Applied Electricity

APPLIED ELECTRICITY (EE
151)
Taught by:
E. A. Frimpong
Address: Department of Electrical Engineering
KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
E-mail: eafrimpong.soe@knust.edu.gh
Phone: 0246665284
Office: Electrical Engineering Laboratory
https://doc-0g-1o-docs.googleusercontent.com/docs/securesc/prm6moje91alt9c9qlpcl97f50…0809850099907/07652147052261334686/13WkdYg2fUGtK5pEJili2jntAa_KsxJ8A?e=download 18/09/2019, 9S34 AM

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TEACHING ASSISTANTS
W. K. Ghanney
0208244444
K. A. Opoku
0243566874

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AIM
To equip students with the tools required to analyze
electric and magnetic circuits

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METHODOLOGY
● Classroom lectures
● Laboratory experiments

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COURSE OUTLINE
Unit 1: Circuits and Network Theorems – Kirchhoff's laws, Thevenin’s Theorem,
Norton's Theorem, Superposition Theorem, Reciprocity Theorem and
Delta- Star Transformation.
Unit 2: Alternating current circuits – Determination of Average and RMS values,

Harmonics, Phasors, impedance, current and power in ac circuits
Unit 3: Three-phase circuits – Connection of three-phase windings, three phase

loads, power in three-phase circuits, solving three-phase circuit
problems
Unit 4: Magnetic circuits – Components and terminologies, solving

magnetic circuit problems

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CLASSROOM NORMS
1. No phone calls
2. No eating*mm
3. No noise-making
4. No lateness for lectures (i.e after 30 minutes*mm(5))
5. No intimidation during lectures
● Students who fail to abide by these norms will be

asked to leave the classroom

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ASSESSMENT
1. Quizzes
2. Assignments 30%
3. Mid-semester examination
4. End of semester examination

70%

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UNIT 1: CIRCUIT AND NETWORK
● Definition of a circuit
THEOREMS
An interconnection of elements forming a closed path
along which current can flow.
●Elements of an electric circuit

Active elements: Energy producing elements eg.
Batteries,

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CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGIES
● Node (Junction) –A point where currents split or come
together [ points c, d, e and f]
●Path – Any connection where current flows [eg bc, be,
fa]

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● Branch – A connection (path) between two nodes [eg.
cd, cbad, df]
●Loop/Mesh – a closed path of a circuit [ eg. cghdc]

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● Short-circuit– A branch of theoretically zero resistance.
It diverts to itself all currents that would have flown in
adjacent branches (branches hooked to the same node)
except branches with sources.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2

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● Short-circuit cont.
Self assessment
Which of the resistors in the circuit below have been
short-circuited?
ANS: R2 and R3

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● Open circuit – A branch of theoretically infinite
resistance. It prevents current from flowing in its branch.

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RESISTORS IN SERIES
Resistors are in series when the same current flows
through them. There is NO JUNCTION between them.
In Fig. 1 : R1 and R2 are in series

In Fig. 2: None of the resistors are in series

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RESISTORS IN SERIES
● Self assessment 1
Which of the following resistors are in series?
ANS: R1&R2, R3 & R4 and R5 & R6

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RESISTORS IN SERIES
● Total (effective) resistance of series resistors
The total resistance RT for resistors R1, R2, R3, ….., RN
which are in series if given by:

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RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Resistors are said to be in parallel when the voltage
across them is the same.

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Colloquially, TWO resistors are in parallel if it is possible
to move from one to the other without passing through
another element. i.e., the two can be circled without
passing through another circuit element.

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Self assessment
Which of the resistors in the circuit below are in parallel?
ANS:

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Total resistance
When resistors R1 and R2 are in parallel, the total
resistance RT is given by:

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EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE OF A
Effective circuit resistance is found by identifying and
CIRCUIT
putting together series and or parallel resistors
Eg 1. Find the total resistance of the circuit below.
●Solution

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Eg. 2. Find the total resistance of the circuit below.
CIRCUIT
●Solution

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Self Assessment 1
Find the total resistanceCIRCUIT
of the circuit below.
Answer

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Self Assessment 2
Find the total resistanceCIRCUIT
of the circuit below.
Answer

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CURRENT DIVISION RULE
The current division rule is applied to share current
between parallel branches. Consider the circuits below

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Similarly,

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Consider the figure below,

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Example 1
Find the values of I1 and I2 in the circuit below.
Solution

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Example 1
Find the values of I1 and I2 in the circuit below.
Solution

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Example 2
Find the value of I1 in the circuit below.
Solution

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VOLTAGE DROP
● Any time a voltage drives current through a resistor,
some of the voltage drops across the resistor.
● The magnitude of the drop is the product of the
resistance and current

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VOLTAGE DROP
Example
Find the values of I and R in the circuit below.
Solution
Voltage across 3Ω resistor = 10 – 4 = 6V
Current in 3Ω resistor = I = 6/3 = 2A
Resistance R = 4V/I = 4/2 = 2Ω

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REVISION EXERCISE
Find the value of I in the circuit below.
Solution

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REVISION EXERCISE

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REVISION EXERCISE

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Group Assignment 1
Find the value of the current in all resistors of the circuit
below using total resistance and voltage drop principles.
DO NOT use current division rule.
Submission date: God willing a week today

Submission time: Before lecture starts
Where to submit: Electrical Engineering office

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KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT
●The Law LAW(KCL)
The sum of
currents
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KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT
● Example LAW(KCL)
Find the value of i

in the figure
below.
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KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT
● Self LAW(KCL)
assessment
Find the value
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KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
● The law LAW(KVL)
The algebraic
sum of the
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KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
LAW(KVL)

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KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
Example 1
LAW(KVL)
Find the current in all parts of the circuit below.
●Applying KVL to loop bcdab
●Applying KVL to loop ecdfe

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KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
LAW(KVL)
●Applying KCL to node c:
Solving the equations simultaneously yields

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KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
Example 2
LAW(KVL)
Find the currents in all parts of the circuit below.
Solution
Apply KVL to loop cefdc

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KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
LAW(KVL)
Apply KVL to loop abcda:
Apply KVL to loop ghfeg:

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KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE
Solving the three equations:
LAW(KVL)
Simultaneously,

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Thevenin’s Theorem
Theorem:
Any linear circuit connected between two terminal can
be replaced by a Thevenin’s voltage(VTH) in series
with a Thevenin's resistance (RTH).
VTH is the open-circuit voltage across the two

terminals
RTH is the resistance seen from the two terminals
when all sources have been deactivated

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To find the current through a resistor in a circuit, the
following steps are taken:
1. Remove the resistor from the circuit and mark
the two terminals.

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2. Find the open-circuit voltage (VTH) across the
two terminals by applying KVL. Treat VTH as a
source.

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3. Recall the circuit created before step 2 and
deactivate all sources. Short-circuit voltage sources
and Open-circuit current sources.

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THEVENIN’S THEOREM
4. Find the total resistance of the circuit resulting
from step 4 as seen from the two terminals

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1. Reproduce the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and
connect the resistor whose current is to be found.

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6. Calculate the current in the circuit in step 5. This
is the current being sought for.

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Example 1
Using Thevenin’s theorem, determine the current in
the 3-Ω resistor of the circuit below.
Solution
Steps 1 & 2

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a b c
f e d
Applying KVL to loop dcbed: (1)
Applying KVL to loop fabef:

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Substituting for I in equation 1:
Steps 3 & 4

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Steps 5 & 6

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Example 2
Find the current in the 10-Ω resistor of the circuit below
using Thevenin’s theorem.
Solution
Steps 1 & 2

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a b c d
h g f e
Applying KVL to loop cbgfc: (1)
Applying KVL to loop abgha:
Applying KVL to loop dcfed:

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Substituting for I1 and I2 in equation 1 yields:
Steps 3 & 4

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Steps 5 & 6

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Group Assignment 2
Use Thevenin’s theorem to find the current in the 5Ω
resistor of the circuit below.


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NORTON’S Theorem
Theorem:
Any linear circuit connected between two terminals
can be replaced by a Norton’s current(IN) in parallel
with a Norton's resistance (RN).
IN is the short-circuit current between the two

terminals
RN is the resistance seen from the two terminals when
all sources have been deactivated (RN = RTH)

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NORTON’S Theorem
To find the current through a resistor in a circuit, the
following steps are taken:
1. Remove the resistor from the circuit and mark
the two terminals.

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NORTON’S Theorem
2. Find the short-circuit current (IN) through the
two terminals by applying KVL.

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NORTON’S Theorem
3. Recall the circuit created before step 2 and
deactivate all sources. Short-circuit voltage sources
and Open-circuit current sources.

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NORTON’S THEOREM
4. Find the total resistance of the circuit resulting
from step 3 as seen from the two terminals

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NORTON’S THEOREM
1. Reproduce the Norton’s equivalent circuit and
connect the resistor whose current is to be found.

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NORTON’S THEOREM
6. Calculate the current in the circuit in step 5. This
is the current being sought for.
I

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NORTON’S THEOREM
Example 1
Using Norton’s theorem, determine the current in the
3-Ω resistor of the circuit below.
Solution
Steps 1 & 2

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NORTON’S THEOREM
a b c
f e d
Applying KVL to loop abefa:
(1)
Applying KVL to loop cbedc:

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NORTON’S THEOREM
Substituting for I in equation 1:
Steps 3 & 4

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NORTON’S THEOREM
Steps 5 & 6

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NORTON’S THEOREM
Example 2
Determine the current in the load resistor RL
Solution

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NORTON’S THEOREM
Solution
Applying KCL

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NORTON’S THEOREM
Finding RN

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NORTON’S THEOREM
Finding IL

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SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
The Theorem
The current through(or the voltage across) any
element in a multiple-source linear circuit can be
found by taking the algebraic sum of the current
through(or the voltage across) that element due to
each individual source acting alone.

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The Theorem

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Example 1
Use superposition theorem to find the current
supplied by the 35V battery of the circuit below.
Solution
With the 42V battery acting alone,

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With both batteries acting,
= +

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RECIPROCITY THEOREM
The Theorem
An ideal ammeter and ideal voltage source when
inserted in two different branches of a linear network
can be interchanged without changing the reading of
the ammeter

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RECIPROCITY THEOREM
Similarly,
An ideal voltmeter and ideal current source when
connected across two different branches of a network
can be interchanged without changing the reading of
the voltmeter.

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RECIPROCITY THEOREM
Example 1
Jointly use superposition and reciprocity theorems to
find the current supplied by the 35V battery of the
circuit below.
Solution

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RECIPROCITY THEOREM
The second circuit to be solved is:
is comparable
to
Applying the reciprocity theorem
=
A B

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RECIPROCITY THEOREM
is comparable
to circuit B
If 42V = IA =2A,
Then 35V =(35*2)/42=5/3A
Applying proportion,Applying KVL,

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RECIPROCITY THEOREM

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Group Assignment 3
Use Norton’s theorem to find the current in the 2Ω
resistor connected between e and f in the circuit below.


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Group Assignment 3
resistor connected between e and f in the circuit below.


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DELTA-STAR
● The TRANSFORMATION
transformation is
employed in
situations where
neither series nor
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DELTA-STAR
● An arrangement TRANSFORMATION
of three(3)
resistors where all
resistors have a
common point of
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DELTA-STAR
● A deltaTRANSFORMATION
arrangement can be changed
to star and vice versa using the
following relations:

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DELTA-STAR
TRANSFORMATION
When all values are the same, delta values are 3

times star values

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DELTA-STAR
Example 1 TRANSFORMATION
Determine the
voltage V0
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DELTA-STAR
TRANSFORMATION

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Group Assignment 4
resistor connected between points A and B of the circuit
below.


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ALTERNATING CURRENT
CIRCUITS
● Alternating
current (AC)
circuits are
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TERMINOLOGIES IN AC
CIRCUITS
● Amplitude
(peak): The
maximum A
C
B

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AVERAGE VALUE
● Average
value: The
average value
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AVERAGE VALUE
The following
steps are
followed
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ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE
The Root
Mean Square
(RMS) or
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The following
steps are
taken when
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Example 1
Find the
average and
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RMS value
● Cycle spans
0 to 4
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● Taking
square root
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Example 2
Calculate the
effective
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Area of
triangular part

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RMS value
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SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES AND
CURRENT
Voltages and
currents of
commercial
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CURRENT

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CURRENT

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RMS VALUE OF SINUSOIDAL
QUANTITIES
The RMS
value of a
sinusoidal
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QUANTITIES
Similarly,
The RMS
value of a
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QUANTITIES
Example 1
Find the rms
values of the
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HARMONICS
Non-
sinusoidal
periodic
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HARMONICS
● Any
quantity
which
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RMS VALUE OF A
HARMONIC
QUANTITY
The effective
value of a
harmonic
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RMS VALUE OF A
HARMONIC
QUANTITY
Example
Find the
RMS value
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PHASORS
● Phasors are
used to
represent
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PHASORS
●Two phasors
are said to
be in phase
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PHASORS
● Two phasors
are said to be
out of phase
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PHASOR DIAGRAMS
● It is used to
show at a
glance the
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PHASOR DIAGRAMS
●Solution
(a) Taking
V as the
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ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
SINUSOIDAL QUANTITIES
● The sum of
sinusoidal
quantities is
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ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
●Example 1
Let v1(t) =
60 sin ωt
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ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF

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ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF

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ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
●Example 2
Four
conductors
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ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
●Solution
(a) There are
two
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ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
Amplitude

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ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
Addition of
part.
X-component
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ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION OF
Angle
i4 = 19.949 sin(ωt − 10.62 0 )+
11.358 sin(3ωt + 37.59 0
)

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GROUP ASSIGNMENT 5
Four circuit
v1 = 30 sin ωt , v2 = 60 sin (ωt + 600 )and v3 = 30 sin (ωt − 300 )
e = 110 sin ωt + 300( )
elements are v4 = A sin (ωt + β )
connected in
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IMPEDANCE (Z)
● The
opposition to
current flow
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IMPEDANCE (Z)
● Phase
i
v
i= +
R R v
v = Vm sin ωt -
relationship i= =
v Vm sin ωt
R R
= I m sin ωt
between the
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IMPEDANCE (Z)
i
● Phase
v=L
di
dt
VL = I L X L L
+
v
i = I m sin ωt -
relationshipv = L × ωI m cos ωt = ωLI m sin(ωt + 90 0 )

= Vm sin(ωt + 90 )
0
between the X L = ωL

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IMPEDANCE (Z)
● Phase
i
dv V = I X +
i=c C C C
C v
dt -
v = Vm sin ωt
relationship
i = C × ωVm cos ωt = ωCVm sin(ωt + 90 0 )
= I m (sin ωt + 90 )
0
between the Xc = 1
ωc

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IMPEDANCE (Z)
● Series
VR VL
I VL V
R XL
VR I
circuit V = VR + VL
2 2
V = VR + VL
2
V
2
Z = R + XL
Z = R + XL
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
IZ = IR + IX L
( ) ( ) ( )
containing R
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IMPEDANCE (Z)
● Phase angle −1 ⎛ X L ⎞
φ = tan ⎜
⎝ R⎠
⎟
VL
VR
V
between
current and
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IMPEDANCE (Z)
VR I
● Series
VR VC
I
R
ϕ
XC
VC V
circuit
V
2
V = VR + VC 2
Z = R + XC 2
2 2 2
V = VR + VC 2 2
2 2 2
Z = R + XC
IZ = IR + IX C
( ) ( ) ( )
containing R
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IMPEDANCE (Z)
● Phase angle −1 ⎛ X C ⎞
φ = tan ⎜
⎝ R ⎠
⎟ ϕ
VR I
VC V
between
current and
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IMPEDANCE (Z)
● Series
VR VL
VC VL
I
R XL XC V
circuit
VR I
V
VC
V = VR + VL + V c
containing
2 2 2
( ) V = VR + VL − VC

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IMPEDANCE (Z)
2 2 2
V = VR + (VL − VC )
2 2
= (IR ) + (IX L − IX c )
2 2
V=
(IR ) + (IX L − IX c )
2 2
IZ = I R + (X L − X c )
2 2
⇒ Z = R + (X L − X c )

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IMPEDANCE (Z)
● Phase angle
XL
⎛ X L − XC ⎞ −1
φ = tan ⎜ ⎟ Z
⎝ R ⎠
ϕ
between
R
XC
current and
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IMPEDANCE (Z)
●Example 1
I
A coil has
XL
R
XL Z
ϕ
R I
X L = 2πfL = 2π × 50 × 0.1 = 31.416 Ω V
2 2
Z = R + X L = 12 2 + 31.416 2
R=12Ω and = 33.630 Ω

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IMPEDANCE (Z)
V 100
I= = = 2.974 A
(b) Z 33.630 X L
ϕ
R
V
I
⎛ XL ⎞ − 1 ⎛ 31.416 ⎞
−1
φ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎠
0
= 69.09

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IMPEDANCE (Z)
●Example 2
R
VC I I
A metal
R ϕ
XC = XC
2 IC
XC V
2 2
V = VR + VC V
2 2 2
2
VC = V − VR = 230 − 100
filament = 207.123V

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IMPEDANCE (Z)
PR 750
I R = IC = I = = = 7.5 A
VR 100
VC 207.123
∴ XC = = = 27.616 Ω
IC 7.5
(a) c=
1
=
1
2πfX C 2π × 50 × 27.616
= 115µF

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IMPEDANCE (Z)
⎛ X C ⎞ = tan − 1 ⎛⎜ VC ⎞⎟
−1
φ = tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ VR ⎠
− 1 ⎛ 207.123 ⎞
= tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
(b) = 64.230

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POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
● There are
three kinds
of power in
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● There
Q
= VI S
S 2 = P 2 + Q2 ϕ
following P = S cos φ
P= VI cosφ Q = S sin φ
cos φ
Q = VI sin φ
P
P
relationshipspf =
S

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● Power
factor may
be said to be
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●Relationship XL
ϕ
Z
Q
S
s between
R
P
XC
the three
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●Example 1
A single- Pin =
Pout
=
10
= 11.905 kW
η 0.84
phase motor
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Pin 11.905
S= = = 17.007 kVA
pf 0.7
S 17.007 × 10 3
S = VI ⇒ I = =
V 400
= 42.518 A
Ir
I I a = I cos φ = 42.518 × 0.7
= 29.766 A
2 2
ϕ Ir = I − Ia
I a
= 30.361 A

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Q = VI sin φ = VI r = 400 × 30.361
(b) = 12.144 kVAR

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●Example 2
An emf 2πf = 314 ⇒ f =
314
2π
= 50 Hz
V 283 5.66
Z= = = 50 Ω
whose
÷
I 2 2

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π π 10 0 Z
φ = − − = π = 75 XL
4 6 24
(b) R = Z cos φ = 50 cos75 0

= 12.941Ω
X L = Z sin φ = 50 sin75 = 48.296 Ω
0
ϕ
R
XL 48.296
X L = 2πfL ⇒ L = =
2πf 2π × 50
= 0.154 H

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283 5.66
P = VI cos φ = × cos75 0
2 2
(c) = 207.286W

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USING COMPLEX NUMBERS
TO SOLVE AC CIRCUIT
PROBLEMS
● The ability
to make a

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TO SOLVE AC CIRCUIT
PROBLEMS
● The three R
XL
XC
R
jX L
− jX C
XL
passive
( ) Z = R + j X L − XC
ϕ
Z
R
XC

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TO SOLVE AC CIRCUIT
PROBLEMS
●Example 1
Express in
Z = 20 + j 0 = 20∠0
X L = 2πfL = 2π × 50 × 0.1 = 31.416 Ω
0
rectangular
∴ Z = 20 + j 31.416
= 37.242∠ 57.52 0

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TO 1SOLVE AC 1CIRCUIT
XC = PROBLEMS
= −6
2πfC 2 50 40 10
(c)
π × × ×
= 79.577 Ω
∴ Z = 50 − j79.577
0
= 93.981∠ − 57.86

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TO SOLVE AC CIRCUIT
PROBLEMS
●Example 2 150 µF
A
20 Ω
A circuit is
C
B
Z A = 20 + j 0
0.1 H 5Ω
200 V, 50 Hz
Z B = R + jX L = 5 + j 31.4
arranged as
Z C = − jX C = − j 21.2 Ω
Z AB = Z A // Z B = 15.84 ∠ 29.48 0

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TO SOLVE AC CIRCUIT A
PROBLEMS
= 13.78 + j7.8
150 µF 20 Ω
C
ZT = Z C + Z AB B 0.1 H 5Ω
200 V, 50 Hz
= − j 21.2 + (13.78 + j7.8 )

= 19.22∠ − 44.2 0
V 200 ∠0 0
I C = IT = =
Z T 19.22∠ − 44.2 0
0
= 10.4 ∠ 44.2

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TO SOLVE AC CIRCUIT
PROBLEMS
Current
VAB = IZ AB
= (10.4 ∠ 44.2 )× (15.84
0
0
= 164.8∠73.68 150 µF
A
∠ 29.48 )
20 Ω
0
VAB
leads supply
C
IA = B 0.1 H
ZA 200 V, 50 Hz
5Ω
164.8∠73.68 0
=
20
voltage by
= 8.24 ∠73.68 0

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TO SOLVE AC0 CIRCUIT
VAB 164PROBLEMS
.8∠73.68
IB = = 0 = 5.18 ∠ − 7.27
0
ZB 31.79∠ 80.95
A
150 µF 20 Ω
C
B 0.1 H 5Ω
200 V, 50 Hz

Page 169 of 230
CALCULATION OF COMPLEX
*
POWER
S = VI
= P + jQ
●Q is positive
Page 170 of 230
POWER
●Example 1
The( potential
( )(
)(
)
)
*
S = VI = 100 + j 200 10 + j 5
= 100 + j 200 10 − j 5
*
= 2000 + j 1500
difference
P = 2000W Q = 1500VAR

Page 171 of 230
POWER
●Example 2
A small
installation
Page 172 of 230
POWER
●Solution
Load cosϕ P(kW) = sinϕ Q(kVAR)
The problem
(kVA) Scosϕ = Ssinϕ
( a ) 1.5 0.75 1.125 0.66 0.99

( b ) 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 0
( c ) 1.2 0.95 1.14 0.312 0.374
is solved by
TOTAL
3.265 1.364

Page 173 of 230
POWER
∴ Total kW = 3.265
2 2
Total kVA = P + Q
2 2
= 3.265 + 1.364
= 3.54 3
S 3.54 × 10
I= = = 14.8 A
V 240
P 3.265
pf = = = 0.923 lagging
S 3.54

Page 174 of 230
POWER
●NOTE
In the
problem
Page 175 of 230
Group Assignment 6
A small
installation
consists of
the following
Page 176 of 230
●
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
A single-phase generator produces a single sinusoidal voltage.
● A 3-phase generator on the other hand produces three equal voltages
which are out of phase with one another by 120o.
● The three voltages are generated in three separate windings arranged in
a special way in the machine.
● A 3-phase system is a power supply system consisting of three voltages
which are 120o out of phase with one another.
● Three-phase systems have the following advantages over sing phase
systems
● Three-phase motors, generators and transformers are simpler, cheaper
and more efficient
● Three-phase transmission lines can deliver more power for a given
weight and cost
● The voltage regulation of three-phase transmission lines is inherently
better
● A 1-phase supply can be obtained from a 3-phase one

Page 177 of 230
● The two Neutral point

a
Va
line
L1
main
Vb
Vc L2
c b
L3
connections
Page 178 of 230
2. A delta Va
a
line
Vb
L1
arrangemen c
Vc
b
L2
t where all
Page 179 of 230
● The phasor
(
V3 ,Vc or VB
) Vc = Vm sin ωt + 120 o
diagram for Va = Vm sin ωt

V1,Va or VR
the (
three-
)
V2 ,Vb or VY
Vb = Vm sin ωt − 120 o

Page 180 of 230
● Line and
phase N
Van = V∠0°
Vbn = V∠ − 120°
a
Vab
voltages
b
V cn = V ∠ + 120°

Page 181 of 230
●Relationship
Vab = Van − Vbn
= V∠0 o − V∠ − 120 0
( ) = V 1 − 1∠ − 120 0
between
( ( ) ( )) = V 1 − cos − 120 − j sin − 120
⎛3
=V⎜ + j
3⎞
⎟ = 3V∠ 30 0
⎝2 2 ⎠
Line and
3 VL = 3V p

Page 182 of 230
●Relationship VL = V p Va Vb VL
Vc
between
Line and
Page 183 of 230
●Relationship IL = I p
a
Ia
IL L1
Ib
between
Ic L2
b
c
L3
Line and
Page 184 of 230
●Relationship
I La
I La = I a − I b I I a b
= I∠0 o − I∠ − 120 0
Ic
= I (1 − 1∠ − 120 )
0
between = I (1 − cos(− 120 ) − j sin(− 120 ))

⎛3
= I⎜ + j
3⎞
⎟ = 3 I ∠ 30 0
⎝2 2 ⎠
Line and 3 I L = 3I p

Page 185 of 230
● Analysis of
three-phase
balanced
Page 186 of 230
●Example 1
Three Vp =
VL 415
3
=
3
= 240
V p 240
Ip = = 4.8 A
identical
=
R 50

Page 187 of 230
Pp = V p I p = 240 × 4.8 = 1152W
(c)
∴ PT = 3 × Pp = 3 × 1152 = 3456W

Page 188 of 230
●Example 2
Three Ip =
I L 10
3
=
V p 415
3
= 5.78 A
Zp = = = 71.80 Ω
I p 5.78
identical
Page 189 of 230
●Example 3
A 3-phase,
Pp = V p I p cosθ 12
⇒ Ip =
Pp
= 3
× 10 3
= 11.1 A
V p cosθ 450 × 0.8
450-V
Page 190 of 230
I L = 3I p = 3 × 11.1 = 19.2 A
(b)
Zp =
Vp
Ip
450 ∠0 o 0
= = 40 .5 ∠ 36 .9
11.1∠ − cos − 1 (0.8 )
(c)
Page 191 of 230
● Power in S = 3VL I L
three-phase P = 3VL I L cos θ
circuits
Q = 3VL I L sinθ

Page 192 of 230
● Analysis of
parallel
balanced
Page 193 of 230
● Parallel
circuit are
better
Page 194 of 230
Y-connected Z 2e =
30.0 − j 159.3
3
398 = 10.0 − j 53.1
impedance
I p
Vp = = 230V
3
Z1 Z2e
Vp Vp Vp
Ip = +
Z1 Z 2e
Z1 = 20.0 +
= 3.37 ∠ − 9.9 0

Page 195 of 230
I L = I p = 3.37 A
pf = cos θ = cos 9.9 = 0.985 lagging
0
P = 3VL I L cos θ
= 3 × 398 × 3.37 × 0.985
= 2.29 kW

Page 196 of 230
●Example 2
A VL 2400
Vp = = = 1390V
3 3
manufacturi
Page 197 of 230
S
S = 3VL I L ⇒ I L =
3VL
415000
∴ I p = IL = = 100 A
3 × 2400
V p 1390
Zp = = = 13.9 Ω
Ip 100
θ = cos − 1 (0.875 ) = 29 0

Page 198 of 230
●Example 3
A star-
Pout 2681
Pin = = 2883 kW
connected
=
η 0.93

Page 199 of 230
Pout 2681
Pin = = = 2883 kW
η 0.93
Pin 2883
(a) S=
pf
=
Q = S2 − P2
0.9
= 3203 kVA
2 2
= 3203 − 2883 = 1395 kVAR
S = 3203 kVA

Page 200 of 230
3
S 3203 × 10
IL = = = 462 A
3VL 3 × 4000
(d)

Page 201 of 230
(a)Three-
phase four-
wire feeding I N = I pa + I pb + I pc

Page 202 of 230
● Each phase
is analyzed
VL 415
Vp = = = 240V
separately
3 3

Page 203 of 230
V p 240 ∠0 0 0
I p1 = = = 30 ∠0
Z1 8 + j0
V p 240 ∠ − 120 0 0
I p2 = = = 30 ∠ − 30
Z2 0 − j8
V p 240 ∠ 120 0
I p3 = = = 30 ∠ 30 0
Z3 0 + j8
I N = I p1 + I p 2 + I p 3
I N = 30 ∠0 0 + 30 ∠ − 30 0 + 30 ∠ 30 0

Page 204 of 230
I N = 82 A

Page 205 of 230
●Example 2
In a three-
VL 400
Vp = = = 231V
phase four- 3 3

Page 206 of 230
Let Ia, Ib
Ia =
Pa
V p cos θ
=
10 × 10 3
231 × 1
= 43.3 A
Pb 8 × 10 3
and Ic be the
Ib =
Vp
=
231
Pc 5 × 10
= 34.6 A
3
Ic = = = 21.65 A
Vp 231
currents
Page 207 of 230
I N = Ia + Ib + Ic
= 43.3∠0 0 + 34.6 ∠ − 120 0 + 21.65 ∠ 120 0
= 18.9 A

Page 208 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
● A magnetic
Φ
circuit is a I iron
complete
Air gap

Page 209 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
● Terminologi
es in
φ
magnetic B=
A

Page 210 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
● Terminologi
es in F = NI
F = φS
magnetic
Page 211 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
● Terminologi
F
H=
es in L
magnetic
Page 212 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
●B-H curves B
B = µo H
They are µo
H
curves which µ o = 4π × 10 −7 H / m

Page 213 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
● B-H curve B = µo H
of non-
magnetic
Page 214 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
● B-H curveB = µo µr H
of magnetic
µr
materials
Page 215 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
ℜ
● Reluctance( S=
L
µo µr A
S or L
A
)
It is
Page 216 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
● Analysis of
linear
magnetic
Page 217 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
● Analysis of
non-linear
magnetic
Page 218 of 230
LINEAR MAGNETIC
CIRCUIT PROBLEMS
●Example 1
A magnetic
circuit
Page 219 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
●Solution
F = NI
F
Sa Sb Sc (air)
⇒I= F
Φ
The electric
N
F = Fa + Fb + Fc
La
Fa = φS a= Bair Aair × = 57.3 AT
µa µr A
analogue
Page 220 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Lb
Fb = φS b= φ = 18.4 AT
µa µr A
Lc
Fc = φS c= φ = 119.3 AT
µa µr A
F = Fa + Fb + Fc = 195.0 AT
F 195.0
∴I = = = 48.8 mA
N 4000

Page 221 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
●Example 2
A steel ring F
Φ
S steel
of cross-
S air

Page 222 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Ls 2π × 5 × 10 −2
Ss = =
µ0 µ r As 4π × 10 −7 × 800 × 50 × 10 − 6
10 8
= A / Wb
16
La 2 × 10 − 3
Sa = =
µ0 Aa 4π × 10 −7 × 50 × 10 − 6
8
10
= A / Wb
π

Page 223 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
10 8 10 8
S= +
Total 16 π
8
= 0.381 × 10 A / Wb
F = φS
reluctance
F NI 2000 × 10
⇒φ = =
S
=
S 0.381 × 10 8
= 5.25 × 10 − 4 Wb

Page 224 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
●Example 3
It ( is) desired ⎛ Li
F = φ S i + S g = φ ⎜⎜ +
Lg ⎞
⎟
⎟
µ µ A
⎝ 0 r i µ 0 Ag ⎠
to produce a
Ai = Ag = A

Page 225 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
φ ⎛ Li ⎞
⇒F= ⎜ + Lg ⎟
µ0 A ⎝ µ r ⎠
−2
1 ⎛ 9.5 × 10 −3 ⎞
= −7 ⎜
+ 5 × 10 ⎟
4π × 10 ⎝ 500 ⎠
= 4130 AT

Page 226 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
●Example4
A coil of 1500
turns is
Page 227 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
●Solution H= =
F NI 0.4 × 1500
L L
=
0.3
= 2000 AT / m
B = µ0 H = 4π × 10 × 2000
−7
A coil of 1500 = 2.513 mWb / m 2

φ = BA = 2.513 × 10 − 3 × 4 × 10 − 4
turns is = 1.005 µWb

Page 228 of 230
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
∴B = =
With
A
the
H = 2000 AT / Wb φ = 600µWb
φ 600 × 10 − 6
4 × 10 − 4
= 1.5 Wb / m 2
B
magnetic
1.5
µr = = = 597
µ0 H 4π × 10 × 2000
−7
F NI 1500 × 0.4
S= = = 4
= 10 AT / Wb
former
−4
φ φ 600 × 10

Page 229 of 230
Page 230 of 230

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APPLIED ELECTRICITY (EE

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Norton's Theorem, Superposition Theorem, Reciprocity Theorem and

Delta- Star Transformation.

Unit 2: Alternating current circuits – Determination of Average and RMS values,

Unit 3: Three-phase circuits – Connection of three-phase windings, three phase

Unit 4: Magnetic circuits – Components and terminologies, solving

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● Students who fail to abide by these norms will be

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4. End of semester examination

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●Elements of an electric circuit

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In Fig. 1 : R1 and R2 are in series

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ANS: R1&R2, R3 & R4 and R5 & R6

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Submission date: God willing a week today

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●The Law LAW(KCL)

Find the value of i

● The law LAW(KVL)

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●Applying KVL to loop bcdab

●Applying KVL to loop ecdfe

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●Applying KCL to node c:

Solving the equations simultaneously yields