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Static Failure Theories: Uniaxial Test
Static Failure Theories: Uniaxial Test
DUCTILE BRITTLE
UNIAXIAL TEST
BRITTLE
𝑆𝑌
DUCTILE
𝑆𝑌
For maximum normal stress theory, the failure occurs when one of the
principal stresses (𝜎1 , 𝜎2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎3 ) equals to the yield strength.
1
𝜎1 > 𝜎2 > 𝜎3
MOHR-COULOMB THEORY
The maximum distortion energy theory ,also known as the Von Mises
theory, was proposed by M.T.Huber in 1904 and further developed by R.von
Mises(1913).In this theory failure by yielding occurs when at any point in the
body ,the distortion energy per unit volume in a state of combined stress
becomes equal to that associated with yielding in a simple tension test.
STRAIN ENERGY
1
𝜀1 = (𝜎 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
𝐸 1
1
𝜀2 = (−𝜈𝜎1 + 𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )
𝐸
1
𝜀3 = (−𝜈𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 + 𝜎3 )
𝐸
Then, substituting these three equations in to general strain energy equation:
1 1 1 1 1 1
U= 𝜎1 (𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 )+ 𝜎2 −𝜈𝜎1 + 𝜎2 − 𝜈𝜎3 + 𝜎3 (−𝜈𝜎1 − 𝜈𝜎2 +
2 𝐸 2 𝐸 2 𝐸
𝜎3 )
HYDROSTATIC STRESS
2
𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3
𝜎 =
3
Strain energy associated with the hydrostatic stress:
1 3 (1 − 2𝜈) 2
𝑈 = [𝜎 2 + 𝜎 2 + 𝜎 2 − 2𝜈 𝜎 𝜎 + 𝜎 𝜎 + 𝜎 𝜎 = 𝜎
2𝐸 2 𝐸
Then distortional energy 𝑈𝑑 = 𝑈 − 𝑈
1+𝜈
From previous equations: 𝑈𝑑 = 𝜎1 2 + 𝜎2 2 + 𝜎3 2 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 − 𝜎2 𝜎3 − 𝜎3 𝜎1
3𝐸
1+𝜈
𝑈𝑑 = 𝑆
3𝐸 𝑌
𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 =𝑆𝑌 = 𝜎1 2 + 𝜎2 2 + 𝜎3 2 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 − 𝜎2 𝜎3 − 𝜎3 𝜎1
𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝜎1 2 + 𝜎2 2 + 𝜎1 𝜎2
3
𝜎3 = −𝜎1
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.577𝑆𝑌
4
SY
τmax = SYS = yield strength in shear =
2
σ 1 −σ 3
τmax =
2
Then , 𝑆𝑌 = 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
Elasticity Materials
𝑆𝑌
-brittle 𝜎1 (𝜎𝑥 ) = where N is safety factor
𝑁
(MNST)
-ductile
𝜎1 −𝜎3 𝑆𝑌
=
2 2
𝑆𝑌
𝜎1− 𝜎3 =
𝑁
𝑆𝑌
(MDET) 𝜎𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝑁
Strain Energy:
𝜎𝑖
𝜀𝑖
5
1
𝜎 𝜀 =𝑈
2 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗
𝑆𝑌 −𝜎 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑁
Design Margin=M=
𝑆𝑌
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜎𝑥
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜎𝑥
𝑑 𝑀𝑐 𝑀𝑑 𝑇𝑐 𝑇𝑑
c= 𝜎𝑥 = = and 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = =
2 𝐼 2𝐼 𝐽 2𝐽
32𝑀 16𝑇
Then,𝜎𝑥 = and 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋𝑑 3
6
a) For maximum shearing stress theory
16
𝜎1,2 = (𝑀 ∓ 𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 )
𝜋𝑑 3
𝑆 32
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 = 𝑌 = 𝜎𝑥 2 + 4𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 = 3 𝑀2 + 𝑇 2
𝑁 𝜋𝑑
FRACTURE MODES
OPENING
SLIDING
TEARING
7
MULTIPLE FRACTURES
𝐾𝐼 = 𝛽𝜎 𝜋𝑎
8
where
𝜎=normalstress,
𝑎
𝛽 = 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 , 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 (or half
𝑤
crack length) ,w=member width(or half width of member)
EXAMPLE: For a shape with width 12m , crack length 65mm , thickness 30mm
and applied loading 50MPa.Find the factor of
safety.( 𝐾𝐼𝐶 =28.3MPa 𝑚, 𝑆𝑌 =240MPa)
50MPa
65mm
30mm
12m
240
𝑁1 = = 4.8
50
𝑎 65 × 10−3
= = 0.0054
𝑤 12
9
𝐾𝐼
From table β≅ 1. 𝛽 =
𝜎 𝜋𝑎
65
𝐾𝐼 = 𝜎 𝜋𝑎=50 𝜋 10−3 =15.97MPa 𝑚
2
𝐾𝐼𝐶 28.3
For safety factor: 𝑁2 = = = 1.77
𝐾𝐼 15.97
10
Reference List:
1. Lecture Notes AEE 361, Demirkan ÇÖKER), 2009, “Static Failure Theories”
2. Static Failure theories, Ansel C. UGURAL & Saul K. Fenster, 2007,
“Advanced Strength and Applied Elasticity”, fourth edition.
3. Lecture 5 & 6, The University of Jenessee at Martin School of
Engineering, 2009, “Machine Design Notes”.
4. Static Failure theories, J. Keith Nisbett, 2009, “Shigley’s Mechanical
Engineering Design”, eighth edition.
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