteen Answer: {(1,2) , (3, 2), (5, 2),
elements. (1,4), (3, 4), (5, 4), (1, 6), (3,
6), (5, 6)
d. BB  There are nine
Given: A = {w, x, y, z} and B elements.
= {a, b}
Required: BB, Number of
Elements c. SS
Answer: {(a, a), (a, b), (b, a), Given: S = {2, 4, 6} and T =
(b, b)} {1, 3, 5}
 There are four Required: SS
elements.
 Answer: {(2, 2), (4, 2), (6, 2),
(2, 4), (4, 4), (6, 4), (2, 6), (4,
6), (6, 6)}
 There are nine
elements.

d. TT
Given: S = {2, 4, 6} and T =
{1, 3, 5}
Required: TT
Answer: {(1, 1), (3, 1), (5, 1),
(1, 3), (3, 3), (5, 3), (1, 5), (3,
5) (5, 5)}
 There are nine
elements.
 A B

2 6
3 8
4 10
EXERCISE: 2.3

1. Let A = {2, 3, 4} and B= {6, 8, 10} and

define a relation R from A to B as follows:
For all (x, y) A×B, 2. Let C = D = {-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3} and
define an S from C to D as follows:
(x, y) R means that is an integer.
For all (x, y) C × D.

a. Is 4R6? No. Is a fraction not an integer. (x, y) S means that - is an integer.

Is 4R8? Yes, =2, 2 is an integer.

a. Is 2S2? Yes - = 0, 0 is an integer.

Is (3, 8) R? No, is a fraction, not an

Is -1 S-1? Yes, - = 0, 0 is an
integer.
integer.

Is (2, 10) R? Yes, = 5, 5 is an integer Is (2, 2) S? Yes, it is an integer (result

when you input the values)
b. Write R as a set of ordered pairs.

Answer: R = {2, 6}, {2,8}, {2,10}, {3,6}, Is (2, -2) S? Yes, - = 1, it is an

{4,8} integer.

c. Write the domain and co-domain of R. b. Write S as a set of ordered pairs.

Answer: Domain = R = (2, 3, 4) Answer: S = {(C-3,-3), (-3, 3), (-2,-2),

Co-domain = R = (6, 8, 10) (-2, 2), (-1,-1), (-1, 1), (1, 1), (2,-1),

d. Draw an arrow diagram for R. (2, 2), (2,-2), (3, 3), (3,-3)}
 c. Write the domain and co-domain of S
Is (3, -2) T? No, = , is a
Answer: Domain = {-3,-2,-1}
fraction
Co-domain = {-3,-2,-1, 1, 2, 3}

d. Draw an arrow diagram for S.

b. Write T as a set of ordered pairs.
C D
Answer: T = {(1, -2), (2, -1), (2, -1), (3, 0)}

c. Write the domain and co-domain of T.

-3 -3
Answer: Domain = (1, 2, 3)
-2 -2
Co-domain = (-2, -1, 0)
-1 -1
d. Draw an arrow diagram for T.
1 1
E F
2 2
3 3
1 -2
2 -1
3. Let E = {1, 2, 3} and F = {-2, -1, 0} and 3 0
define a relation T from E as follows: For all
(x, y) E × F,

(x, y) T means that is an integer.

4. Let G={-2,0,2} and H={4,6,8} and define

a. Is 3T0? Yes, = 1, 1 is an integer. a relation V from G to H as follows : For all

(x,y) E A x B.

Is 1T (-1)? No, = , it is a fraction (x, y) E V means that (x-y)/4 is an integer

Is (2, -1) T? Yes, =1, 1 is an a. Is 2V6? No , Is (-2) V (-6)? Yes, Is (0,6) E

V? No, Is (2,4) E V? No
integer

b. write V as a set of ordered pairs.

Answer: V=(0,8),(-2,-6),(2,6) 7. Let A= {4.5.6} and B={5,6,7} and define
relation R,S and T from A to B as follows:
c. write the domain and co-domain of V.
For all (x.y) E A x B,
Answer: Domain: (0,-2,2)
(x, y) E R means that x ≥ y
Co-domain: (8,-6,6)
(x, y) E S means that (x-y)/2 is an
d. draw an arrow diagram for V.
integer
G H
T= {(4.7), (6,5), (6,7)}

0 a. draw arrow diagram for R,S and T.

8
-2 -6 b. indicate whether any of the relations R,S
and T are functions.
2 6
8. Let A= {2,4} and B={1,3,5} and define
relation U,V, and W from A to B as follows:
: For all (x.y) E A x B,
5. Define a relation S from R to R as
follows: For all (x,y) E R x R, (x, y) E U means that y-x>2,

(x, y) E S means that x ≥ y. (x, y) E V means that y-1=x/2.

a. Is (2,1) E S?, Is (2,2) E S?, Is 2S3?, Is (- W={(2,5),(4,1),(2,3)}.

1)S(-2)?
a. draw arrow diagrams for U,V,W.
b. draw the graph of S in the Cartesian
b. indicate whether any of the relations
plane.
U,V,W are functions.
6. Define a relation R from R to R as
9. a. find all relation from {0,1} to {1}.
follows: : For all (x,y) E R x R.
b. find all functions from {0,1} to {1}.
a. Is (2.4) E R?, Is (4.2) E R?, Is (-3)R9?, Is
c. what fractions of the relation from
9R(-3)?
{0,1} to {1} are functions?
b. draw the graph of R in the Cartesian
plane.
10. Find four relations from [a, b] to [x, y]
that are not functions from [a, b] to [x, y].

Answer: a R x, a R y, b R x, b R y

CHAPTER 2 TEST

 Fill in the blanks using a variable or

variables to rewrite the given
statement.
1. Is there a real number whose square
root is -1?
a. Is there a real number x such that,
= -1?
b. Does there exist any real number
x such that √ = -1?
2. Given any real number, there is a real
number that is lesser.
a. Given any real number r, there is
real number s such that s is
lesser.
b. For any r, s such that s < r.
 Fill in the blanks to rewrite the given
statement.
3. For all real numbers x, if x is an
integer the n x is a rational number.
a. If a real number is an integer, then
it is rational number.
b. For all integers x, then x is a
rational number
c. If x is an integer, then x is rational
number.
d. All integers x are real number.
4. All real numbers have squares that
are not equal to -1.
a. Every real number has squares.
b. For all real number r, there square
for r.
c. For all real numbers r, there is a
real number s such that r is a real
number of r.
5. There is a positive integer whose
square is equal to itself.
a. Some positive integer has the
property that its square is equal
to itself.
b. There is a real number r such that
the square of r is equal to itself.
c. There is a real number r with a
property that for every real
number s that its square is equal
to itself.
6.
a. Let A be the set containing all
prime numbers less than 30. List
down the elements of A.
Req’d: All prime numbers less
than 30
Sol’n:
A =
{1,2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29}
There are 11 prime numbers less
than 30.
b. Is {2,2} = {2, {2}}?
Both sets were not equal, the set
consisting of “2” and “2” and a
set consisting of “2” and “a set
consisting of 2” is not the same.
c. How many elements are in the
set {a, a, a, a, a}?
As in the book, all elements that
were the same represents as one
data therefore in the given set it
consist of 1 element.
7. Given that Z denotes the set of all
integers and N the set of all natural
numbers, describe each of the
following sets.
a. {x N | x ≤ 10 and x is divisible
by 3}
b. {x Z | x is prime and x is
divisible by 2}
c. {x ⊆ Z | x2 = 4}
8. Let B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, C = {4, 8, b. Is (√ , ) = (4, )? Explain.
10}, and D = {x І x is even}. Answer
Yes. By definition of equality of
the following questions. Give reasons
ordered pairs,
for your answers.
(√ , ) = (4, ) if, and only if,

√ = 4 and .

Because these equations are both

a. Is D ⊆ B? true, the ordered pairs are equal.

No, because not all even numbers c. Is (-22, 0) = (-√ , 0)? Explain.
are in the set B. Yes. By definition of equality of
b. Is C ⊆ D? ordered pairs,
Yes, because all numbers in the (-22, 0) = (-√ , 0) if, and only
given data set C is an even if,
number. -22=-√ and 0 = 0.
c. Is C ⊆ B? Because these equations are both
Yes, all numbers in the data set C true, the ordered pairs are equal.
is within the data set B. 10. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 1}.
d. Is B a proper subset of D? Use the set-roster notation to write
Yes, set B is a proper subset of each of the following sets, and
D, because all the numbers in the indicate the number of elements that
given set B is an even number. are in each set:
9. a. A B
a. Is ((-1)2, 12) = (12, (-1)2)? R = { (1,0) , (2,0) , (3,0) , (4,0) ,
Explain. (1,1) , (2,1) , (3,1) , (4,1) }
Yes. By definition of equality of A × B has eight elements.
ordered pairs, b. B A
((-1)2, 12) = (12, (-1)2) if, and R = { (0,1) , (0,2) , (0,3) , (0,4) ,
only if, (1,1) , (1,2) , (1,3) , (1,4) }
(-1)2 = 12 and 12 = (-1)2. B × A has eight elements.
Because these equations are both c. A A
true, the ordered pairs are equal.
 R = { (1,1) , (1,2) , (1,3) , (1,4) , Co-domain = {2, 4, 6, 8}
(2,1) , (2,2) , (2,3) , (2,4) , (3,1) , d. Draw an arrow diagram for R.
(3,2) , (3,3) , (3,4) , (4,1) , (4,2) ,
C f D
(4,3) , (4,4) }
A × A has sixteen elements.
d. B B 0 2
R = { (0,0) , (0,1) ,(1,0) ,(1,1) }
1 4
B × B has four elements.
2 6
11. Let C = {0, 1, 2} and D = {2, 4, 6, 8}
8
and define a relation R from A to B as
follows: For all (x, y) A B,

(x, y) R means that is an 12. Define a relation A from R to R as

follows: For all (x, y) R R, (x, y)
integer.
A means that x y
a. Is 1 R 2? Is 2 R 8? Is (1, 8) R? a. Is 57 A 53? Is (-17) A (-14)? Is
Is (2, 6) R? (14, 14) A? Is (-35, 1) A?
Yes, 1 R 2 because = 4,

which is an integer. b. Draw the graph of A in the

Yes, 2 R 8 because Cartesian plane.

13.
which is an integer.
a. Find all relations from {a, b, c}
Yes, (1, 8) R because
to {u, v}.
R = { (a,u) , (b,u) , (c,u) , (a,v) ,
Yes, (2, 6) R because = 4, (b,v) , (c,v) }
which is an integer.
b. Find all the functions from {a, b,
b. Write R as a set of ordered pairs. c} to {u, v}.
R = { (0,2) , (1,4) , (2,6) ,(0,8) } F = { (a,u) , (b,v) }
c. Write the domain and co-domain c. What fraction of the relations
of R. from {a, b, c} to {u, v} are
Domain = {0, 1, 2} functions?
 The fraction of the relations from From the given formulas F (x) = (x +
{a, b, c} to {u, v} are functions 4)2 and G(x) = (x2 + 3x + 1). F and G
were ⁄ is not equal to each other.

14. Let X = {a, b, c} and Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}. EXERCISE SET 3.2

Define a function F from X to Y by  In exercise 1 to 6, construct a

the arrow diagram below. difference table to predict the next

X f Y term of each sequence.

1. 1, 7, 17, 31, 49, 71, …

a 1

b 2
3
c
4
Thus, the next term is 97.
2. 10, 10, 12, 16, 22, 30, …

a. Write the domain and co- domain

of F.
X (domain) = {a, b, c}
Y (co-domain) = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
Thus, the next term is 40.
b. Find F(a), F(b), F(c).
3. -1, 4, 21, 56, 115, 204, …
F(a) = { (a,1) , (a,2) , (a,3) , (a,4)
}
c. Represent F as a set of ordered
pairs.
15. Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3) and define
functions F and G from A to A by the
Thus, the next term is 329.
following formulas: For all x A, F
4. 0, 10, 24, 56, 112, 190, …
2 2
(x) = (x + 4) and G(x) = (x + 3x +
1). Is F = G? Explain.
 8.
4 4
𝑎 𝑎
4

𝑎 𝑎
Thus, the next term is 280.
5. 9, 4, 3, 12, 37, 84, … The first five terms are:
𝑎
9. 4

𝑎
𝑎 4

𝑎 4 4 8
Thus, the next term is 159.
𝑎
6. 17, 15, 25, 53, 105, 187, …
The first five terms are:2, 14, 36, 68, 110.
10.

𝑎 1
𝑎 12
𝑎 45

Thus, the next term is 305. 𝑎 4 4 112

 In Exercise 7 to 10, use the given 𝑎 225

nth-term formula to compute the first
five terms of the sequence.
7.
4 4
𝑎 𝑎
The first five terms are 1, 12, 45, 112, 225.
 In exercise 11 to 14, determine the
nth-term formula for the number
square tiles in the nth figure.
11.
8

𝑎 𝑎

𝑎 The first five terms are

8
  Cannonballs can be stacked to form a
pyramid with a triangular base. Five
of
 these pyramids are shown below.
Use these figures in Exercise 15 and
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
16.

an = n2 + (n – 1)

12.

15.
a. Use a difference table to predict
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
the number of cannonballs in
an = 3n + 2
the sixth pyramid and in the
13.
seventh pyramid.

a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
an = 2n
Thus, the sixth and seventh
14. terms are 56 and 84,
respectively.
b. Write a few sentences that
describe the eighth pyramid in
the sequence.
 Since the 2nd differences
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 is increasing
a5 by 1 and
the last difference is 7,
an = n2 + 4n + 3
then it would be 8 plus
 the 1st difference. Last 12
Thus, there are 6 pieces in five
digit is 28 so the 8th 23 cuts and 7 pieces in six cuts.
pyramid in the sequence 34
would be 36 + 84. Thus, 56
it would be 120 and it is 67
larger than 7th down to b. Predict the nth-term formula for
1st sequence. the number of pieces of licorice
16. The sequence formed by the number that are produced by n cuts of a
of cannonballs in the above pyramids stick of licorice.
is called tetrahedral sequence is nth formula: an = n + 1
checking: a5 = 5 + 1 = 6
a6 = 6 + 1 = 7
18. Pieces vs. Cuts One straight cut
across a pizza produces 2 pieces.
Find Tetrahedral10.
Two cuts can produce a maximum of
4 pieces. Three cuts can produce a
maximum of 7 pieces. Four cuts can
produce a maximum of 11 pieces.

17. Pieces vs. Cuts One cut of a stick

of licorice produces two pieces. Two
cuts produce three pieces. Three cuts
produce four pieces.

a. Use a difference table to predict

the maximum number of pieces
that can be produced with seven
a. How many pieces are produced
cuts.
by five cuts and by six cuts.
Solution:
 Thus, 7 cuts is equal to 29
pieces.
b. How are the pizza-slicing
a. Use the nth-term formula to
numbers related to the triangular
determine the maximum number
numbers, which are defined by
of pieces that can be produced
by five straight cuts.
 by adding 1 to the given
formula of Triangle, we
will able to find the next
term in pizza-slicing.
b. What is the smallest number of
straight cuts that you can use if
19. Pieces vs Cuts One straight cut
you wish to produce at least 60
through a thick piece of cheese
pieces? Hint: Use the nth-term
produces two pieces. Two straight
formula and experiment with
cuts can produce a maximum of 4
larger and larger values of n.
pieces. Three straight cuts can
produce a maximum of 8 pieces. 4
You might be inclined to think that Thus, there are 7 cuts to produce
every additional cut doubles the at least 60 pieces.
previous number of pieces. However, 20. Fibonacci Properties The
for four straight cuts, you will find fibonacci sequence has many
that you get a maximum of 15 unusual properties. Experiment to
pieces. An nth-term formula for the decide which of the following
maximum number of pieces, Pn, that properties are valid. Note: Fn
can be produced by n straight cut is represents the nth Fibonacci number.
a. 3Fn – Fn-2 = Fn+2 for n ≥ 3
 3F3 – F3-2 = F3+2
3(2) – 1 = 5
 5 = 5
Thus, the third, fourth, and fifth
Therefore, the equation 3Fn –
terms of the sequence an = 2an-1 – an-2
Fn-2 = Fn+2 for n ≥ 3 is VALID.
for n ≥ 3 are 7, 9 and 11,
respectively.
b. FnFn+3 = Fn+1Fn+2
22. Find the third, fourth, and fifth terms
F3F3+3 = F3+1F3+2
of the sequence defined by a1 = 2, a2
2(8) = 3(5)
= 3, and an = (-1)n an-1 + an-2 for n ≥ 3.
16 ≠ 15
a3 = (-1)3 a3-1 + a3-2 a4 = (-1)4 a4-1 + a4-2
Therefore, the equation FnFn+3 = Fn+1Fn+2 is a3 = (-1) a2 + a1 a4 = (1) a3 + a2
NOT VALID. a3 = (-1)(3) + 2 a4 = (1)(-1) + 3
a3 = -3 + 2 a4 = -1 + 3
a3 = -1 a4 = 2
c. F3n is an even number.
F3(3)
a5 = (-1)5 a5-1 + a5-2
F9 = 44 ; Thus, the equation F3n a5 = (-1) a4 + a3
Thus, thea5 =third, fourth,
(-1)(2) and fifth
+ (-1)
is VALID.
terms ofa5the + (-1) an = (-1)n an-1 +
= -2sequence
d. 5Fn – 2Fn-2 = Fn+3 for n ≥ 3 a5 = -3
an-2 for n ≥ 3 are -1, 2 and -3,
5F3 – 2F3-2 = F3+3
respectively.
5(2) – 2(1) = 8
 8=8
23. Binet’s Formula The following
Therefore, the equation formula is known as Binet’s Formula
5Fn – 2Fn-2 = Fn+3 for n for the nth Fibonacci number.
≥ 3 is VALID.
√
21. Find the third, fourth, and fifth [( )
√
terms of the sequence defined by a1
√
= 3, a2 = 5, and an = 2an-1 – an-2 for n ( ) ]
≥ 3.

a3 = 2a3-1 – a3-2 a4 = 2a4-1 – a4-2 a5 = 2a5-1 – a5-2 The advantage of this formula over
a3 = 2a2 – a1 a4 = 2a3 – a2 a5 = 2a4 – a3 the recursive formula Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2
a3 = 2(5) – 3 a4 = 2(7) – 5 a5 = 2(9) – 7
a3 = 10 - 3 a4 = 14 -5 a5 = 18 -7
a3 = 7 a4 = 9 a5 = 11
 is that you can determine the nth √
{ ( ) }
Fibonacci number without finding √
the two preceding Fibonacci If you use n = 8 in the above
numbers. formula, a calculator will show
Use Binet’s Formula and a 21.00951949 for the value inside the
th th
calculator to find the 20 , 30 , and braces. Rounding this number to the
th
40 Fibonacci numbers. nearest integer produces 21 as the
√ √ eighth Fibonacci number.
𝐹 [( ) ( ) ]
√ Use the above form of the
𝐹 Binet’s formula and a calculator to
find the 16th, 21st, and 32nd Fibonacci
numbers.
√ √
𝐹 [( ) ( ) ] √
√ 𝑓 𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑡 { ( ) }
√
𝐹 8 4 𝑓 98 Therefore, the 16th,
21st, and 32nd
𝑓 98
√ √ Fibonacci numbers
𝐹 [( ) ( ) ] 𝑓 𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑡 { (
√
) } are 987, 10,946,
√ √
and 2,178,309,
𝐹 4 𝑓 94 99998 respectively.

th th th
Chapter 𝑓3 REVIEW
94
EXERCISES
Therefore, the 20 , 30 , and 40
Fibonacci numbers are 6,765, In Exercises 1 to 4, determine whether the
832,040, and 102,334,155, argument is an example of inductive
respectively. reasoning or deductive reasoning.

√
24. Binet’s Formula Simplified 𝑓 𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑡 { ( ) }
√ J. K. Rowling make
1. All books written by
Binet’s Formula can be simplified if
the best seller list. The book Harry Potter
you round your calculator results to 𝑓 8 9
and the Deathly Hallows is a J.K. Rowling
the nearest interger. In the following
book. Therefore, Harry Potter and the
formula, nith is abbreviation for “the
Deathly Hallows made the bestseller list.
nearest integer of.”
Given: Argument
Answer: Deductive reasoning. Because it
started with a general statement before
reaching a conclusion.
2. Samantha got an A on each of her first
four math tests, so she will get an A on the
next math test.
Given: Argument
Answer: Inductive reasoning. Because it
began with giving example before having a
conclusion
3. We had a rain each day for the last five
days, so it will rain today.
Given: Argument
Answer: Inductive reasoning. Because it
began with giving example before having a
conclusion
4. All amoeba multiply by dividing. I have
named the amoeba shown in my microscope
Amelia. Therefore, Amelia multiplies by
dividing.
Given: Argument
Answer:Deductive reasoning. Because the
conclusion is a specific case of general
statement.
5. Find a counterexample to show that the
following conjecture is false.
4
Conjecture: For all numbers x, x > x.
Given: Equation
Required: Counterexample
Answer: For x=1 we have 1^4=1. Since 1 is
not greater than 1 we have found a counter
example. Thus, "for all numbers x, x^4>x"
is a false statement.
6. Find a counterexample to show that the
following conjecture is false.
Conjecture: For all counting numbers n,
is an even counting number.
Given: Terms
Required: Counterexample
Answer: Consider n=4. 4 is a counting
number but after substituting it to all n and
evaluating the equation we obtained 15,
which is not an even counting number, we
have found a counterexample. Thus "for all
counting numbers n, n^3 + 5n + 6 / 6 is an
even counting number" is a false statement.
7. Find a counterexample to show that the
following conjecture is false.
Conjecture: For all numbers x, (x+4)2 = x2 +
16
Given: Equation
Required: Counterexample
Answer: Let x=5. Then (5+4)^2 = 5^2 + 16
is 81= 41. Since 81 and 41 is not equal, we
have found a counterexample. Thus "for all
numbers x, (x+4)^2 = x^2 + 16" is false.
8. . Find a counterexample to show that the
following conjecture is false.
Conjecture: For numbers a and b, (a+b)3 =
3 3
a +b
Given: Equation
Required: Counterexample
Answer: Let a=3 and b=4. Then (3+4)^3 =
3^3 + 4^3 is 343 = 91. Sine 343 and 91 is
not equal, we have found a counterexample.
Thus "for all numbers a and b, (a+b)^3 =
a^3 + b^3" is false.
9. Use the difference table to predict the
next term of each sequence.
a. -2, 2, 12, 28,50, 78, ?
b. -4, -1, 14, 47, 104, 191, 314,?
Given : Sequence
Required: Difference table to find the next
term.
Answer:
a. -2, 2, 12, 28, 50, 78, (112)
4, 10, 16, 22, 28, (34)
6, 6, 6, 6, 6
b. -4 -1, 14, 47, 104, 191, 314, (479)
3, 15, 33, 57, 87, 123, (165)
12, 18, 24, 30, 36, (42)
6, 6, 6, 6, 6
10. Use the difference table to predict the
next term of each sequence.
a. 5, 6, 3, -4, -15, -30, -49,?
b. 2,0, -18, -64, -150, -288, -490.?
Given : Sequence
Required: Difference table to find the next
term.
Answer:
a. 5, 6, 3, -4, -15, -30, -49, (-72)
1, -3, -7, -11, -15, -19, (-23)
-4, -4, -4, -4, -4, -4
b. 2, 0, -18, -64, -150, -288, -490, (-768)
-2, -18, -46, -86, -138, -202, (-278)
-16, -28, -40, -52, -64, (-76)
-12, -12, -12, -12, -12
11. A sequence has an nth-term formula of
an= 4n2 – n – 2
Use the nth term formula to determine the
first five terms of the sequence and the 20th
term of the sequence.
Given: nth term Formula
Required : First Five terms, and the 20th
term of the sequence.
Answer:
a5 = 4(5)^2-5-2 = 1578

= 4(25)-5-2 12. The first six terms of the Fibonacci

sequence are: 1,1,2,3,5, and 8.
= 100-7
Determine the 11th and 12th terms of the
=93 Fibonacci sequence.

a4 = 4(4)^2-4-2 Given : Fibonacci sequence

= 4(16)-4-2 Required 11th and 12th terms

= 64-6 Answer: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,

= 58 55, 89, 144

a3 = 4(3)^2-3-2 11th term = 89

= 4(9)-3-2 12th term = 144

= 36-5 In Exercises 13 to 16, determine the nth-tem

formula for the number of square tile in the
= 31
nth figure.
a2 = 4(2)^2-2-2

= 4(4)-2-2

= 16-4

= 12

a1 = 4(1)^2-1-2

= 4(1)-1-2 13.

= 4-3

=1

a20 = 4(20)^2-20-2

= 4(400)-20-2

= 1600-22
Given : Square Tiles Figure
Required: nth-term formula
Answer: 3n

Given : Square Tiles Figure

Required: nth-term formula
Answer: n2+3n+2

14.

16.

Given : Square Tiles Figure

Required: nth-term formula
Answer: n2 +3n+4
Given : Square Tiles Figure
Required: nth-term formula
Answer: 5n-1

Polya's Problem-Solving Strategy In

15.
Exercise 17 to 22, Solve each problem using
Polya's four-step problem-solving strategy.
Label your work so that each of Polya's four
steps is identified.
17. Enclose a Region A rancher decides to
enclose a rectangular region by using an
existing fence along one side of the region
and 2240 feet of new fence on the other
three sides. The rancher wants the length f
the rectangular region to be give times as
long as its width. What will be the
dimensions of the rectangular region?
Step 1: Understand the Problem
Making a fence using 2240 feet of new
fence
Step 2: Devise a Plan
Since one side is formed from the side of the
barn, this means that we can take out one
length (or width, it doesn't matter) to get
P=2W+L
Step 3: Carry out the Plan
P=2(2240)/3 + 1(2240)/3
W= 1493.33
L= 746.66
Step 4: Review the Solution
It’s evenly distributed and maximized.
18. True-False Test In how many ways
can you answer a 15-question test if you
answer each question with either a "true," a
"false," or an "always false"?
Step 1: Understand the Problem
Probability
Step 2: Devise a Plan
Finding the probability of the different ways
of answering the test
Step 3: Carry out the Plan
15!/3!(15-3) + 1
=182 ways
Step 4: Review the Solution
Added 1 for the always false answer. The
solution showed all the possible answers.
19. Number of Skyboxes The skyboxes at
a large sports arena are equally spaced
around a circle. The 11th skybox is directly
opposite the 35th skybox. How many
skyboxes are in the sports arena?
Step 1: Understand the Problem
How many skyboxes are in the sports arena?
Step 2: Devise a Plan
Getting the measurement of the circle and
deriving the number of boxes in the middle
to find out the total number of skyboxes.
Step 3: Carry out the Plan
The difference betwen the 15th and 39th sky
box is 39-15 = 24 boxes which make up 180
degrees. there are 360 degrees in a circle so Step 4: Review the Solution
there are 2 * 24 = 48 boxes in all.
It will be perfect, no one will eat anyone or
Step 4: Review the Solution anything.

The solution was able to carry out the total 21. Earning from Investments An
number of skyboxes. investor bought 20 shares of stock for a total
cost of $1200 and then sold all the shares for
20. A Famous Puzzle A rancher needs to
$1400. A few months later, the investor
get a dog a rabbit and a basket of carrots
bought 25 shares of the same stock for a
across a river. The rancher has a small boat
total cost of $1800 and then sold all the
that will only stay afloat carrying the
shares for $1900. How much money did the
rancher and one of the critters or the rancher
investor earn on these investments?
and the carrots. The rancher cannot leave the
dog alone with the rabbit because the dog Step 1: Understand the Problem
will eat the rabbit. The rancher cannot leave
Knowing the amount of money earned from
the rabbit alone with the carrots because the
all the investments.
rabbit will eat the carrots. How can the
rancher get across the river with the critters Step 2: Devise a Plan

and the carrots? Add all the raised money then subtract to his

Step 1: Understand the Problem beginning funds.

Transferring everything and everyone Step 3: Carry out the Plan

without losing anything ($1400-$1200)+($1900-$1800)

Step 2: Devise a Plan =$300

Nobody and nothing must be eaten Step 4: Review the Solution

Step 3: Carry out the Plan The solution was able to give the proper

bring the rabbit across. go back and fetch the answer.

carrots. transfer carrots across and bring the 22. Number of Handshakes If 15 people
rabbit back. bring the dog, leaving the rabbit greet each other at a meeting by shaking
behind, and transfer him across. go back and hands without one another, how many
fetch the rabbit handshakes will take place?
Step 1: Understand the Problem
Finding the total number of handshakes
Step 2: Devise a Plan
st
The 1 person will carry out 15 handshakes.
The next people will receive 1 less the other.
Step 3: Carry out the Plan
15+14+13+12+11+10+…+2+1
=120
Step 4: Review the Solution
The solution will give out the total number
of handshakes that was taken place.
23. Strategies List five strategies that are
included in Polya's second step (devise a
plan).
Given: Polya’s second step.
Required:Five strategies that are included in
Polya’s second step.
Answer:
Make a list of the known information.
Make a list of information that is needed.
draw a Diagram
Work Backwards.
Look for a pattern.
24. Strategies List three strategies that are
included in Polya's fourth step (review the
solution).
Given: Polya’s Fourth step.
Required: Three strategies that are included
in Polya’s fourth step.
Answer: Ensure that solution is consistent
with the fact of the problem.
Interpret the solution in the context of the
problem.
Ask yourself whether there are
generalizations of the solution that could
apply to other problems.
25. Match Students with Their Major
Michael, Clarissa, Reggie and Ellen are
attending Florida State University (FSU).
One student is a computer science major,
one is a chemistry major, one is a business
major, and one is a biology major. From the
following clues, determine which major
each student is pursuing.
a. Michael and the computer science major
are next door neighbors.
b. Clarissa and the chemistry major have
attended FSU for 2 years. Reggie has
attended FSU for 3 years and the biology
major has attended FSU for 4 years.
c. Ellen has attended FSU for fewer years Dodgers, the Pirates, the Tigers and the
than Michael. Giants. The business that sponsor the teams
are the bank, the supermarket, the service
d. The business major has attended FSU for
station, and the drugstore. From the
2 years.
following clues, determine which business
Given: Data sponsor each team.

Required : Solution of Logic Puzzles a. The Tigers and the team sponsored by the

Answer : service station have winning records this

season.

b. The Pirates and the team sponsored by the

Computer Science Chem
bank are coached by parents of the players,
major Business major Biology major whereas the Giants and the team sponsored
by the drugstore are coached by the director
Michael X X X /
of the community center.
Reggie / X X X
c. Jake is the pitcher for the team sponsored
Ellen X / X X
by the supermarket and coached by his
Clarissa X X / X father.

d. The game between the Tigers and the

Michael is the Biology Major Student.
Reggie is the Computer Science Student.
team sponsored by the drugstore was rained
out yesterday.
Given: Data
Required : Solution of Logic Puzzles

Ellen is the Chemistry Major Student. Answer :

Clarrisa is the Business major Student. Dodgers is sponsored by the Drug store,
Pirates is sponsored by the Supermarket,
26. Little League Baseball Each of the
Tigers is sponsored by the bank, and Giants
Little League teams in a small rural
is sponsored by the Service station.
community is sponsored by by a different
local business. The names of the teams are
27. Map Coloring The following map
shows six countries in the Indian
subcontinent. Four colors have been used to
color the countries such that no two
bordering countries are the same color.
a. Can this map be colored using only three
colors, such that no two bordering countries
are the same color? Explain.
Yes, there are no four regions that touches
each other
b. Can this map be colored using only two
colors, such that no two bordering countries
are the same color? Explain.
No, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and India
touches each other, two colors would not be
possible.
28. Find a Route The following map
shows the 10 bridges and 3 islands between
the suburbs of North Bay and South Bay.
a. During your morning workout, you decide
to jog over each bridge exactly once. Draw a
route that you can take. Assume that you
start from North Bay and that your workout
concludes after you jog ever the 10th bridge.
b. Assume you start your jog from South
Bay. Can you find a route that crosses each
bridge exactly once?
Hell, no
29. Areas of Rectangles Two
perpendicular line segments partition the
interior of a rectangle into four smaller
rectangles. The areas of these smaller
rectangles are x, 2, 5, and 10 square inches.
Find all possible values of x.
x=1
30. Use a Pattern to Make Predictions
Consider the following figures.
Figure a1 consists of two line segments, and A
figure a2 consists of four line segments. If
+BB
the pattern of adding smaller line segment to
ADD
each end of the shortest line segments
continues, how many line segments will be Let’s assume that A=1 and B=9

in

+ 99

Given : Figures 100

Required: Find a10 and a30

a. Therefore, A= 1, B= 9, D= 0

an= 2n 32. Make Change In how many different

a10= 210 ways can change be made for a dollar using

only quarters and/ or nickels?
=1024 line segments
Answer: 29 ways
b.
33. Counting Problem In how many
a30= 230
different orders can a basketball team win
= 1073741824 line segments. exactly three out of their last five games?

a. figure a10? b. figure a30? Answer: 10 ways

31. A Cryptarithm In the following Units Digit In Exercises 34 and 35,

addition problem, each letter represents one determine the units digit (ones digit) of the
of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. The exponential expression.
leading digits represented by A and B are
34. 756
nonzero digits. What digit is represented by
each letter? Answer: 48 unit digits

35. 2385
Answer: 122 unit digits
41. Palindromic Numbers Recall the
palindromic numbers read the same from
left to right as they read from right to left.
For instance, 37,573 is a palindromic
number. Find the smallest palindromic
number larger than 1000 that is a multiple of
5.
~5,995
42. Narcissistic Numbers A narcissistic
number is a two-digit natural number that is
equal to the sum of the squares of its digits.
Find all narcissistic numbers.
~28, 29, 35, 43, 55, 62, 83
43. Number of Intersections Two different
lines can intersect in at most one point.
Three different lines can intersect in at most
three points, and four different lines can
intersect in at most six points.
a. Determine the maximum number of
intersections for five different lines.
~10
b. Does it appear, by inductive reasoning,
that the maximum number of intersection
points In = n(n-1)/2 ?
~NO
44. Number of Intersection
Two different size circles can intersect in at
most 2 points.
Three different size circles can intersect in at
most 6 points.
Four different size circles can intersect in at
most 12 points.
Five different size circles can intersect in at
most 20 points.
Use a difference table to predict the
maximum number of points in which six
different size circles can intersect.
~30
45. A Numerical Pattern A student has
noticed the following pattern.
91=9 has 1 digits.
92=81 has 2 digits.
93=729 has 3 digits.
a. Find the smallest natural number n such
that the number of digits in the decimal
expansion of 9n is not equal to n.
~n = 374
b. A professor indicates that you can receive
five extra-credit points if you write all of the
digits in the decimal expansion of 9(9^9). Is
this a worthwhile project? Explain
~NO, there will be at least 387,420,489
digits if it is expanded and it won’t be worth
just 5 extra-credit points.
 Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning.
In exercises 1 and 2, determine
whether the argument is an example
of inductive or deductive reasoning.
1. Two computer programs, a
bubble sort and a shell sort,
are used to sort data. In each
of 50 experiments, the shell
sort program took less time to
sort the data than the bubble
sort program. Thus the shell
sort program is the faster of
the two sorting programs.

Answer: Inductive Reasoning

2. If a figure is a rectangle, then

it is a parallelogram. Figure
A is a rectangle. Therefore,
Figure A is a parallelogram.

Answer: Deductive Reasoning

3. Use a difference table to

predict the next term in the
sequence -1, 0, 9, 32, 75, 144,
245, … .

-1 0 9 32 75 144 245 293

-1 9 23 43 69 10 48

8 14 20 26 32 38

6 6 6 6 6
CHAPTER 3 TEST
Answer: 293
 4. List the first 10 terms of the
Fibonacci sequence.

Answer: Fib(1) = 1

Fib(2)= 1

Fib(3)= 2

Fib(4)= 3

Fib(5)= 5

Fib(6)= 8

Fib (7)= 13

Fib(8)= 21

Fib(9)= 34

Fib(10)= 55

5. In each of the following,

determine the nth-term
formula for the number of
square tiles in the nth figure. Answer: An = 4n

8
 4

4 4 4

13

Answer:
6. A sequence has an nth-term formula
of

Use the nth-term formula to

determine the first 5 terms and the
105th term in the sequence.
Answer:

( ) ( )

( )

7. Terms of a Sequence. In a sequence:

A1 = 3, A2 = 7, and An = 2an-1 + an-2 for n ≥ 3

( ) Find a3, a4, and a5.

Answer:

GIVEN:

( )

4 4

8
4 4
( )

( )
 8. Number of Diagonals. A diagonal
9. State the four steps of Polya’s four-
of a polygon is a line segment that
step problem-solving strategy.
connects nonadjacent vertices
Answer:
(corners) of the polygon. In the
 Understand the Problem
following polygons, the diagonals
 Devise a Plan
are shown by the blue line segments.
 Carry out a plan
Use a difference table to predict the  Review the solution
number of diagonals in

a. a heptagon (a 7-sided 10. Make Change. How many different

polygon) ways can change be made for a

dollar using only half-dollars,
quarters, and/or dimes?

11. Counting Problem. In how many

different ways can a basketball team
win exactly four out of their last six
games?

Answer: There are 15 ways for a

basketball team to win exactly of their
lasr 6 games.
Answer: 15
WWWLL, WLWWLW, WWLWLW,
b. an octagon (an 8-sided polygon) WWWLWL, LWWWLW, LLWWW,
WLWWWL, WWLWWL, LWLWWW,
LWWWWL, LWLWW, WWLLWW,
WWWLLW, LWWLWW, LLWWWW

Answer: 20
 12. Units Digit. What is the units digit
(ones digit) of 34,513?
Answer: Every 4 terms, the ones digit are
the same. Therefore is equal to 1128
with a remainder of 1. Since the
remainder is 1, the ones digit of is 3.
Sol’n:
9
13. Vacation Money. Shelly has saved
some money for a vacation. Shelly
spends half of her vacation money on
an airline ticket; she then spends $50
for sunglasses, $22 for a taxi, and
one-third of her vacation money for a
room with a view. After her sister
repays her a loan of $150, shelly
finds that she has $326. How much
vacation money did shelly have at
the start of her vacation?
14. Number of Different Routes. How
many different direct routes are there
from point A to point B in the
following figure?
Answer: There are 56 different direct routes
from point A to point B.
15.
Nu
mb
er of League Games. In a league of nine
football teams, each team plays every other
team in the league exactly once. How many
league games will take place?
Answer: The 9 teams will have to play 72
league games.
LET G the number of games
G= 8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1
=36(2)
=72
15. Ages of Children. The four children
in the Rivera family are Reynaldo,
 Ramiro, Shakira, and Sasha. The found a counterexample. Thus =
ages of the two teenagers are 13 and
, for all number x is false statement.
15. The ages of the younger children
are 5 and 7. From the following
clues, determine the age of each of 17. Counterexample. Find a counter
the children. example to show that the following
conjecture is false.
a. Reynaldo is older than Ramiro. Conjecture: For all real numbers x, x
b. Sasha is younger than Shakira. ≤ x2 .
c. Sasha is 2 years older than Answer:
Ramiro.
Let
d. Shakira is older than Reynaldo.
 Answer: Shakira is the eldest at 15
does not apply since is greater
years old, Reynaldo is 13 yrs. Old,
than so we have found a counterexample.
Sasha is 7 years old and Ramiro is
the youngest at 5 years Old. Thus, for all number x is a false
statement.

18. Find a Sum. Find the following sum

16. Counterexample. Find a counter without using a calculator.
example to show that the following
1 + 2 +3 + 4 + … +497 + 498 + 499
conjecture is false.
+ 500
Conjecture: For all numbers x,
Answer: The sum of the first 500 terms is
125,250.

Answer: Let x=4 Sol’n:

≠ 4 since a fraction with a

denominator of 0 is undefined, so we have

 = 125,250 Answer: 2009 – 2010

2009-2010 : 796-740 = 56
19. Motor Vehicles Thefts. The
following graph shows the number 2010-2011 : 740-717 = 23
of U.S. motor vehicle thefts for each
2011-2012 : 717-723 = -6
y
e 2012-2013 : 723-700 = 23

a
r

f
r
om 2009 to 2014.

a. Which one of the given years had

the greatest number of U.S.
motor vehicle thefts?

Answer: The greatest number of U.S

motor vehicle thefts was recorded in the
year 2009 with 796,000.
EXERCISE SET 4.1
b. How many more U.S. motor
vehicle thefts occurred in 2011 than  In exercises 1 to 10, find the mean,
in 2013? median, and mode(s), if any, for the
given data. Round non-integer
Answer: The thefts in 2011 is 717,000 and
means to the nearest tenth.
the thefts in 2013 is 700,000. By
1. 2, 7, 5, 7, 14
subtracting it, there are 17,000 more
Given: 2, 5, 7, 7, 14; n = 5
thefts in 2011 than in 2013.
Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode
c. During which two consecutive
Formula: Mean=
years did the largest decline in motor
Sol’n:
vehicle thefts occur?
 Median = 7
Mode = 7
2. 8, 3, 3, 17, 9, 22, 19
Median = 9
Given: 3, 3, 8, 9, 17, 19, 22; n = 7
Mode = 74
Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode
5. 2.1, 4.6, 8.2, 3.4, 5.6, 8.0, 9.4, 12.2,
Formula: Mean =
56.1, 78.2
Sol’n:
Given: 2.1, 3.4, 4.6, 5.6 8.0, 8.2, 9.4,
12.2, 56.1, 78.2; n=10
Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode
Median = 9 Formula: Mean =
Mode = 3
Sol’n:
3. 11, 8, 2, 5, 17, 39, 52, 42
Given: 2, 5, 8, 11, 17, 39, 42, 52; n =
8 8 8
Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode 88

Formula: Mean=
Median = 8
Sol’n:
6. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5
Given: 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5;
n = 12
Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode
Median = 4
Formula: Mean =
Mode = None
4. 101, 88, 74, 60, 12, 94, 74, 85 Sol’n:

Given: 12, 60, 74, 74, 85, 88, 94,

101; n=8 Median = 5

Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode Mode = 5

7. 255, 178, 192, 145, 202, 188, 178,
Formula: Mean =
201
Sol’n:
Given: 145, 178, 178, 188, 192, 201,
202, 255; n=8
 Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode Mode = -5

Formula: Mean = 10. -8.5, -2.2, 4.1, 4.1, 6.4, 8.3, 9.7
Given: -8.5, -2.2, 4.1, 4.1, 6.4, 8.3, 9.
Sol’n:
7; n =7
Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode
9 4 Formula: Mean=
Median = 9 Sol’n:
Mode = 178
8. 118, 105, 110, 118, 134, 155, 166,
166, 118
Given: 105, 110, 118, 118, 118, 134, Median = 4.1

155, 166, 166; n=9 Mode = 4.1

Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode 11.

a. If exactly one number in a set of
Formula: Mean =
a data is changed, will this
Sol’n:
necessarily change the mean of
the set? Explain.
9 Answer: Yes, because the mean
9 is based on the data itself and
Median = 118 once you change one of number
Mode = 118 in a set of the data, the mean will
9. -12, -8, -5, -5, -3, 0, 4, 9, 21 change.
Given: -12, -8, -5, -5, -3, 0, 4, 9, 21; b. If exactly one number in a set of
n=9 data is changed, will this
Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode necessarily change the median of
Formula: Mean = the set? Explain.
Sol’n: Answer: It depends on the
number in a set of data you wish
to change. If its the middle one
you change then the median will

Median = -3 also to change since the median

 is based from the middle number
in a set of data. But when you
change the other number, the
median will not change.
12. If a set of data has a mode, then must
the mode be one of the numbers in
35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 41, 42, 45, 45, 46,
49, 49, 55, 61, 61, 66, 74, 80; n = 36
Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode
Formula: Mean =
Sol’n:

the set? Explain.

Answer: Yes, because the mode
depends on how frequent a number
in a set of data occur, which means it
is one of the numbers in the set. 4 9
4
13. Academy Awards The following
table displays the ages of the female Median = 35
actors when they starred in their
14. Academy Awards The following
Oscar-winning Best Actor
table displays the ages of male actors
performances.
when they starred in their Oscar-
Ages of Best Female Actor Award
winning Best Actor performances.
Recipients,
Ages of Best Male Actor Award
Academy Awards, 1980-2015
Recipients, Academy Awards,
41 33 31 74 33 49 38 61 21 41 26 80
1980-2015
42 29 33 36 45 49 39 34 26 25 33 35 40 42 37 76 39 53 45 36 62 43 51 32

35 28 30 29 61 32 33 45 66 25 46 55 42 54 52 37 38 32 45 60 46 40 36 47
29 43 37 38 45 50 48 60 43 58 46 33
Find the mean and the median for the
data in the table. Round to the
Find the mean and the median for the
nearest tenth.
data in the table. Round to the
nearest tenth.

Given: 21, 25, 25, 26, 26, 28, 29, 29, Given: 29, 32, 32, 33, 36, 36, 37, 37,
30, 31, 32, 33, 33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 38, 39, 40, 40, 42, 42, 43, 43,
 43, 45, 45, 45, 46, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, Dentists, 17.5;
52, 53, 54, 58, 60, 60, 62, 76; n=36 median age, 53

Req’d: Mean, Median, Mode Mean number of

Formula: Mean = patients, 1148.7

Sol’n: Answer: Cloverdale

b. Explain how you made your

decision.

Answer: Based on the data given, I

will pick Cloverdale because it has a
9
44 9 lower no. of dentist, higher no. of
patients in a shorter no. of population
Median = 35
and at the same time lower price of a
15. Dental Schools Dental schools home compared to Barnbridge.
provide urban statistics to their
students.
a. Use the following data to decide
which of the two cities you 16. Expense Reports A salesperson

would pick to set up your records the following daily

practice in. expenditures during a 10-day trip.

Cloverdale: Population, 18,250 $185.34 $234.55 $211.86 $147.65

Median price of a $205.60

home, $167,000 $216.74 $1345.75 $ 184.16 $ 320.45

Dentists, 12; median $88.12

age, 49 In your opinion, does the mean or the

Mean number of median of the expenditures best

patients, 1294.5 represent the salesperson’s average

daily expenditure? Explain your
Barnbridge: Population, 27,840
reasoning.
Median price of a Answer: Based on the daily
home, $204,000 expenditures during a 10-day trip,
 the median of the expenditures was English A 3
the best represent of salesperson’s Anthropology A 3
average daily expenditure because Chemistry B 4
the data were close to one another. French C+ 3
Only one day of the trip was spend a Theatre B- 2
lot higher than the other. Therefore,
median was the best average daily Sol’n:
expenditure.
Weighted Mean =
Grade Point Average In some 4.0
grading systems, a student’s grade 4 4 4
point average (GPA) is calculated by
assigning letter grades the following
48
numerical values.

A = 4.00 B- = 2.67 D+ =
1.33 Weighted Mean = 3.22

A-= 3.67 C+= 2.33 D =

18. Rhonda’s Grades, Spring Semester
1.00
Course Course Course
B+= 3.33 C = 2.00 D- = grade units
0.67 English C 3
History D+ 3
B = 3.00 C- = 1.67 F =
Computer B+ 2
0.00
science
 In Exercises 17 to 20, use the above
Calculus B- 3
grading system to find each
Photography A- 1
student’s GPA. Round to the nearest
hundredth.
Sol’n:
17. Jerry’s Grades, Fall Semester
Weighted Mean =
Course Course Course
grade units
 4
8
Weighted Mean = 2.36
19. Tessa’s cumulative GPA for 3
semesters was 3.24 for 46 course
units. Her fourth semester GPA was
3.86 for 12 course units. What is
Tessa’s cumulative GPA for all 4
semesters?
Given: n1 = 46; GPA1 = 3.24
n2 = 12; GPA2 = 3.86
Required: GPA for all 4 semesters
Solution:
GPA1=
20. Richard’s cumulative GPA for 3
semesters was 2.0 for 42 credits. His
fourth semester GPA was 4.0 for 14
course units. What is Richard’s
cumulative GPA for all 4 semesters?
Given: n1 = 42; GPA1 = 2
n2 = 14; GPA2 = 4
Required: GPA for all 4 semesters
Solution:
GPA1=
21. Calculate a Course Grade A
professor grades students on 5 tests,
a project, and a final examination.
Each test counts as 10% of the
course grade. The project counts as
20% of the course grade. The final
examination counts as 30% of the
course grade. Samantha has test
scores of 70, 65, 82, 94, and 85.
Samantha’s project score is 92. Her
final examination score is 90. Use
the weighted mean formula to find
Samantha’s average for the course.
Hint: The sum of all the weights is
100% = 1.
Given:
Test Scores= 70, 65, 82, 94 for 10%
Project= 92 for 20%; Final= 80 for
30%
Required: Samantha’s average
Formula: Weighted Mean(WM)=
Solution:
WM=
= 8 8
22. Calculate a Course Grade A
professor grades students on 4 tests,
a term paper, and a final
examination. Each test counts as n times at bat, then the player’s
15% of the course grade. The term slugging average is .
paper counts as 20% of the course
grade. The final examination counts  In Exercises 23 to 26, find the

as 20% of the course grade. Alan has player’s slugging average for the

test scores of 80, 78, 92, and 84. season or seasons described.

Alan received 84 on his term paper. Slugging averages are give not the

His final examination score was 88. nearest thousandth.

Use the weighted mean formula to 23. Babe Ruth, in his first season with

find Alan’s average for the course. the New York Yankees (1920), was

Hint: The sum of all the weights is at bat 458 times and achieved 73

100% = 1. singles, 36 doubles, 9 triples, and 54

Given: home runs. In this season, Babe Ruth

Test Scores= 80, 78, 92, 84 for 15% achieved his highest slugging

Project= 84 for 20%; Final= 88 for average, which stood as a major

20% league record until 2001.

Required: Samantha’s average Given: n=458; s=73; d=36; t=9;

Formula: Weighted Mean(WM)= h=54

Required: Player’s slugging average

Formula: WM=
Solution:
Solution: WM=
WM=
88
84 84
= 84 84 4 8

Baseball In baseball, a batter’s

24. Babe Ruth, over his 22-year career,
slugging average, which measures
was at bat 8399 times and hit 1517
the batter’s power as a hitter, is a
singles, 506 doubles, 136 triples, and
type of weighted mean. If s, d, t, and
714 home runs.
h represent the numbers of singles,
Given: n=8399; s=1512; d=506;
doubles, triples, and home runs,
t=136; h=714
respectively, that a player achieves in
Required: Player’s slugging average
 Formula: WM= 4 4

Solution: WM=  In Exercises 27 to 30, find the mean,

the median, and all the modes for
the data in the given frequency
89 89
distribution.
27. Points Scored by Lynn
25. Albert Pujols, in his 2006 season
Points scored in
with the St. Louis Cardinals, was at
a basketball Frequency
bat 535 times and achieved 94
game
singles, 33 doubles, 1 triple, and 49
2 6
home runs.
4 5
Given: n=535; s=94; d=33; t=1;
5 6
h=49
9 3
Required: Player’s slugging average
10 1
Formula: WM=
14 2
19 1
Solution: WM=
Given: as in the table
Required: Mean, Median, Mode
Solution:
26. Albert Pujols, during 10 years with
Mean=
St. Louis Cardinals (2001-2010), was
at bat 5733 times and hit 1051
singles, 426 doubles, 15 triples, and
Mean= 6.08
408 home runs.
Median= 5
Given: n=5733; s=1051; d=426;
Mode= 2, 5
t=15; h=408
28. Mystic Pizza Company
Required: Player’s slugging average
Hourly pay rates
Formula: WM=
for employees Frequency
$8.00 14
Solution: WM=
 $11.50 9 Mean= 7.23
$14.00 8 Median= 7
$16.00 5 Mode= 7
$19.00 2
$22.50 1 30. Ages of Science Fair Contestants
$35.00 1 Age Frequency
Given: as in the table 7 3
Required: Mean, Median, Mode 8 4
Solution: 9 6

Mean= 10 15
11 11
12 7

Mean= $12.58 13 1

Median= $11.50 Given: as in the table

Mode= $8.00 Required: Mean, Median, Mode

29. Quiz Scores Solution:

Scores on a Mean=
biology quiz Frequency
2 1
4 2 Mean= 10.11
6 7 Median= 10
7 12 Mode= 10
8 10 Meteorology In Exercises 31 to 34, use the
9 4 following information about another
10 3 measure of central tendency for a set of data,
Given: as in the table called the midrange. The midrange is
Required: Mean, Median, Mode defined as the value that is halfway between
Solution: the minimum data value and the maximum

Mean= data value. That is,

 Midrange = 32. Find the midrange of the following
daily temperatures, which were
recorded at three-hour intervals.
The midrange is often stated as the average -
of a set of data in situations in which there 6 4 4 8
are a large amount of data and the data are
Given:
constantly changing. Many weather reports
6 4 4 8
state the average daily temperature of a city
Required: Midrange
as the midrange of the temperatures
Solution:
achieved during that day. For instance, if the
Midrange =
minimum daily temperature of a city was
60 and the maximum daily temperature was
90 , then the midrange of the temperature is = = 10

= 75 33. During a 24-hour period on January

23-24, 1916, the temperature in
31. Find the midrange of the following Browning, Montana, decreased from
daily temperatures, which were a high of 44 F to a low if -56 F. Find
recorded at 3-hour intervals. the midrange of the temperatures
during this 24-hour period.
52 Given: 44 F and -56 F
4 8 4 Required: Midrange
Given: Solution:
52 4 8 4 Midrange =

Required: Midrange
= = -6 F
Solution:

Midrange =
34. During a 2-minute period on January
22, 1943, the temperature in
Spearfish, South Dakota, increased
= = 64
from a low of -4 F to a high of 45 F.
Find the midrange of the
 temperatures during this 2-minute Average = 90
period. No. of test = 4
Given: -4 F and 45 F Required: Possibility to raise
Required: Midrange average to 90
Solution: Solution: = 90
Midrange =
4(82) + x = 90(5)
x = 450 - 328
= = 20.5 F x = 122
Answer: It is impossible because she
has to get at least 122 points and the
35. Test Scores After 6 biology tests,
points left are only 100.
Ruben has a mean score of 78. What
37. Baseball For the first half of a
score does Ruben need on the next
baseball season, a player had 92 hits
test to raise his average (mean) to
out of 274 times at bat. The player’s
80?
Given: x = 78 batting average was .

Average = 80 During the second half of the season,

No. of test = 6 the player had 60 hits out of 282
Required: Score needed times at bat. The player’s batting

Solution: = 80 average was .

6(78) + x = 80(7) a. What is the average (mean)

x = 560 – 458 of 0.336 and 0.213?
x = 92 Given: x1 = 0.336
36. Test Scores After 4 algebra tests, x2 = 0.213
Alisa has a mean score of 82. One Required: Average x
more 100-point test is to be given in Solution: x = =
this class. All of test scores are of 0.275
equal importance. Is it possible for b. What is the player’s batting
Alisa to raise her average (mean) to average for the complete
90? Explain. season?
Given: x = 82 Given: x1 = 92/274
 x2 = 60/282
Required: Batting average
Solution: x = = 0.273

c. Does the answer in part a

equal the average in part b?
Answer: No.
38. Commuting Times Mark averaged
60 mph during that 30-mile trip to
college. Because of heavy traffic he
was able to average only 40 mph
during the return trip. What was
Mark’s average speed for the round
trip?
Given: x1 = 60 mph
x2 = 40 mph
Required: Average speed
Solution: x =

x= = 48
 EXERCISE SET 4.2 Answer:

1. Meteorology During a 12-hour period s=√ s=√ s=√

on December 24, 1924, the temperature s = 4.8
in Fairfield, Montana, dropped from a 4
high of 63°F to low of -21°F. What was
the range of temperatures during this
period?
Answer: R = HV – LV
= 63 – (-21) 5. 2.1, 3.0, 1.9, 1.5, 4.8
R = 84֯ Answer:
2. Meteorology During a 2-hour period on s=√ s=√ s=√
January 12, 1911, the temperature in
s = 1.3
Rapid City, South Dakota, dropped from
a high of 49°F to a low of -13°F. What
was the range of temperatures during
6. 5.2, 11.7, 19.1, 3.7, 8.2, 16.3
this period?
Answer: R = HV – LV Answer:
= 49 – (-13)
s=√ s=√ s=√
R = 62
s = 6.1
 In exercises 3 to 12, find the range,
standard deviation, and the variance
for the given samples. Round
noninteger results to the nearest tenth. 7. 48 , 91, 87, 93, 59, 68, 92, 100, 81

3. 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 19, 22 Answer:
Answer:
s=√ s=√ s=√
s=√ s=√ s=√

s = 8.2 s = 17.7

4
4. 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 12, 15, 16
 8. 93, 67, 49, 55, 92, 87, 77, 66, 73, 96,
54 11. -8, -5, -12, -1, 4, 7, 11

Answer: Answer:

s=√ s=√ s=√ s=√ s=√ s=√

s = 16.6 s = 8.3

4 9

12. – 23, -17, -19, -5, -4, -11, -31

Answer:
9. 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 s=√ s=√ s=√
2 5 3 7 5 4 4 2 3 2 5 2
s = 10.3

Answer:
13. Mountain Climbing A mountain
s=√ s=√ s=√ climber plans to buy some rope to use
as a lifeline. Which of the following
s=0
would be the better choice? Explain
your choice
Rope A: Mean breaking strength:
10. 8, 6, 8, 6, 8, 6, 8, 6, 8, 6, 8, 6, 8 500lb; standard deviation of 100lb
Rope B: Mean breaking strength:
Answer:
500lb; standard deviation of 10lb
s=√ s=√ s=√ 14. Lotteries Which would you expect to
be larger: the standard deviation of 5
s = 1.0
random number picked from 1 to 47 in
the California Super Lotto, or the
 standard deviation of 5 random standard deviation of these data.
numbers picked from 1 to 69 in the Round to the nearest hundredth.
multistate PowerBall Lottery
Answer:
15. Weights of Students Which would
you expect to be the larger standard s=√ s=√ s=√
3. 4. 3. 2. 4. 5. 4. 3. 3. 6.
s = 3.92
2 0 8 4 7 1 6 5 5 2
3. 4. 4. 5. 2. 3. 2. 3. 5. 2. 18. Fuel Efficiency A customer at a

5 9 5 0 8 5 2 9 3 9 specialty coffee shop observed the

deviation: the standard deviation of the amount of time, in minutes, that each

weights of 25 students in a first-grade of 20 customers spent waiting to

class or the standard deviation of the receive an order. The results are

weights of 25 students in a college recorded in the table below

statistics course. Time (min) to receive order

16. Evaluate the accuracy of the following Find the mean and sample standard
statement: When the mean of a data set deviation of these data. Round to the
is large, the standard deviation will be nearest hundredth.
large.
Answer:
17. Fuel Efficiency The fuel efficiency, in
miles per gallon, of 10 small utility s=√ s=√ s=√
trucks was measured. The results are
recorded in the table below. s = 1.05

Fuel Efficiency (mpg) 19. Fast Food Calories A survey of 10

fast-food restaurants noticed the
Find the
4.5 4.0 5.8 5.4 4.7 number of calories in a mid-sized
mean
4.0 3.6 3.9 4.7 3.7 hamburger. The results are recorded in
and
4.6 3.4 3.5 3.9 4.4 the table below
sample
Calories in a mid-sized
hamburger
 21. Weekly Commute Times A survey of
15 large cities noted the average
weekly commute times, in hours, of
Find the mean and sample standard
the residents of each city. The results
deviation of these data. Round to the nearest
are recorded in the table below.
hundredth.

Answer: 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5
1 0 0 9 9 0 5 7 6 1
s=√ s=√ s=√
4 7 2 8 6 6 8 8 3 4

s = 20.30 9.1 7.5 7.8 8.9 9.0 8.2 9.1 8.7

20. Energy Drinks A survey of 16 energy 9.0 7.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.1 8.2 8.9
drinks noted the caffeine concentration
of each drink in milligrams per ounce. Weekly commute time (h)
The results are recorded in the table Find the mean and sample standard
below deviation of these data. Round to the nearest
Concentration of caffeine hundredth.
(mg/oz)
Answer:

s=√ s=√ s=√

s = 0.69
Find the mean and sample standard
deviation of these data. Round to the nearest 22. Biology Some studies show that mean
hundredth. normal human body temperature is
actually somewhat lower than the
Answer:
commonly given value of 98.6°F. This
s=√ s=√ s=√ is reflected in the following data set of
body temperatures
s = 0.35
Body Temperatures (°F)
to 30 Healthy Adults
97.1 97.8 98.0 98.7 99.5 96.3
98.4 98.5 98.0 100.8 98.6 98.2
99.0 99.3 98.8 97.6 97.4 99.0
97.4 96.4 98.0 98.1 97.8 98.5
98.7 98.8 98.2 97.6 98.2 98.8

Find the mean and sample standard

deviation of the body temperature.
Round to the nearest hundredth.

Answer:

s=√ s=√ s=√

s = 0.70

23. Recording Industry The table below

shows a random sample of the lengths
of songs in a playlist.

Lengths of songs
(minutes:seconds)
3:42 3:40 3:50 3:17 3:15 3:37
2:27 3:01 3:47 3:49 4:02 3:30
EXERCISE SET 4.3 1. A data set has a mean of x = 75 and a

In Exercises 1 to 4, round each z-score to the standard deviation of 11.5. Find the z-score

nearest hundredth. for each of the following.

a. x = 85 c. x = 50
b. x = 95 d. x = 75
2. A data set has a mean of x = 212 and a for each of the following.
standard deviation of 40. Find the z-score
a. x = 200 c. x = 300
b. x = 224 d. x = 100
3. A data set has a mean of x = 6.8 and a for each of the following.
standard deviation of 1.9. Find the z-score
a. x = 6.2 c. x= 9.0
b. x = 7.2 d. x = 5.0
4. A data set has a mean of x = 4010 and a for each of the following.
standard deviation of 115. Find the z-score
a. x = 3840
b. x = 4200
c. x = 4300
d. x = 4030
5. Blood PressureA blood pressure test was cholesterol level of 214
given to 450 women ages 20 to 36. It mg/dl.
showed that their mean systolic blood b. b. The z-score for one man
pressure was 119.4 mm Hg, with a standard was -1.58. What washis
deviation of 13.2 mm Hg. blood cholesterol level?

a. Determine the z-score, to the nearest Round to the nearest

hundredth, for a woman who had a hundredth.

systolic blood pressure reading of 8. Tire Wear A random sample of 80 tires

110.5 mm Hg.
b. The z-score for one woman was
2.15. What was her systolic blood
pressure reading?
6. Fruit Juice A random sample of 1000
oranges showed that the mean amount of
juice per orange was 7.4 fluid ounces, with a
standard deviation of 1.1 fluid ounces.
showed that the mean mileage per tire was
41,700 mi, with a standard deviation of 4300
mi.
a. Determine the z-score, to the nearest
hundredth, for a tire that provided
46,300 mi of wear.
b. The Z-score for one tire was -2.44.
What mileage did this tire provide?

a. Determine the 7-score, to the nearest Round your result to the nearest

hundredth, of an orange that hundred miles.

produced 6.6 fluid ounces of juice.
b. The Z-score for one orange was 3.15.
How much juice was produced by
this orange? Round to the nearest
tenth of a fluid ounce.
7. Cholesterol A test involving 380 men
ages 20 to 24 found that their blood
cholesterol levels had a mean of 182 mg/dl
and a standard deviation of 44.2 mg/dl.
9. Test ScoresWhich of the following three
test scores is the highest relative score?
a. A score of 65 on a test with a mean
of 72 and a standard deviation of 8.2
b. A score of 102 on a test with a mean
of 130 and a standard deviation of
18.5
c. A score of 605 on a test with a mean
of 720 and a standard deviation of

a. Determine the z-score, to the 116.4

nearest hundredth, for one of 10. Physical Fitness Which of the following
the men who had a blood fitness scores is the highest relative score?
 a. A score of 42 on a test with a mean
of 31 and a standard deviation of 6.5
b. A score of 1140 on a test with a
mean of 1080 and a standard
deviation of 68.2
c. A score of 4710 on a test with a
mean of 3960 and a standard
deviation of 560.4
11. Reading Test On a reading test,
Shaylen's score of 455 was higher than the
scores of 4256 of the 7210 students who
took the test. Find the percentile, rounded to
the nearest percent, for Shaylen's score.
12. Placement Exams On a placement
examination,Rick scored lower than 1210 of
the 12,860 students who took the exam. Find
the percentile, rounded to thenearest percent,
a. More than $66,650.
b. More than $178,500.
16. Monthly Rents A recent survey by
theU.S. Census Bureau determined that the
median monthly housing rent was $708. If
a. More than $570.
b. Less than $708.
17. Commute toSchool A survey was given
to 18 students. One question asked about the
one-way distance the student had to travel to
attend college. The results, in miles, are
shown in the following table. Use the
median procedure for finding quartiles to
find the first, second, and third quartiles for
for Rick's score.
13. Test Scores Kevin scored at the 65th
percentile on atest given to 9840 students.
How many students scoredlower than
Kevin?
14. Test Scores Rene scored at the 84th
percentile ona test given to 12,600 students.
How many students scored higher than
Rene?
15. Median Income In 2015, the median
familyincome in the United States was
$66,650. (Source: U.S. Census Bureau) If
the 90th percentile for the 2015 median
four-person family income was $178,500,
find the percentage of families whose 2015
income was
c. Between $66,650 and $178,500.
the first quartile for monthly housing rent
was $570, find the percent of monthly
housing rents that were
c. Between $570 and $708.
the data.
Mile Traveled to Attend College
12 18 4 5 26 41
 1 8 10 period. Prices have been rounded to the
10 3 28 32 10 85 nearest hundred. Draw a box-and-whisker
7 5 15 plot of

whisker plot for each of the four regions.

18. PrescriptionsThe following table shows Write a few sentences that explain any
the number of prescriptions a doctor wrote differences you found.
each day for a 36-day period. Use the Median Prices of Homes Sold in the United
median procedure for finding quartiles to States over an 11-year period
find the first, second, and third quartiles for
YEAR NORTHWEST MIDWEST
the data.
1 227,400 169,700
Number of 2 246,400 172,600
PrescriptionsWritt
3 246,400 178,000
en per Day
4 264,500 184,300
8 12 14 5 315,800 205,000
10 9 16 6 343,800 216,900
7 14 10 7 346,000 213,500
7 11 16 8 320,200 208,600
11 12 8 9 343,600 198,900
14 13 10 10 302,500 189,200
9 14 15 11 335,500 197,600
12 10 8
10 14 8
7 12 15
20. The table below shows the heights, in
14 10 9
inches, of 15 randomly selected National
15 10 12
Basketball Association (NBA) players and
15 randomly selected Division I National
19. Home SalesThe accompanying table Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
shows the median selling prices of existing players.
single-family homes in the United States in
the four regions of thetry for an 11-year
Using the same scale, draw a box-and-whisker plot 43 52
for each of the two data sets, placing the second plot
belowthe first. Write a valid conclusion based on
Using the same scale, draw a box-and-whisker plot
the data.
of the two data sets, placing the PHT-34 plot below
NCAA CBX-21 plot. Write a valid conclusion based on the
78 74 data.
73 81 22. The blood lead concentrations, in micrograms
73 75 per deciliter (ug/dL), of 20 children from two
different neighborhoods were measured. The results
78 78
are recorded in the table.
77 78 Neighborhood 1
76 79 3.97 3.963.31 3.773.98 4.30 3.78 4.593.70
75 73 4.08
74 4.10 4.124.13 4.12 4.34 4.013.97 4.93 4.20
3.85
21. The table below shows the numbers of bushels NBA
of barleycultivated per acre for 12 one-acre plots of Neighborhood 2
84 78
land for two different strains of barley, PHT-34 and 4.01 3.93 4.35 3.963.88
76 79 3.94 4.20 4.284.11 3.85
CBX-21.
79 78 4.01 4.393.70 3.83
PHT- CBX- 4.04 4.134.31 4.284.22
75 78
4.12
34 21 81 84

43 56 81 75 Using the same scale, draw a box-

76 76 and-whisker plot for each of the two
49 47 data sets, placing the second plot
74
below the first. Considering that
47 44
high blood lead concentrations are harmful to
38 45 humans, in which of the two neighborhoods would
you prefer to live?
47 46

45 50

50 48

46 60

46 53

46 50 Answers:
45 49 1. a.) Z85 = (85-75)/ 11.5 = 10/ 11.5 = Z85 =
0.85
 b.) Z95 = (95-75)/ 11.5 = 20/ 11.5 = Z85 = 6. a.) Z6.6= (6.6-7.4)/ 1.1 = -0.8/1.1= Z6.6= -0.73
1.74 b.) Zx = (x-7.4)/1.1
c.) Z50 = (50-75)/ 11.5 = -25/ 11.5 = Z85 = - = 1.1(3.15) +7.4 = x – 7.4+7.4
2.17 = 7.4+3.465 = x

d.) Z75 = (75-75)/ 11.5 = 0/ 11.5 = Z85 = 0 x = 10.87 or 10.9

2. a.) Z200 = (200-212)/ 40 = -12/40 = Z200 = - 7. a.) Z214= (214-118)/ 44.2 = 32/44.2= Z6.6=

0.3 0.72

b.) Z224= (224-212)/ 40 = 12/40 = Z200 = 0.3 b.) Zx = (x-118)/44.2

= 44.2(-1.58) +182 = x – 182+182
c.) Z300= (300-212)/ 40 = 88/40 = Z200 = 2.2
= -69.836+182 = x
d.) Z100= (100-212)/ 40 = -112/40 = Z200 = - x = 112.16
2.8
8. a.) Z46300= (46300-41700)/ 4300 =
3. a.) Z6.2= (6.2-6.8)/ 1.9 = -0.6/1.9 = Z200 = - 4600/4300= Z6.6= 1.07
0.32
b.) Zx = (x-41700)/4300
b.) Z7.2= (7.2-6.8)/ 1.9 = 0.4/1.9 = Z200 = = 4300(-1.58) +41700 = x –
0.21 41700+41700
c.) Z9.0= (9.0-6.8)/ 1.9 = 2.2/1.9 = Z200 = = -10492+41700 = x
1.16 x = 31208

d.) Z5.0= (5.0-6.8)/ 1.9 = -1.8/1.9 = Z200 = - 9. a.) Z65= (65-72)/ 82 = -7/ 8.2 = Z65 = -0.85
0.95 b.) Z102= (102-130)/ 18.5 = -7/ 18.5 = Z65 = -
4. a.) Z3840= (3840-4010)/ 115 = -170/115 = 1.51
Z3840 = -1.48 c.) Z605= (605-720)/ 116.4 = -115./ 116.4 =
b.) Z4200= (4200-4010)/ 115 = 190/115 = Z65 = -0.99
Z4200= -1.65 10. a.) Z42= (42-31)/ 6.5 = 11/ 6.5 = Z65 = 1.69
c.) Z4300= (4300-4010)/ 115 = 290/115 = b.) Z1140= (1140-1080)/ 68.2 = 11/ 6.5 = Z65
Z4300 = 2.52 = 0.88
5. a.) Z110.5= (110.5-119.4)/ 13.2 = -8.9/13.2 = c.) Z4710= (4710-3960)/ 560.4 = 750/ 560.4
Z110.5 = -0.67 = Z65 = 1.34
b.) Zx = (x-119.4)/13.2 11. % = (455/7210) 100%= 0.06(100)
= 2.15(13.2) +119.4 = x –
% = 6%
119.4+119.4
= 28.38+119.4 = x 12. % = (1210/12860) 100 = 0.09(100)

x = 147.78 % = 9%
13. 9840[65 = (x/9840)(100)]9840 = 15.5

x = 9840(60)/100 Q2 = 9/2 = 4.5 or 5 Q2 =

x = 6396 (10+32)/2 = 15.5

14. 12600 [84 = (x/12600)(100)]12600 18. Median = 26/2 = 13. Q2 = 11

x = 12600(84)/100 Q1 = 18/2 = 9 Q1 = (9+9+)/2

=9
x = 10584
Q2 = 18/2 = 9 Q2 =
15. a.) more than $66,650, since median is 50th
(14+14)/2 = 14
percentile. Thus, there are 50% of families
has an income of $66,650 and above. 19. NORTHWEST

b.) more than $178,500, since median is 90th Q2= 302, 500 Q1 = 268400

percentile. Thus, there are 90% of families Q3 = 335500

has an income of $178,500 and above. 227,400
c.) between $66,650 and $178,500, $66,650 246,400
= 50% - 90% = $178,500 = 40%. Thus, there 246,400
were 40% of families have income between 264,500
$66,650 and $178,500. 315,800
16. a.) more than $570, since $580 was the first 343,800
quartile meaning half of the median 346,000
percentile 50%, thus, there were 25% of 320,200
monthly housing rents which were more 343,600
than $50. 302,500
335,500
b.) less than $708, since $708 was the
median percentile, thus, there were 50% of
monthly housing rent of less than $708. MIDWEST

c.) between $570 and $708, since 50th Q2=147, 600 Q1 = 178000
percentile is 50% and 25th percentile is 25%, Q3 = 208600
thus, 50%-25%=25%. Thus, there were 25%
at monthly housing rent between $570 and
169,700
$708.
172,600
17. Median = 18/2 = 9. Thus median is 10, Q2 =
178,000
10
184,300
Q1 = 9/2 = 4.5 or 5 Q1 = (21+5)/2
205,000
 216,900 332,600
213,500 337,700
208,600 330,900
198,900 294,800
189,200 263,700
197,600 259,700

SOUTH

Q2=194800 Q1 = 163400

Q3 = 207700 20. NBA

Q2 =15/2 = 7.5 or 8

Q2= 78 Q1 = 76
148,000
Q3 = 81
155,400
NCAA
163,400
168,100 Q2= 76 Q1 = 78
181,100 Q3 = 74
197,300
208,200
217,700
203,700
194,800
196,000

WEST

Q2=263700 Q1 = 278500

Q3 = 332600

196,400
213,600
238,500
260,900
283,100
EXERCISE SET 4.4 percents. Thus, the percent of the 19th
century selected at random was 87%.
24. Boy’s Height. Humans are, on average, taller
The probability that are of the 19th
today than they were 200 years ago. Today, the
century selected at random with at least
mean height of 14-year-old boys is about 65 in.
55 in tall but less than 65 in tall is 0.87.
use the following relative frequency distribution
25. Biology. A biologist measured the lengths of
of heights of a group of 14-year-old boys from
hundreds of cuckoo bird eggs. Use the relative
the 19th century to answer the following
frequency distribution below to answer the
questions.
questions that follow.
Heights of a group of 19th-Century Boys,
Age 14 Lengths of Cuckoo Bird Eggs
Height (in inches) Percent of boys
Length (in millimeters) Percent of eggs
Under 50 0.2
18.75-19.75 0.8
50-54 7.0
19.75-20.75 4.0
55-59 46.0
20.75-21.75 17.3
60-64 41.0
21.75-22.75 37.9
65-69 5.8
22.75-23.75 28.5
Source: Journal of the Anthropological Institute of
23.75-24.75 10.7
Great Britain and Ireland
24.75-25.75 0.8
Given: The given table showing heights of a Source: Biometrika
th
group of 19 century boys, age 14.
Given: The given table showing Lengths of
Required
Cuckoo Bird Eggs
th
a. What percent of the group of 19 -
Required
century boys was at least 65 in. tall?
Answer: The percent of data in all a. What percent of the group of eggs was
classes with a boundary of at least 65 is less than 21.75 mm long?
5.8. Thus, the percent of boys was at Answer: The percent of data with a
least 65 in. tall is 5.8%. boundary of less than 21.75 mm long is
b. What is the probability that one of the 22.1. Thus, the percent of the group of
19th-century boys selected at random eggs in less than 21.75 mm long is
was at least 55 in. tall but less than 65 in. 22.1%.
tall? b. What is the probability that one of the
Answer: The percent of data in all eggs selected at random was at least
classes with a lower boundary of 55 and 20.75 mm long but less than 24.75 mm
an upper boundary of 65 is the sum of long?
 Answer: The percent of data in all
classes with a lower boundary of 20.75
and an upper boundary of 24.75 is the
sum of the percent. Thus, the percent of
the eggs selected at random is 94.4%
thus the probability that one of the eggs
selected at random was at least 20.75
mm long but less than 24.75 mm long is
0.944.
 In exercises 3 to 8, use the empirical rule to
answer each question
26. In a normal distribution, what percent of the
data lie
a. Within 2 standard deviation above the
mean?
Answer: 95%
b. More then 1 standard deviation above
the mean?
Answer: 15.85%
c. Between 1 standard deviation below the
mean and 2 standard deviation above the
mean?
Answer: 81.5%
27. In a normal distribution, what percent of the
data lie
a. Within 3 standard deviations of the
mean?
Answer: 2.35%
b. More than 2 standard deviations below
the mean?
Answer: 82.85%
c. Between 2 standard deviations below the
mean and 3 standard deviations above
the mean?
Answer: 97.35%
28. Shipping. During 1 week, an overnight
delivery company found that the weights of its
parcels were normally distributed, with a
mean of 24 oz and a standard deviation of 6
oz.
Given: Mean = 24oz
Standard deviation = 6oz
Required
a. What percent of the parcels weighed
between 12 oz and 30 oz?
Answer: 12 oz is 2 standard deviation
below the mean and 30 oz is 1 standard
deviation above the mean.
34 + 34 + 13.5 = 81.5%
b. What percent of the parcels weighed
more than 42 oz?
Answer: 0.15%
29. Baseball. A baseball franchise finds that the
attendance at its home games is normally
distributed, with a mean of 16,000 and a
standard deviation of 4000.
Given: Mean = 16,000
Standard deviation = 4000
Required
a. What percent of the home games have an
attendance between 12,000 and 20,000
people?
Answer: 34 + 34 = 68%
b. What percent of the home games have an
attendance of fewer than 8000 people?
Answer: 2.25%
30. Traffic. A highway study of 8000 vehicles
that passed by a checkpoint found that their
 speeds were normally distributed, with a mean
of 61 mph and a standard deviation of 7 mph. 32. z = 0 and z = 1.5
Given: Mean = 61 mph Answer: z = 0 = 0.00 and z = 1.5 = 0.433
Standard deviation = 7 mph = 0.433 square unit
Required 33. z = 0 and z = 1.9
a. How many of the vehicles had a speed of Answer: z = 0 = 0.00 and z = 1.9 = 0.471
more than 69 mph? = 0.471 square unit
Answer: (15.85%) (8000) 34. z = 0 and z = -1.85
= (0.1585) (8000) Answer: z = 0 = 0.00 and z = -1.85 = 0.468
= 1,268 vehicles = 0.468 square unit
b. how many of the vehicles had a speed of 35. z = 0 and z = -2.3
less than 40 mph? Answer: z = 0 = 0.00 and z = -2.3 = 0.489
Answer: (0.15%) (8000) = 0.489 square unit
= (0.0015) (8000) 36. z = 1 and z = 1.9
=12 Answer: z = 1 = 0.341 and z = 1.9 = 0.471
31. Women’s heights. A survey of 1000 women = 0.471 – 0.341
ages 20 to 30 found that their heights were = 0.130 square unit
normally distributed, with a mean of 65 in. 37. z = 0.7 and z = 1.92
and a standard deviation of 2.5 in. Answer: z = 0.7 = 0.258 and z = 1.92 = 0.473
Given: Mean = 65 in. = 0.473 – 0.258
Standard deviation = 2.5 in. = 0.215 square unit
Required 38. z = -1.47 and z = 1.64
a. How many of the women have a height Answer: z = -1.47 = 0.429 and z = 1.64 =
that is within 1 standard deviation of the 0.449
mean? = 0.449 + 0.429
Answer: (68%) (1000) = (0.68) (1000) = 0.878 square unit
= 680 women 39. z = -0.44 and z = 1.82
b. how many of the women have a height that Answer: z = -0.44 = 0.170 and z = 1.82 =
is between 60 in. and 70 in.? 0.466
Answer: (95%) (1000) = (0.95) (1000) = 0.466 + 0.170
= 950 women = 0.636 square unit

 In Exercises 9 to 16, find the area, to the  In Exercises 17 to 24, find the area, to the
nearest thousandth, of the standard normal nearest thousandth, of the indicated region of
distribution between the given z-scores. the standard normal distribution.
40. The region where z > 1.3  In Exercises 17 to 24, find the area, to the
Answer: z = 1.3 is 0.403 nearest thousandth, of the indicated region of
z = 0 to the right is 0.500 the standard normal distribution.
= 0.500 – 0.403 17. The region where z > 1.3
= 0.097 square unit
Answer:
41. The region where z > 1.92
Answer: z = 1.92 is 0.473 z = 1.3 is 0.403
z = 0 to the right is 0.500 z = 0 to the right is 0.500
0.500 – 0.473 0.500 – 0.403
= 0.027 square unit =0.097 sq. units
42. The region where z < -2.22 18. The region where z > 1.92
Answer: z = -2.22 is 0.487
Answer:
z = 0 to the left is 0.500
= 0.500 – 0.487 z = 1.92 is 0.473

= 0.013 square unit z = 0 to the right is 0.500

43. The region where z < -0.38 0.500 – 0.473

Answer: z = -0.38 is 0.148 =0.027 sq. units

z = 0 to the left is 0.500 19. The region where z < -2.22

= 0.500 – 0.148 Answer:

= 0.352 square unit
z = -2.22 is 0.487
z = 0 to the left is 0.500
0.500 – 0.487
=0.013 sq. unit
20. The region where z < -0.38

Answer:

z = -0.38 is 0.148
z = 0 to the left is 0.500
0.500 – 0.148
=0.352

21. The region where z > -1.45

Answer:
 z> -1.45 Answer:

z – 1.45 = 0.426 zo+ = 0.500

zat = 0.500 zx = 0.500 – 0.200
z = 0.500 + 0.426 zx = 0.300
z = 0.926 sq. units. x = 0.84
26. 0.227 square unit of the area of the standard
22. The region where z < 1.82
normal distribution is to the right of z.
Answer:
Answer:
z< 1.82
zo+ = 0.500
z1.82 = 0.466
zx = 0.500 – 0.227
z0 = 0.500
zx = 0.273
z = 0.500 + 0.466
x = 0.75
z = 0.966 sq. units.
27. 0.184 square unit of the area of the standard
23. The region where z < 2.71
normal distribution is to the left of z.
Answer:
Answer:
z< 2.71
zo- = 0.500
z2.71 = 0.497
zx = 0.500 – 0.184
z0 = 0.500 zx = 0.316
z = 0.500 + 0.497 x = -0.90

z = 0.997 sq. units.

28. 0.330 square unit of the area of the standard
24. The region where z < 1.92
normal distribution is to the left of z.
Answer:
Answer:
z< 1.92
zo- = 0.500
z1.92 = 0.473 zx = 0.500 – 0.370
z0- = 0.500 zx = 0.170
x = -0.44
z = 0.500 + 0.473
z = 0.973 sq. units.
29. 0.363 square unit of the area of the standard
 In Exercises 25 to 30, find the z-score, to the
normal distribution is to the right of z.
nearest hundredth, that satisfies the given
condition. Answer:
25. 0.200 square unit of the area of the standard zo+ = 0.500
normal distribution is to the right of z. zx = 0.500 – 0.363
zx = 0.137
 x = 0.35 span of 1025 h with a standard deviation of 87
. What percent of these light bulbs will last
30. 0.440 square unit of the area of the standard a. At least 950 h?
normal distribution is to the left of z. =80.5%
b. Between 800 and 900 h?
Answer:
=7%
zo- = 0.500 34. Heart Rates The resting heart rates of a
zx = 0.500 – 0.440 group of healthy adult men were found to
zx = 0.060 have a mean of 73.4 beats per minute, with a
x = -0.15 standard deviation of 5.9 beats per minute.
What percent of these men had a resting
 In Exercises 31 to 40, answer each question. heart of
Round z-scores to the nearest hundredth and a. Greater than 80 beats per minute?
then find the required A values using Table 4.10 =12.1%
on page 137 (on the book). b. Between 70 and 85 beats per minute?
31. Cholesterol Levels The cholesterol levels of =69.5%
a group of young women at a university are 35. Cereal Weight The weights of all the
normally distributed, with a mean of 185 and boxes of corn flakes filled by a machine are
a standard deviation of 39. What percent of normally distributed, with a mean of 14.5 oz
the young women have a cholesterol level and a standard deviation of 0.4 oz. what
a. Greater than 219? percent of the boxes will
=19.2% a. Weigh less than 14 oz?
b. Between 190 and 225? =10.6%
=29.4% b. Weigh between 13.5 oz and 15.5 oz?
32. Biology A Biologist found the wingspan of a =98.8%
group monarch butterflies to be normally 36. Telephone Calls A Telephone company
distributed, with a mean of 52.2 mm and a has found that the lengths of its long
standard deviation 2.3 mm. distance telephone calls are normally
a. Less than 48.5 mm? distributed, with a mean of 225 s and a
=5.4% standard deviation of 55s. What percent of
b. Between 50 and 55 mm? its long distance calls are
=72.4% a. Longer than 360 s?
33. Light Bulbs A manufacturer of light bulbs =1.8%
finds that one light bulb model has a mean life b. Between 200 and 300s?
=58.7%
37. Rope Strength The Breaking point of a a. Above 114?
Particular type of rope is normally
=22.7% or 0.227
distributed, with a mean of 350 lb and a
standard deviation of 24 lb. What is the b. Between 90 and 118?
probability that a piece of this rope chosen at
=61.4% or 0.614
random will have a breaking point of
a. Less than 320 lb? 41. Heights Consider the data set of the
=10.6% or 0.106 heights of all babies born in the United
b. Between 340 and 370 lb? States during a particular year. Do you think
=46% or 0.46 this data set is nearly normally distributed?
38. Tire Mileage The Mileage for WestEver Explain.
tires is normally distributed, with a mean of 42. Weights Consider the data set of the
48,000 mi and a standard deviation of 7,400 weights of all Valencia oranges grown in
mi. What is the probability that the California during a particular year. Do you
WearEver tires you purchase will provide a think this data set is nearly normally
mileage of distributed? Explain.
a. More than 60,000 mi?
=5.3% or 0.53
b. Between 40,000 and 50,000 mi?
=46.6% or 0.466
39. Grocery Store Lines The amount of time
customers spend waiting in line at a grocery
store is normally distributed, with a mean of
2.5 min and a standard deviation of 0.75
min. Find the probability that the time a
customer spends waiting is
a. Less than 3 minutes?
=24.9% or 0.249
b. Less than 1 minute?
=2.3% or 0.023
40. IQ Tests A psychologist finds that the
intelligence quotients of a group of patients
are normally distributed, with a mean of 102
and a standard deviation of 16. Find the
percent of the patients with IQs
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 e percents. Thus, the percent of the 19th
s century selected at random was 87%.
t The probability that are of the 19th
i century selected at random with at least
o 55 in tall but less than 65 in tall is 0.87.
44. Biology.
n A biologist measured the lengths of
hundreds
s of cuckoo bird eggs. Use the relative
frequency
. distribution below to answer the
questions that follow.
Heights of a group of 19th-Century Boys,
Age 14 Lengths of Cuckoo Bird Eggs
Height (in inches) Percent of boys
Length (in millimeters) Percent of eggs
Under 50 0.2
18.75-19.75 0.8
50-54 7.0
19.75-20.75 4.0
55-59 46.0
20.75-21.75 17.3
60-64 41.0
21.75-22.75 37.9
65-69 5.8
22.75-23.75 28.5
Source: Journal of the Anthropological Institute of
23.75-24.75 10.7
Great Britain and Ireland
24.75-25.75 0.8
Given: The given table showing heights of a Source: Biometrika
th
group of 19 century boys, age 14.
Given: The given table showing Lengths of
Required
Cuckoo Bird Eggs
th
c. What percent of the group of 19 -
Required
century boys was at least 65 in. tall?
Answer: The percent of data in all c. What percent of the group of eggs was
classes with a boundary of at least 65 is less than 21.75 mm long?
5.8. Thus, the percent of boys was at Answer: The percent of data with a
least 65 in. tall is 5.8%. boundary of less than 21.75 mm long is
d. What is the probability that one of the 22.1. Thus, the percent of the group of
19th-century boys selected at random eggs in less than 21.75 mm long is
was at least 55 in. tall but less than 65 in. 22.1%.
tall? d. What is the probability that one of the
Answer: The percent of data in all eggs selected at random was at least
classes with a lower boundary of 55 and 20.75 mm long but less than 24.75 mm
an upper boundary of 65 is the sum of long?
 Answer: The percent of data in all
classes with a lower boundary of 20.75
and an upper boundary of 24.75 is the
sum of the percent. Thus, the percent of
the eggs selected at random is 94.4%
thus the probability that one of the eggs
selected at random was at least 20.75
mm long but less than 24.75 mm long is
0.944.
 In exercises 3 to 8, use the empirical rule to
answer each question
45. In a normal distribution, what percent of the
data lie
d. Within 2 standard deviation above the
mean?
Answer: 95%
e. More then 1 standard deviation above
the mean?
Answer: 15.85%
f. Between 1 standard deviation below the
mean and 2 standard deviation above the
mean?
Answer: 81.5%
46. In a normal distribution, what percent of the
data lie
d. Within 3 standard deviations of the
mean?
Answer: 2.35%
e. More than 2 standard deviations below
the mean?
Answer: 82.85%
f. Between 2 standard deviations below the
mean and 3 standard deviations above
the mean?
Answer: 97.35%
47. Shipping. During 1 week, an overnight
delivery company found that the weights of its
parcels were normally distributed, with a
mean of 24 oz and a standard deviation of 6
oz.
Given: Mean = 24oz
Standard deviation = 6oz
Required
c. What percent of the parcels weighed
between 12 oz and 30 oz?
Answer: 12 oz is 2 standard deviation
below the mean and 30 oz is 1 standard
deviation above the mean.
34 + 34 + 13.5 = 81.5%
d. What percent of the parcels weighed
more than 42 oz?
Answer: 0.15%
48. Baseball. A baseball franchise finds that the
attendance at its home games is normally
distributed, with a mean of 16,000 and a
standard deviation of 4000.
Given: Mean = 16,000
Standard deviation = 4000
Required
c. What percent of the home games have an
attendance between 12,000 and 20,000
people?
Answer: 34 + 34 = 68%
d. What percent of the home games have an
attendance of fewer than 8000 people?
Answer: 2.25%
49. Traffic. A highway study of 8000 vehicles
that passed by a checkpoint found that their
 speeds were normally distributed, with a mean
of 61 mph and a standard deviation of 7 mph. 51. z = 0 and z = 1.5
Given: Mean = 61 mph Answer: z = 0 = 0.00 and z = 1.5 = 0.433
Standard deviation = 7 mph = 0.433 square unit
Required 52. z = 0 and z = 1.9
c. How many of the vehicles had a speed of Answer: z = 0 = 0.00 and z = 1.9 = 0.471
more than 69 mph? = 0.471 square unit
Answer: (15.85%) (8000) 53. z = 0 and z = -1.85
= (0.1585) (8000) Answer: z = 0 = 0.00 and z = -1.85 = 0.468
= 1,268 vehicles = 0.468 square unit
d. how many of the vehicles had a speed of 54. z = 0 and z = -2.3
less than 40 mph? Answer: z = 0 = 0.00 and z = -2.3 = 0.489
Answer: (0.15%) (8000) = 0.489 square unit
= (0.0015) (8000) 55. z = 1 and z = 1.9
=12 Answer: z = 1 = 0.341 and z = 1.9 = 0.471
50. Women’s heights. A survey of 1000 women = 0.471 – 0.341
ages 20 to 30 found that their heights were = 0.130 square unit
normally distributed, with a mean of 65 in. 56. z = 0.7 and z = 1.92
and a standard deviation of 2.5 in. Answer: z = 0.7 = 0.258 and z = 1.92 = 0.473
Given: Mean = 65 in. = 0.473 – 0.258
Standard deviation = 2.5 in. = 0.215 square unit
Required 57. z = -1.47 and z = 1.64
c. How many of the women have a height Answer: z = -1.47 = 0.429 and z = 1.64 =
that is within 1 standard deviation of the 0.449
mean? = 0.449 + 0.429
Answer: (68%) (1000) = (0.68) (1000) = 0.878 square unit
= 680 women 58. z = -0.44 and z = 1.82
d. how many of the women have a height that Answer: z = -0.44 = 0.170 and z = 1.82 =
is between 60 in. and 70 in.? 0.466
Answer: (95%) (1000) = (0.95) (1000) = 0.466 + 0.170
= 950 women = 0.636 square unit

 In Exercises 9 to 16, find the area, to the  In Exercises 17 to 24, find the area, to the
nearest thousandth, of the standard normal nearest thousandth, of the indicated region of
distribution between the given z-scores. the standard normal distribution.
59. The region where z > 1.3  In Exercises 17 to 24, find the area, to the
Answer: z = 1.3 is 0.403 nearest thousandth, of the indicated region of
z = 0 to the right is 0.500 the standard normal distribution.
= 0.500 – 0.403 43. The region where z > 1.3
= 0.097 square unit
Answer:
60. The region where z > 1.92
Answer: z = 1.92 is 0.473 z = 1.3 is 0.403
z = 0 to the right is 0.500 z = 0 to the right is 0.500
0.500 – 0.473 0.500 – 0.403
= 0.027 square unit =0.097 sq. units
61. The region where z < -2.22 44. The region where z > 1.92
Answer: z = -2.22 is 0.487
Answer:
z = 0 to the left is 0.500
= 0.500 – 0.487 z = 1.92 is 0.473

= 0.013 square unit z = 0 to the right is 0.500

62. The region where z < -0.38 0.500 – 0.473

Answer: z = -0.38 is 0.148 =0.027 sq. units

z = 0 to the left is 0.500 45. The region where z < -2.22

= 0.500 – 0.148 Answer:

= 0.352 square unit
z = -2.22 is 0.487
z = 0 to the left is 0.500
0.500 – 0.487
=0.013 sq. unit
46. The region where z < -0.38

Answer:

z = -0.38 is 0.148
z = 0 to the left is 0.500
0.500 – 0.148
=0.352

47. The region where z > -1.45

Answer:
 z> -1.45 Answer:

z – 1.45 = 0.426 zo+ = 0.500

zat = 0.500 zx = 0.500 – 0.200
z = 0.500 + 0.426 zx = 0.300
z = 0.926 sq. units. x = 0.84
52. 0.227 square unit of the area of the standard
48. The region where z < 1.82
normal distribution is to the right of z.
Answer:
Answer:
z< 1.82
zo+ = 0.500
z1.82 = 0.466
zx = 0.500 – 0.227
z0 = 0.500
zx = 0.273
z = 0.500 + 0.466
x = 0.75
z = 0.966 sq. units.
53. 0.184 square unit of the area of the standard
49. The region where z < 2.71
normal distribution is to the left of z.
Answer:
Answer:
z< 2.71
zo- = 0.500
z2.71 = 0.497
zx = 0.500 – 0.184
z0 = 0.500 zx = 0.316
z = 0.500 + 0.497 x = -0.90

z = 0.997 sq. units.

54. 0.330 square unit of the area of the standard
50. The region where z < 1.92
normal distribution is to the left of z.
Answer:
Answer:
z< 1.92
zo- = 0.500
z1.92 = 0.473 zx = 0.500 – 0.370
z0- = 0.500 zx = 0.170
x = -0.44
z = 0.500 + 0.473
z = 0.973 sq. units.
55. 0.363 square unit of the area of the standard
 In Exercises 25 to 30, find the z-score, to the
normal distribution is to the right of z.
nearest hundredth, that satisfies the given
condition. Answer:
51. 0.200 square unit of the area of the standard zo+ = 0.500
normal distribution is to the right of z. zx = 0.500 – 0.363
zx = 0.137
 x = 0.35 span of 1025 h with a standard deviation of 87
. What percent of these light bulbs will last
56. 0.440 square unit of the area of the standard c. At least 950 h?
normal distribution is to the left of z. =80.5%
d. Between 800 and 900 h?
Answer:
=7%
zo- = 0.500 60. Heart Rates The resting heart rates of a
zx = 0.500 – 0.440 group of healthy adult men were found to
zx = 0.060 have a mean of 73.4 beats per minute, with a
x = -0.15 standard deviation of 5.9 beats per minute.
What percent of these men had a resting
 In Exercises 31 to 40, answer each question. heart of
Round z-scores to the nearest hundredth and c. Greater than 80 beats per minute?
then find the required A values using Table 4.10 =12.1%
on page 137 (on the book). d. Between 70 and 85 beats per minute?
57. Cholesterol Levels The cholesterol levels of =69.5%
a group of young women at a university are 61. Cereal Weight The weights of all the
normally distributed, with a mean of 185 and boxes of corn flakes filled by a machine are
a standard deviation of 39. What percent of normally distributed, with a mean of 14.5 oz
the young women have a cholesterol level and a standard deviation of 0.4 oz. what
c. Greater than 219? percent of the boxes will
=19.2% c. Weigh less than 14 oz?
d. Between 190 and 225? =10.6%
=29.4% d. Weigh between 13.5 oz and 15.5 oz?
58. Biology A Biologist found the wingspan of a =98.8%
group monarch butterflies to be normally 62. Telephone Calls A Telephone company
distributed, with a mean of 52.2 mm and a has found that the lengths of its long
standard deviation 2.3 mm. distance telephone calls are normally
c. Less than 48.5 mm? distributed, with a mean of 225 s and a
=5.4% standard deviation of 55s. What percent of
d. Between 50 and 55 mm? its long distance calls are
=72.4% c. Longer than 360 s?
59. Light Bulbs A manufacturer of light bulbs =1.8%
finds that one light bulb model has a mean life d. Between 200 and 300s?
=58.7%
63. Rope Strength The Breaking point of a a. Above 114?
Particular type of rope is normally
=22.7% or 0.227
distributed, with a mean of 350 lb and a
standard deviation of 24 lb. What is the b. Between 90 and 118?
probability that a piece of this rope chosen at
=61.4% or 0.614
random will have a breaking point of
a. Less than 320 lb? 67. Heights Consider the data set of the
=10.6% or 0.106 heights of all babies born in the United
b. Between 340 and 370 lb? States during a particular year. Do you think
=46% or 0.46 this data set is nearly normally distributed?
64. Tire Mileage The Mileage for WestEver Explain.
tires is normally distributed, with a mean of 68. Weights Consider the data set of the
48,000 mi and a standard deviation of 7,400 weights of all Valencia oranges grown in
mi. What is the probability that the California during a particular year. Do you
WearEver tires you purchase will provide a think this data set is nearly normally
mileage of distributed? Explain.
c. More than 60,000 mi?
=5.3% or 0.53
d. Between 40,000 and 50,000 mi?
=46.6% or 0.466
65. Grocery Store Lines The amount of time
customers spend waiting in line at a grocery
store is normally distributed, with a mean of
2.5 min and a standard deviation of 0.75
min. Find the probability that the time a
customer spends waiting is
c. Less than 3 minutes?
=24.9% or 0.249
d. Less than 1 minute?
=2.3% or 0.023
66. IQ Tests A psychologist finds that the
intelligence quotients of a group of patients
are normally distributed, with a mean of 102
and a standard deviation of 16. Find the
percent of the patients with IQs