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NAME: Khairul Bariah Binti Omar
NAME: Nur Amirah Binti Hassan
TERM PAPER TITLE: Animals Are Not Meant To Be Killed For The Sake of Medical Research
IN-TEXT CITATION FOR INTRODUCTION:
NO REFERENCE DETAIL
1 Pippin,J.J.(2012).Animal
research in medical sciences:
seeking a convergence of
science, medicine, and animal
law
Pg 471
2 Robinson, V. (2005). Finding
alternatives: an overview of
the 3Rs and the use of
animals in research
Pg 1
MATRIC: 1620072
MATRIC: 1510438
ORIGINAL EXCERPT
(from article)
warm-blooded animal, as the
Secretary may determine is being
used, or is intended for use, for
research, testing, experimentation, or
exhibition purposes
The 3Rs are important from a legal,
ethical and scientific standpoint.
All research using animals in the UK,
for example at universities
and pharmaceutical companies, is
regulated by the Animals
(Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
(ASPA), which is administrated
by the Home Office
KULLIYAH: IRKHS
KULLIYAH: KENMS
APA TECHNIQUE USED EXCERPT
(CIRCLE) (for term paper)
SHORT As detailed by Pippin (2012), AWA
QUOTE (Animal Welfare Act) claimed that, “
warm-blooded animal, as the
Secretary may determine is being
used, or is intended for use, for
research, testing, experimentation,
or exhibition purposes…” (p. 471).
BLOCK Robinson (2005) is a Chief
QUOTE Executive at National Centre for the
Replacement, Refinement and
Reduction of Animals in research
detailed :
The 3Rs are important from a legal,
ethical and scientific standpoint.
All research using animals in the
UK, for example at universities
and pharmaceutical companies, is
regulated by the Animals
(Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
(ASPA), which is administrated
by the Home Office. (p.1)
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3 Karron. S.B. (2017, March)
According to data collected by Orlans
(2006) for her book, In the Name of
Science: Issues in Responsible
Animal Experimentation, “sixty percent
of all animals used in testing are used
in biomedical research and product-
safety testing”
SHORT According to data collected by
QUOTE Orlans (2006) for her book, In the
Name of Science: Issues in
Responsible Animal
Experimentation, (as cited in
Karron, 2017), “sixty percent of all
animals used in testing are used in
biomedical research and product-
safety testing”

MAIN IDEA 1:
NO REFERENCE DETAIL ORIGINAL EXCERPT
(from article)
1 Regan, T. (2012). Empty Experimental procedures include
Cages: animal rights and drowning, suffocating, starving,
vivisection and burning ; blinding animals and
destroying their hearing ;
Pg 78 damaging their brains, severing
their limbs, crushing their organs;
inducing heart attacks, ulcers,
paralysis, seizures ; forcing them
to inhale tobacco smoke, drink
alcohol, and ingest various drugs,
such as heroine and cocaine
APA TECHNIQUE USED EXCERPT
(CIRCLE) (for term paper)
BLOCK As cited in Regan (2012) claimed
QUOTE the atrocities of vivisection by
highlighted that :
Experimental procedures include
drowning, suffocating, starving,
and burning ; blinding animals
and destroying their hearing ;
damaging their brains, severing
their limbs, crushing their organs;
inducing heart attacks, ulcers,
paralysis, seizures ; forcing them
to inhale tobacco smoke, drink
alcohol, and ingest various
drugs, such as heroine

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2 Akhtar, A. (2013). The need
to include animal protection
in public health policies
Pg 550
3 Pippin,J.J.(2012).Animal
research in medical
sciences: seeking a
convergence of science,
medicine, and animal law
Pg 474
MAIN IDEA 2:
NO REFERENCE DETAIL
1 Nobis, N. (2011). The
harmful, nontherapeutic use
of animals in research is
morally wrong
Once they enter domestic bird PARAPHRASE
populations, they may rapidly
mutate into highly pathogenic
viruses
In fact, the unreliability of animal SHORT
research and its many wrong turns QUOTE
have frequently delayed or derailed
medical advances and exposed
patients to ineffective and
dangerous treatments
ORIGINAL EXCERPT APA TECHNIQUE
(from article) (CIRCLE)
It is often argued that “animals are PARAPHRASE
not ‘equal’ to humans” or “animals
are not ‘as important’ as humans”
and then concluded that animal
research is morally permissible
and cocaine. (p. 78)
Once they enter domestic bird
populations, they may rapidly
mutate into highly pathogenic
viruses (Aysha Akhtar, 2013)
On the other hand, as criticized
by Pippin ( 2012), “ In fact, the
unreliability of animal research
and its many wrong turns have
frequently delayed or derailed
medical advances and exposed
patients to ineffective and
dangerous treatments. ” (p. 474).
USED EXCERPT
(for term paper)
It is often argued that “animals
are not ‘equal’ to humans” or
“animals are not ‘as important’ as
humans” and then concluded
that animal research is morally
permissible ( Nobis, 2011).
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2 Tannenbaum, J., & Bennett, B.
T. (2015). Russell and
Burch's 3Rs then and now:
the need for clarity in
definition and purpose.
Pg 120
3 Greek, R., & Greek, J.
(2010). Is the use of
sentient animals in basic
research
justifiable?
Pg 2
4 Stokes, W. S. (2011). Best
practices for the use of
animals in toxicological
research and testing
Pg 19
5 Sandoe, P., Franco, N. H.,
Russell and Burch proposed a new
applied science, the aim of which
was to improve the treatment of
research animals while advancing
the quality of scientific and medical
research and testing
Scientists are keen to defend
themselves against accusations of
cruelty by promoting their
allegiance to the three Rs but
forget that the real reason for
animal experimentation is to
advance the welfare and
understanding of humanity
the use of non-animal-based
method or non-sentient animals as
default approach such as cell,
tissue, and organ cultures-or
nonsentient phylogenetically lower
species, such as insects
Replacement is probably the
PARAPHRASE In 1959, Russell and Burch
proposed a new applied science,
the aim of which was to improve
the treatment of research
animals while advancing the
quality of scientific and medical
research and testing (as cited in
Tannenbaum & Bennett , 2015).
SHORT Despite that, as argued by Greek
QUOTE (2010a) and Greek (2010b), “
Scientists are keen to defend
themselves against accusations
of cruelty by promoting their
allegiance to the three Rs but
forget that the real reason for
animal experimentation is to
advance the welfare and
understanding of humanity” (p.2).
PARAPHRASE For instance, the use of non-
animal-based method or non-
sentient animals as default
approach such as cell, tissue,
and organ cultures-or
nonsentient phylogenetically
lower species, such as insects
(Stokes, 2011).
PARAPHRASE Replacement is probably the
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Lund, T. B., Weary, D. M., &
Olsson, I. A. S. (2015).
Harms to animals–can we
agree on how best to limit
them?
Pg 30
6 Robinson, R. (2011). 3Rs of
animal testing for
regenerative medicine
products
Pg 1
7 de Vries, R. B., Buma, P.,
Leenaars, M., Ritskes-
Hoitinga, M., & Gordijn, B.
(2012). Reducing the
number of laboratory
animals used in tissue
engineering research by
restricting the variety of
animal models. Articular
cartilage tissue engineering
as a case study
Pg 432
easiest of the 3Rs to be
communicated; ‘ not tested on
animals’ is a more powerful
message than ‘tested on fewer
animals’ or ‘tested on animals’ that
experienced less distress
Refinement refers to methods that
minimize or alleviate potential pain
and distress and enhance well-
being for the life of the animal
A reduction in the number of
models will also lead to a reduction
in the number of laboratory
animals used
easiest of the 3Rs to be
communicated; ‘ not tested on
animals’ is a more powerful
message than ‘tested on fewer
animals’ or ‘tested on animals’
that experienced less distress.
(Sandoe et al., 2015).
PARAPHRASE Secondly, Refinement refers to
methods that minimize or
alleviate potential pain and
distress and enhance well-being
for the life of the animal
(Robinson, 2011).
SYNTHESIS Similarly, reduction in the
number of models will also lead
to a reduction in the number of
laboratory animals used in which
to obtain information of a given
amount and precision (de Vries
et al., 2010 ; Tannenbaum &
Bennett, 2014).
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Tannenbaum, J., & Bennett, Reduction means reduction in the

B. T. (2015). Russell and numbers of animals used to obtain
Burch's 3Rs then and now: information of a given amount and
the need for clarity in precision
definition and purpose.

Pg 122

MAIN IDEA 3:
NO REFERENCE DETAIL ORIGINAL EXCERPT APA TECHNIQUE USED EXCERPT
(from article) (CIRCLE) (for term paper)
1 Animal Welfare Institute. The multi-billion dollar exchange in SHORT As describes from article
(n.d.) wildlife parts and products is a QUOTE “Commercial Trade” (n.d.), “The
crisis that animal species are multi-billion dollar exchange in
facing worldwide wildlife parts and products is a
crisis that animal species are
facing worldwide”

2 Glaubitz, A. (2015) Wildlife trade refers to the sale and
exchange of wild animals, either
Pg 1 alive, dead or products thereof
SHORT According to data collected by
QUOTE Glaubitz (2015) for her research
report, Environment Comission:
Issue in Preventing illegal
hunting and killing of
endangered wildlife, “Wildlife
trade refers to the sale and
exchange of wild animals, either
alive, dead or products thereof”

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3 Warwick, J. (n.d.)
4 Wyler, S.L. & Sheikh A. P.
(2010)
5 Xie, K. (2015)
6 Carwardine, M. (n.d.)
Some examples of illegal wildlife
trade are well known, such as
poaching of elephants for ivory and
tigers for their skins and bones.
The United States is estimated to
purchase nearly 20% of all legal
wildlife and wildlife products on the
market. Further, the value of U.S.
legal wildlife trade has grown
significantly in recent years- from
$1.2 billion in FY2000 to $2.8
billion in FYP2007.
Obviously, the illegal wildlife trade
gas significant harmful effects on
environments and ecosystems
across the world.
Trophy hunting is the shooting of
carefully selected animals that
frequently big game such as
rhinos, elephants, lions, pumas
(p.1)
PARAPHRASE There are some examples of
wildlife trade that has been
poaching such as elephants for
ivory and tigers for their skins
and bones (Warwick, n.d.)
LONG Wyler and Sheikh (2010) stated:
QUOTE
The United States is estimated to
purchase nearly 20% of all legal
wildlife and wildlife products on
the market. Further, the value of
U.S. legal wildlife trade has
grown significantly in recent
years- from $1.2 billion in
FY2000 to $2.8 billion in
FYP2007.
SUMMARY According to Xie (2015), the
wildlife trade will give negative
effects on environments and
ecosystems across the world.
SHORT According to Carwardine (2016),
QUOTE “Trophy hunting is the shooting
of carefully selected animals that
frequently big game such as
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and bears under official rhinos, elephants, lions, pumas

government licence for pleasure and bears under official
government licence for pleasure”
(para.1)

CONCLUSION :
NO REFERENCE DETAIL
1 BBC. (n.d.). Experimenting
on Animals
Hone B. (n.d.). Taking The
Profit Out of Killing Animals-
Is Asset Recovery The
Answers to Poaching?
ORIGINAL EXCERPT
(from article)
Animal experiments only benefit SYNTHESIS
human beings if their results are
valid and can be applied to human
beings.
It is clear that some iconic species
of animals are on the brink of
extinction
APA TECHNIQUE USED EXCERPT
(CIRCLE) (for term paper)
As pointed out by BBC (n.d.),
Hone (n.d.) and Paterniti (2017),
killing the animals is morally
wrong and causes suffering to
animals due to selfishness of
human beings.

Paterniti M. (2017). National The animals that roam the land

Geographic: Should We Kill
Animals to Save Them?
2 Elias, A. A. (2016)
have become commodified, part of
a new consumerism, marketed and
sold, their brands pitted against
each other, their continued
existence now a question of
human demand, whim, and
calculation.
Whoever kills so much as a LONG As reported by Sharid in the
QUOTE

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sparrow unjustly will have it
pleading to Allah on the Day of
Resurrection, saying: O Lord, he
killed me for no reason, and he did
not kill be for any beneficial
purpose.
hadith sahih Sunan al-Nasa’I
4445 , the Messenger of Allah,
peace and blessings be upon
him, said:
Whoever kills so much as a
sparrow unjustly will have it
pleading to Allah on the Day of
Resurrection, saying: O Lord, he
killed me for no reason, and he
did not kill be for any beneficial
purpose.
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