1
Development of Fatigue Detection Device
Based On IR-UWB and Optic Sensor to Driver
Adrian Kusuma Rahardjo, Arief Kurniawan, ST., MT. , Dr. I Ketut Eddy Purnama, ST., MT.
Departemen Teknik Komputer, Fakultas Teknologi Elektro, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Jl. Arief Rahman Hakim, Surabaya 60111
E-mail: iankusumarahardjo@gmail.com
Abstract— Fatigue is one of the biggest causes of accidents
while driving. To this end, this task is performed on the
development of the driver fatigue detection device. This device
consists of infrared-UWB radiation that works to detect the
breathing wave and optical sensors to detect the driver's heart
rate. The results of respiratory wave detection and heart rate
will be processed using Single Board Computer and display
them on the screen. The initial storage will be performed on
local storage and then proceed towards cloud storage. Using
cloud storage will make it easier to store data so that it makes
it easier to monitor over the Internet. This fatigue detection
device can be applied to industrial trucks or at-risk transport
industries will cause fatigue in driving.
Keywords: IR-UWB, Sensor Optics, Fatigue, Driver.
I. INTRODUCTION
ncreased traffic accidents first a lot Due to the low level
I of alertness of the driver. The total number This is a
serious concern in the local community. Statistics
indicate that the main causes of traffic accidents Which
causes death injury due to the low level of vigilance on the
driver. On the industrial trucks, 57% of the cases of fatal
accidents were due to driver fatigue [1].
Empirical evidence on the case of an accident is a
separate effect. As well as a subscriber that stems from
several factors such as fatigue and low performance. The
research indicates that Fatigue is not enough tracking and
reporting the cause Accident on the highway. And the
accident is the effect from long and irregular hours, even the
longest Rather than driving [2].
A variety of methods have been used to detect the
condition Driver. Use of the electrical brain signal (EEG),
electric cochlea (EOG), electroencephalography (ECG) to
detect fatigue based on conditions physiologi drivers,
However, this solution is extremely uncomfortable because
the driver is required to wear the device to perform the
detection of [3]. Detecting fatigue on the driver to use
infrared-UWB radar Optical sensors can solve all the
problems mentioned above. Infrared-UWB can work in the
dark and measurements do not require direct contact on the
body Without disturbance the comfort of the driver [4].
II. DASAR TEORI
A. Fatigue
Fatigue is a global symptom that is not only associated
with acute and chronic diseases, but also deals with health
functions normally and daily life. This is one of the most
common complaints of people seen in primary health
care. Fatigue is common and sad for those who suffer from
rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, and
those who are subject to radiation or chemotherapy, are
limited to. It is also a major disorder in people with chronic
fatigue syndrome, a poorly understood condition
characterized by persistent and debilitating fatigue. In fact,
the nature of fatigue that exists everywhere makes a full
understanding become more challenging for researchers and
physicians [5].
Fatigue is a state of mind where response time is slower
than natural levels. This is a natural physiological state
triggered by circadian rhythms and lack of sleep. Symptoms
of major fatigue are lack of concentration, attention, focus,
alertness and difficulty in staying awake. Late stages of
fatigue cause micro-sleep episodes where a person becomes
completely unconscious for a few seconds to 30 seconds.
Mental fatigue is a natural response to the phenomenon of
the human brain in our daily lives and is defined as a state of
cortical deactivation, which reduces mental performance and
reduces alertness. The main symptoms of mental fatigue are
slow reaction time, general sensation of weakness, feelings
of being hampered and disturbed. Mental fatigue is a serious
problem and results in operating errors, especially in the
fields of transportation and flight [6].
• Driver Drowsiness
Sleepiness is considered a significant risk factor that
contributes greatly to the increasing number of motor
vehicle accidents every year. Important aspects of driving
disruption associated with drowsiness are slow reaction
time, reduced alertness, and deficits in information
processing all of which lead to abnormal driving
behavior. Driver drowsiness is usually used
interchangeably with the term driver fatigue. However,
each of these terms has its own meaning. Fatigue is
considered as one of the factors that can cause drowsiness
and is a consequence of physical work or prolonged
experience and is defined as a tendency to continue with
existing tasks.
B.
B.
B. Sensor Optik

Figure 1. The process of recovering data using optical
sensors.
Optical sensors can be used in a wide range of research and
commercial applications at the time now. This sensor can be
used in medical technology, metering, mapping, and QC
process. It currently has a lot of variety of optical sensor
systems based on laser, mapping, and fibers. The optical
sensor is a tool that can transform a beam of light into
electronic signals. Similar with light resistance, optical
sensors measure light physical quantities and translate them
into a model that can be read by metrics. One of the features
of the optical sensor is the ability to measure one or more
glow changes. Other features of the optical sensor which is
in the process of placing the sensor either internally or
externally on a device. This can be seen in Table 1.
Ekstrinsik Intrinsik
Suhu Rotasi
Tekanan Akselerasi
Aliran cairan Tegangan
Kadar cairan Vibrasi
Kurang sensitif Lebih sensitif
Mudah multiplexing Lebih sulit multiplexing
Terdapat masalah koneksi Mengurangi masalah koneksi
Mudah digunakan Demodulasi lebih rumit
Lebih terjangkau Lebih membutuhkan biaya
Table 1 Comparison of optical and external sensors
Substantive.
The new sensor method, which allows for a more
sophisticated discovery, continues to be developed using
New substances, such as supermaterials, micro and nano-
regulated or using new frequency bands such as THz
radiation, for example.
The optical sensor is the device that converts light into
electronic signals. Similar to the resitor image, optical
sensor to measure the physical amount of light and translate
it into a readable form on the instrument. One of the features
of optical sensor is the ability to measure changes from one
or many light rays. These changes often occur because of
the light intensity effect. Optical sensors can work with a
single point method or distribution point. Through one
point, the method changes the single phase necessary to
enable the sensor. On the roads of a distribution point, the
sensor will activate on all series of sensors [7].
• Advantages of Optic Sensor
Take advantage of the optical sensors listed below [7]:
1. Completely passive: can be used in volatile
environments.
2. Immune to electromagnetic interference: ideal for use
in the land environment of magnetic field.
3. Resistant to high temperature and reactive
environments with chemical fluid: ideal for harsh and
unfriendly environments.
4. Small size: Ideal for installation on any media.
5. High level of Biokompabilitas: ideal for medical
applications.
6. Physical and chemical reactions can be monitored.
7. The potential used for sensitivity, range and high
precision.
2
8. Complete electrical isolation of high power
possibilities.
9. Remote operation on several kilometers: ideal for use in
harsh environmental conditions.
C. Impulse Radio-Ultra Wideband (IR-UWB)
Ultra Broadband-Radio Rush (UWB-IR) is a hardware
device that is used as a radar sensor with High precision for
detecting the wave of the respiratory tract and objects. The
infrared-UWB consists of an integrated circuit (IC)
generator impulse in the transmitter and is discharged with a
circle IC baseband range Incorporated as receiver Kurreator
[8]. Send me R-UWB forwards waves of very thin and
receive the receiver of wave racsy of results [9]. Use of
technology Infrared-UWB in solutions that allow detection
of objects, localization, tracking in a closed environment,
infrared-UWB has a high distance accuracy range, summary
size, and Affordable fees [9].
In this study, UWB Wireless Radar Drive (IR-UWB) is
used to detect, localize and track mobile targets in the
neighbourhood. The infrared-UWB radar has one transmitter
and one receiver. The transmitter in the radar sends a very
narrow pulse, and the receiver receives the reflected pulse.
Signals are received through several steps of signal
processing to extract the target signal. This target signal.
Generally suffers from chaos, noise, and attenuation. By
Therefore, the removal of unwanted signals and signal
compensation is an important task to improve the capacity
To uncover the target.
Xethru Breathing Unit (X2M200) work by measuring the
movement of the human body with the rest of the rotating.
This profile is optimized to measure someone's breathing
awake with the sensors placed in the chest height or
abdomen pointed towards the chest or abdomen.
The parts of the body that produce the best signal will
vary from one person to another. Some shallow breathing,
the air pulls in the chest area, the next biggest movement
comes from the chest. While others breathe deeper, the
stomach cavity expands instead of the chest. In this case, the
stomach will be the largest movement at the time of
Detection.
Burst radar used in infrared-UWB features ultra-wide
bandwidth The transmission power is very weak. Because
the motive is signals such as sound, infrared signal
processing is usually done in the time area compared to the
frequency area.
Gambar 2. Modul IR-UWB (XeThru X2M200)
D. Heart Rate
Human heart rate is the integrated cardiovascular qualities
of survival prediction [10]. Although properties such as
heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) are usually reported
in studies related to the relationship between fatigue and
function Heart, some reports examine how heart function
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parameters such as heart output (CO) and stroke size (SV) calculated quickly and breathe visually shallow possible
associated with fatigue. Calculating the rate of fatigue Is the Missed. Agitation, anxiety and fever can cause respiratory
result of 6% of the variant Stroke index and 8% of the heart disturbance increase breathing rate not related.
variables Index. The effects of fatigue are also based on Average breathing rate based on age [12]:
Demogra dataBe As Age, ethnicity, and gender [11]. 1. Age from 0 to 6 weeks : 30-60 RPM
The human heart rate is grouped by age, i.e. [12]: 2. Age six months : 25-40 RPM
1. Newborn: 140 BPM 3. Three years old : 20-30 RPM
Newborn: 140 BPM 4. six years old : 18-25 RPM
2. Age one year :120 BPM 5. Ten years old : 15-20 RPM
3. Two years old :110 BPM 6. Adult : 12-20 RPM
4. Five years old :96-100 BPM
5. Ten years old :80-90 BPM
6. Adult :60-80 BPM

1. Determining the degree of fatigue

Gambar 5. Normal breathing during waking.

1. Determining the degree of fatigue

The investigation is by Table 2, and the respiratory rate
changes that indicate someone in the sleep state (RPM
values are less than 12). Data is the value of breathing rate
Gambar 3. Determining the degree of fatigue [13] in ordinary adult people.

Based on Figure 3, for the results of setting the Perubahan Nilai dari Kondisi
Referensi Terjaga
drowsiness level using the heart rate sensors can be obtained Terjaga
using the formula. The level of drowsiness on the basis of Tabachnik et al
heart rate is obtained from the average of the entire heart 17,4 -9,8
[14]
rate data during the test. Krieger et al [15] 16,2 -3,1
Lopes et al [16] 16,3 -3,7
Shore et al [17] 16,4 -9,1
Gould et al [18 14,4 -2,8

III. SYSTEM DESIGN

On the systems that were built, a IR-UWB sensor to get a

RPM value and optical sensors to get the BPM value while
driving motorists. All of the sensors are placed on the wrist
(optical sensor) and lead the chest cavity (IR-UWB). The
data will display the result of detection on the attached LCD
screen and real-time display data RPM and BPM. In order to
Gambar 4. Detecting drowsiness [13]. achieve the research mission, create a system design that
describes the Walker conceptAC power System.
E. Respiratory Rate
Respiratory system provides oxygen and eliminate me.
Carbon dioxide to regulate the partial pressure of the oxygen
accurately and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. This role is
partly performed by regulating the respiratory rate and the
size of the tide on Its turn is controlled by the work of
kemoreseptor who feel oxygen, carbon dioxide and ph.
Mechanical receptors of the lungs. and respiratory centers in
the Marrow and bones. Breathing The natural tide phase
consists of an important and ekspirasi and occurs with the
simultaneous movement of the chest and abdomen.
The respiratory rate is measured using 15, 30 and 60
seconds. However, the most accurate count of 60 seconds
due to a shorter duration often exaggerations at a number of
breaths per minute. In pediatric studies, the respiratory rate
is calculated With your stethoscope And instead of the
visual was 20-50% higher and more accurate the volume of
Figure 6. Overview of the work system.
breathing shows that the tides are only bigger tend to be
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Fatigue detector system stages the riders as The
following:
1. Capture data using respiratory sensor and heart rate
sensors. There are two types of parameters, namely,
breathing waves and heart rate. Optical heartbeat
sensor installation placed on the wrist while installing
a breathing sensor using infrared-UWB X2M200
directed at the chest area.
2. After the values of the parameters obtained, the data is
sent towards Single Board Computer In two ways.
Upon delivery, the sensor data using a serial cable,
while the heart rate sensor using a BLE (Bluetooth
Low Energy).
3. The data is processed on the SBC. Driver data is
processed in the form of breathing and heart strokes to
determine whether the driver's condition is in normal
conditions or in conditions of fatigue.
4. Data storage will be saved locally in CSV format.
5. Real-time data appears on the monitor that is installed
on the tool.
6. As a condition for BingHurry When you're in the
momentn tired, the driver will receive notice in the
form of vibrations Embedded optical sensor.
7. Data will be sent to cloud storage when the device is
connected to the Internet, so that raw data can be
displayed on local storage online to monitor the
driver's condition and can be used as a limit when
driving.
A. Installation of the driver's sensor contract
blepython and optical sensors for the library Module
Controller Censored Library IR-UWB.
Initial process before unauthorized access to data any
calibration process model Authenticate to each sensor.
Optical sensors are always calibrated to every use on
passenger drivers. Optical sensor requires less than 5
minutes of new sensor conditions Connect with BLE. While
the IR-UWB sensor requires Less than 10 seconds to do
authentication. After optical sensor detects BPM and IR-
UWB sensor detects RPM, the acquisition process can be
initiated by optical and infrared-UWB sensors. As a result of
the acquisition of sensors in the form of raw data and then
Processed using a library for each sensor. Data Arranged in
the form of serialization data with string type with add
Contains the comma (,) in order to distinguish the data with
each other. Then DATA data is saved to the local SBC in
the form BeLe type CSV. That would be available to be sent
to cloud storage and data visualization. Data retrieval By
sensors are performed every second. Workflow Retrieve
Data from sensors described in figure 9.

Figure 8. Schema Configuration sensor node

Figure 7. Mounting Sensore node charts on the driver

Installation sensor node Placed on the wrist for optical

sensors and routed in the bra for IR-UWB sensor.

B. Retrieving data related sensor node

Figure 9. Retrieving flowchart data to an SBC
Composition of optical and infrared-UWB sensors in the
SBC, as shown in Figure 8. Sensor node It is made up of
several components namely the optical sensor Xiaomei Mei
Band 2 and the IR-UWB sensor Xethru the respiratory unit
connected with the SBC Berry Pi 3. Optical sensors
connected to the Pi berry via low-power Bluetooth (BLE)
that has a MAC address as a means of communicating with
the SBC. While IR-UWB sensor connected to most serial
communications with SBC (Universal Asynchronous
transceiver). The SBC program use some libraries including
 5

C. Notifikasi Tanda Kelelahan screen. and results It brings the value of BPM rotation and
RPM in real time. On the initial terms, the BPM value and
the value RPM = 0, and then when the Start button was
pressed, the BPM value and RPM will appear according to
the conditions of the user's heart rate and respiratory
system..

Figure 12. View initial conditions User Interface

Figure 10. Signs of fatigue in the flowchart report.

Figure 13 Case At the time the Start button is pressed

B. Device Test

In this research, the test was performed on a device used in

the sensor node, i.e. optical and infrared-UWB sensors to
determine the value of the precise optical sensor and the IR-
Figure 11. Sign the dangers of fatigue.
UWB sensor. There are two tests for visual sensors i.e. test
accuracy at the moment of silence, while driving, while
In this process, a driver who suffers from fatigue will get
sleeping and testing the accuracy of the IR-UWB sensor for
a warning in the form of vibrations coming from an optical
any accurate moment of silence test, while driving, and
sensor (MIBAND2). The notice will appear when the
sleep time.
driver's heart rate reaches 60 beats per minute or the < 12
rpm <. Drivers with fatigue will get a warning shake for four
1. Optical sensor test
seconds.
In this test, you make a comparison between the BPM
value obtained by the optical sensor with the same
IV. TEST AND DISCUSSION object. This test is used to see the value of the optical
There are four stages of test and testing. User sensor line used when the condition is silent, driving
InterfaceTest device, test, warning systems, and test data and sleeping.
validation.

A. User Interface Test

Give me the test user interfaceThe test is done, whether the

data of the sensor can be ter Isasikan Visualizer on the LCD
 6

Figure 18. Respiratory Rate at sleep

Figure 14. Heart Rate at steady phase

Figure 19. Respiratory Rate at drive

C. Alarm Systems Test

Figure 15 Heart Rate at sleep
In this test, the heart rate and breathing will appear at the
time of fatigue that the user has not detected. When
suffering from unknown fatigue, the MI Band 2 device will
vibrate four times.

Figure 16. Heart Rate at drive

Figure 20. Respiratory Rate if there is a warning

2. Pengujian Sensor IR-UWB

Figure 21. Heart Rate If there is a warning

Figure 17. Respiratory Rate at steady phase

 7

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applied to me The driver that is exhausted with the old “Changes in ventilation and chest wall mechanics during
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detection were according to a known reference. The warning 557-64, 1981.
requirement of fatigue for the driver was according to the [15] K. J. dan Turlot JC dan Mangin P dan Kurtz D,
data obtained at the time of data retrieval. “Breathing during sleep in normal young and elderly
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