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  • Immune System

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    Czaryl Laine Aba-a
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    The document discusses the cells of the immune system. It describes the differentiation stages of T-cells in the thymus, including double negative, double positive, and mature T-cell stages. It also describes the roles of CD4+ T-cells (T-helpers and T-regulatory cells) and CD8+ T-cells (T-cytotoxic cells). The document then discusses B-cells, including developmental stages from pro-B to mature B-cells. It also outlines methods to identify lymphocytes, including density gradient centrifugation and cell surface markers. Finally, it provides an overview of the complement system and its classical and alternative pathways.

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    B cells and T cells

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    The document discusses the cells of the immune system. It describes the differentiation stages of T-cells in the thymus, including double negative, double positive, and mature T-cell stages. It also describes the roles of CD4+ T-cells (T-helpers and T-regulatory cells) and CD8+ T-cells (T-cytotoxic cells). The document then discusses B-cells, including developmental stages from pro-B to mature B-cells. It also outlines methods to identify lymphocytes, including density gradient centrifugation and cell surface markers. Finally, it provides an overview of the complement system and its classical and alternative pathways.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    11 views15 pages

    Immune System

    Uploaded by

    Czaryl Laine Aba-a
    The document discusses the cells of the immune system. It describes the differentiation stages of T-cells in the thymus, including double negative, double positive, and mature T-cell stages. It also describes the roles of CD4+ T-cells (T-helpers and T-regulatory cells) and CD8+ T-cells (T-cytotoxic cells). The document then discusses B-cells, including developmental stages from pro-B to mature B-cells. It also outlines methods to identify lymphocytes, including density gradient centrifugation and cell surface markers. Finally, it provides an overview of the complement system and its classical and alternative pathways.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 15

    CELLS OF THE

    IMMUNE SYSTEM
    T-CELLS DIFFERENTIATION
    CHIEF LYMPHOCYTE IN STAGES
    BLOOD AND LYMPH
    DOUBLE NEGATIVE STAGE
    - early thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8
    - LONG LIFE SPAN
    - THYMUS DEPENDENT DOUBLE POSITIVE STAGE
    - CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY - lymphocytes express both CD4 and CD8
    * POSITIVE SELECTION ( functional TCR receptors )
    * NEGATIVE SELECTION (surviving double+ T cell )

    MATURE T CELL
    - 2/3 express CD4 antigen (T helper or T inducer cells)
    - 1/3 express CD8 antigen (T cytotoxic cells)
    CD8+ T CELLS CD4+ T CELLS

    T-CYTOTOXIC (TC) T-HELPER (TH)


    - release perforins which destroy - aid in B-cell differentiation
    cells recognized as foreign -"process" antigen so it can be presented to
    circulating pool of B lymphocytes

    T-SUPPRESSORS (TS)
    - "turn off" B lymphocytes so they can no T-REGULATORY (TREG)
    longer cooperate with normal T cells to - comprise approximately 5-10% of all CD4+
    produce an immune response T cells
    - suppressing the immune response to self-
    antigens
    T- CELL
    MITOGENS CONCANAVALIN A (CON A)

    SUBSTANCES THAT
    PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ A (PHA)
    INDUCE MITOSIS
    POKEWEED MITOGEN (PWM)
    B- CELLS ANTIGEN-INDEPENDENT
    INDISTINGUISHABLE PHASE
    FROM T CELL BY SMEAR
    PRO B- CELL
    - surface antigens include CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24
    - SHORT LIFE SPAN and c-Kit
    - THYMUS INDEPENDENT - TDT (Terminal Deoxyribonuclease Transferase) is found
    - HUMORAL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
    PRE B- CELL
    - synthesis of HEAVY CHAIN (mu chain of IgM)

    IMMATURE B- CELL
    - complete appearance of surface IgM (sIgM)
    - LIGHT CHAIN rearrangement

    MATURE B CELL
    - exhibit IgD on cell surface
    ACTIVATED B- CELLS
    ANTIGEN-
    - EXHIBIT CD25 (RECEPTOR FOR IL-2
    *PLASMA CELLS
    DEPENDENT
    - MAIN FUNCTION: ANTIBODY
    PRODUCTION PHASE
    MEMORY CELLS
    - REPRESENT PROGENY OF ANTIGEN-
    STIMULATED B CELLS
    B- CELL
    LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES
    MITOGENS PROTEIN A
    SUBSTANCES THAT
    INDUCE MITOSIS PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ A (PHA)
    POKEWEED MITOGEN (PWM)
    NON- T, NON-B - MAKE UP 5 - 10% OF
    CIRCULATING LYMPHOID POOL

    CELLS - PLAY A ROLE IN TUMOR HOST


    DEFENSE/VIRALLY INFECTED
    CLASSIFIED AS NK CELL/LAK CELL
    (LYMPHOKINE- ACTIVATED
    KILLER CELL) - MEDIATES CYTOLYTIC
    REACTIONS WITHOUT PRIOR
    EXPOSURE

    MAIN SURFACE ANTIGENS:


    - CD16 AND CD56 (RECEPTOR
    FOR THE FC PORTION OF IGG
    ANTIGEN-INDEPENDENT
    PHASE
    DENSITY GRADIENT
    LAB ID OF CENTRIFUGATION

    LYMPHOCYTES
    Specific gravity of ficoll- hypaque:
    1.077 to 1.114
    DILUTED/HEPARINIZED BLOOD is used
    centrifuges @ 400 x g for 30 minutes

    TO IDENTIFY:
    DIRECT/INDIRECT IFA - relies on
    surface antigens detection, uses
    monoclonal antibodies
    DIRECT/INDIRECT IFA
    SURFACE Ig - detects B cells
    ROSETTING TECHNIQUES
    - old/enumeration of T cells
    - Lymphocytes are mixed with sRBCs
    - sRBCs attach to the CD2 Ag only found
    on T cells
    COMPLEMENT
    SYSTEM
    FUNCTIONS:

    CELL LYSIS
    by MAC (Membrane Attack Complex)

    EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS OF
    COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS
    C3b - OPSONIN
    C5a, C3a, C4a - ANAPHYLATOXINS
    C5a - CHEMOTAXIN
    CLASSICAL PATHWAY
    C3 CONVERTASE C5 CONVERTASE

    C4b2a C4b2a3b

    ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
    C3 CONVERTASE C5 CONVERTASE

    C3bBb C3bBb3b/P

    MAC- MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX


    C5b6789
    MOST SERIOUS
    DEFICIENCY - C3

    COMPLEMENT MOST COMMON


    DEFICIENCY - C2
    DEFICIENCIES

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