ENGLISH 1.

Pride
2. Loyalty
I. OLD ENGLISH PERIOD 3. Courage
4. Family
JULIUS CAESAR 5. Strength
- he was able to experience caesarian, so it 6. Honor
was named after him
- Found a group of people named CELTS in JUSTICE
55 B.C - “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”
- BLOOD MONEY - fine given to the victim’s
TEUTONIC TRIBES family
- (1) Jutes (2) Angles (3) Saxons
- In 449, invasions from the European CHRISTIANITY
continent took place - was brought to Britain in 400 AD by Irish
Missionaries
GREAT BRITAIN
- (1) North Ireland, (2) Scotland, (3) Wales, II. BEOWULF
(4) England
- only full-length epic survived
OLD ENGLISH - Warrior literature
- it was the language used before by - Through ORAL TRADITION
Anglo-Saxons - It is not a story but an epic. It was entitled
as a story because it was summarized.
ANGLO-SAXON SOCIETY
- first English people living in tribes EPIC HERO
- Kings were the rulers that time - predestined heroism, mysterious origin,
vulnerability, rite of passage
NOBILITIES
EPIC POEM
- long narrative poem that tells the
KING adventures of a hero

“BEOWULF”
EARL WARRIOR PRIEST - “beo” - bright or noble
- “wulf” - wolf

CHARACTERS IN ORDER:

1. EARL - the higher, is loyal to the king SPEAR-DANES

2. CHURL - war captive, are slaves and they
serve the earls for a favor -> FREEDOM
3. WOMEN - lower than the churl, are
decorative, marriagable commodities
and household duties
4. KING - a leader, generous and a wise
judge
5. PRIEST - bringer of knowledge and culture
6. WARRIOR - most important human being
because WAR was their general way of
life
WARRIOR’S CODE
- without a king
SCYLD
- warrior and a king and the father of the
other Beowulf
HROTHGAR
- built Heorot which was a splendid hall
where his thanes celebrate and listen to
minstrels
- There was a time when a monster named
Grendel broke in and killed warriors. It
 went on for twelve years. So they never
really spent the night there.
BEOWULF
- heard of this so he decided to face this
- 3 battles :
1. Beowulf VS Grendel
- fought with bare arms
2. Beowulf VS Grendel’s Mother
- same as Grendel, killed by a magic sword
3. Beowulf VS Fire-breathing Dragon
- treasure guarded by the dragon was
stolen by his people so the dragon got
furious and tried killing people in the
village
- He was able to kill the dragon but he
inhaled smoke or fire that led to his death
III. PAGAN AGE
KNIGHT
- highest rank of society
- warrior, defends the land
- Is also a lover and is bound to
womanhood
PRIEST
- teacher, interested in literature
VENERABLE BEDE
- San Beda
- “The Ecclesiastical History of the English
Nation” - combination of historical and
legendary material
IV. MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD
BALLAD
- poem that tells a story
- before, they were not written down
because they were only a form of
entertainment
- Talks about:
1. Love, death and super-natural
2. Very simple language
3. Lines or stanzas are repeated
4. Mystery leaves out details
5. Dialogue
V. FRAGMENTS AND SENTENCES
How do you know if it’s a FRAGMENT?
- NOTE. if the given statements lack periods,
it doesn’t mean that they’re already
fragments. HUWAG TANGA TANGA ok
- Not considered to be complete
- It only has a predicate (main verb), or it
only has a subject
EG.
1. The lady in red
2. He who drives out demons
3. Janelle in a suit that fits her very well
How do you know if it’s a SENTENCE?
- it is complete
- It has a predicate (main verb) and a
subject
EG.
1. The lady in red danced gracefully.
2. He who drives out demons went inside
our house and talked to my folks.
3. Janelle is in a suit that fits her very well.
VI. PUNCTUATION MARKS
PERIOD
RULE #1 : the end of a declarative sentence
(EG. She looks at me with conviction in her
eyes.)
RULE #2: ends with an abbreviation like ETC.
Don’t add another period (EG. Let me
introduce you to my friend, Haley Cruz, M.D.)
OTHER RULES : use it when writing
abbreviations, in decimals, percentage,
titles
QUESTION MARK
RULE #1: interrogative senctence (EG. Why
did you leave?)
RULE #2 : uncertainty (EG. This artist died
around 490 ?)

RULE #3 : direct question (EG. How was your
party? I asked how her party was.)
COMMA
RULE #1 : used to separate 3 or more entitles
(EG. She’s very good at painting, sketching
and writing.)
Rule #2 : between clauses that are
separated with FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but,
or, yet, so) (EG. Lee is a very good singer, so
she was able to get the role she wanted.)
RULE #3 : city and state (EG. Gabe lives in
the City of San Fernando, Pampanga.)
RULE #4: day and the year (EG. On April 5,
2005, a beautiful lady named Trixie was born.
hekhek)
RULE #5 : greeting or closing of a letter (EG.
Dear Ms. Castillo,)
RULE #6 : direct address (EG. Bianca, why
are you here?)
EXCLAMATION POINT
RULES #1-3 : these rules are all the same.
They express surprise or excitement. (EG. I
passed the board exams!)
COLON
RULE #1 : time (EG. It’s already 4:00 PM and
Mae’s still not ready!)
RULE #2 : greetings in a formal letter (EG.
Dear Ms. Galang:)
RULE #3 : after a complete sentence (These
are the things I’d like to have on my birthday
: a new phone, a lot of pens and a new set
of scrunchies.)
QUOTATION MARKS
RULE #1: Someone’s exact words and it will
always have a comma or a period (EG.
“That’s the thing about pain. It demands to
be felt,” John Green said.)
RULE #2 : titles of magazines, books, songs,
etc. (EG. “All Too Well” by Taylor Swift)
RULE #3 : words that are emphasized or not
too familiar with us (EG. Your love for
darkness is called “nyctophilia.”)
VII. CAPITALIZATION
RULE #1 : first letter of the sentence (EG.
Kyla’s the best.)
RULE #2: proper nouns (EG. Airrahm has a
brother now.)
RULE #3 : days of the week ( EG. I hate
Mondays!)
RULE #4: oceans, rivers, mountains, lakes,
etc. (EG. Atlantic Ocean)
RULE #5 : Pronoun I (EG. I’m not even sure if I
really wanted to be with her.)
RULE #6 : first word of the quotation (EG. She
approached me and said, “You look good
today!”)
RULE #7 : historical documents and
organizations (EG. National History Museum)
RULE #8: first and last words of the titles of
publications except short words (EG. “The
Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation)
VII. CAMPUS JOURNALISM
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7079
- also known as the Campus Journalism Act
of 1991
- It aims to develop and promote campus
journalism
PARTS OF A NEWS PAPER
1. GENERAL NEWS
- most important and it can be a foreign or
local news
- It is located in the front page in big bold
letters called the banner headline
2. LOCAL AND FOREIGN NEWS
- news in towns or cities of a nation or it can
be abroad
3. EDITORIAL PAGE
- articles are called editorials
- It contains the views and opinions of the
writer to a particular news or topic
4. SPORTS PAGE
- news about sports around the world
- It contains people who are prominent in
the sports industry.
5. CLASSIFIED ADS SECTION
- it contains advertisements like wanted
persons or when someone is selling this or
that.
6. BUSINESS AND FINANCE SECTION
- This section contains advertisements which
fall under headings like Help Wanted, For
Lease or Sale, Wanted to Buy, personal
and legal notices.
7. ENTERTAINMENT SECTION
- This section contains information about
movies, radio, television, and other
activities for entertainment. It also includes
games and puzzles, comic strips and
cartoons, and the daily horoscope.
8. HOME AND CULTURE SECTION
- This section provides ideas about
budgeting, food preparation, house
improvement, proper plant care, and the
like.
9. SOCIETY PAGE
- This section contains news about
important or well-known people who are
celebrating special occasions or
performing at a particular place.
10. TRAVEL AND TOURISM SECTION
- This section provides a guide to enjoyable
travel. It directs tourists to scenic vacation
spots and gives information on the
activities in these places. Also, schedules
and arrivals.
11. ANNOUNCEMENTS AND OBITUARY PAGE
- This section provides news on the activities
of the different religious sects, such as
fellowships, seminars, prayer meetings,
bible studies, and the like. A list of people
who died and the time and place of their
burial is found in the obituary page.
TYPES OF NEWS ACCDNG. TO RANGE AND
REACH
1. LOCAL NEWS - news around one
community
2. NATIONAL NEWS - countryside news
3. FOREIGN NEWS - news found outside the
borders of the country
TYPES OF NEWS ACCDNG. TO CONSTRUCTION
1. STRAIGHT NEWS - most important W
questions (what, where, who, when, why)
2. NEWS FEATURE - human interests and
news feature stories = gathered and
written daily (eg. “Love is in the air.” -
lines that make the topic less serious)
INVERTED PYRAMID
- most interesting and important -> least
interesting and important
LEAD WRITING



HAT BANNING - one story, six possible leads
A 17-year old was arrested in the robbery
and beating of a 42-year old veteran from
Philadelphia with the help of a drunk friend
last May 27 in Los Angeles, California.
> WHO? - a 17-year old
> WHAT? - was arrested
> WHERE? - Los Angeles, California
> WHEN? - last May 27
> WHY? - robbing and beating of a 42-year
old veteran from Philadelphia
> HOW? - with the help of a drunk friend
VIII. FEATURE AND EDITORIAL
FEATURE STORY
- can be about almost everything
- It is interesting, elaborative.
- A feature writer is “free as a bird” in writing
her feature article.
- A feature story must be well-researched,
descriptive, reflective, engaging, catchy,
exciting, neutral
TYPES OF FEATURE ARTICLES
1. A SUMMARY OF WHOLE ARTICLE - sums up
the general topic, doesn’t follow the
inverted triangle
EG. Take it from the experts: Smoking is
definitely harmful to health. Smoking makes
you manly, but you may not live long
enough to be one.
2. A QUESTION LEFT IN THE READER’S MINDS -
it raises a question
EG. You are not aware that ironing late at
night is dangerous, are you?
 supporting details, facts and statistics
3. SUGGESTED RESULTS OR SIGNIFICANCE -
gives a challenge to the readers.
EG. Let us conserve our forests now if we
want to save the future of our country and
of our children.
which just give a message of reform
without necessarily pointing out a
problem or a bad condition
4. EDITORIALS ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS –
those which are written to give meaning
to occasions.
PARTS OF AN EDITORIAL
1. FIRST PARAGRAPH - news peg and
introduction (first sentence), position of
the paper (next sentence)
2. BODY PARAGRAPH - evidences,
3. CONCLUSION - must be short, witty and
simple and could be a challenge to the
readers.

4. A FORECAST OR PROPHECY - End of the

story where in the writer puts the implications
of the current situation to the future.
EG. With the scarcity of water that we are
facing, there will come a time that what is
included in the list of imported products are
barrels of potable water.

EDITORIAL
- facts and opinions or an analytical
interpretation of significant and timely
issues.
- PRINCIPLES:
1. Objective conclusions (have enough
evidence and a voice of the greatest
good / majority)
2. The writer must never be motivated by
personal interest.
3. The writer must possess a well-founded
conviction
4. He is not infallible. The writer is a human
who is bound to make mistakes.

TYPES OF EDITORIALS:

1. INFORMATIVE - provides information

2. INTERPRETATIVE - provides the
significance of the idea
3. EDITORIALS OF CRUSADE AND REFORM –
those which criticize certain conditions,
then suggest a solution or change; or