Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lic PDF
Lic PDF
com
Applications of
operational Amplifiers
UNIT-II
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Rule 1
◦ When the op-amp output is in its linear range, the two input
terminals are at the same voltage.
Rule 2
◦ No current flows into or out of either input terminal of the op
amp.
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Inverting Amplifier i
o
Rf 10 V
i
Ri
i -10 V 10 V
o i
+
Slope = -Rf / Ri
(a)
-10 V
Rf vo Rf (b)
vo vi G
Ri vi Ri
(a) An inverting amplified. Current flowing through
the input resistor Ri also flows through the
feedback resistor Rf .
(b) The input-output plot shows a slope of -Rf / Ri in
the central portion, but the output saturates at
about ±13 V. EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Noninverting Amplifier
o
i i 10 V
Ri Rf Slope = (Rf + Ri )/ Ri
-10 V 10 V
i
-
o -10 V
i +
R f Ri R f Ri Rf
vo vi G 1
Ri Ri Ri
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Summing Amplifier
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Summing Amplifier
R1 Rf
1
R2 o
2 +
v1 v2
vo R f
R1 R2
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Summing Amplifier
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Adder-Subtractor
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Audio Mixer
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Op-amp Differentiator
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Op-amp Differentiator
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Opamp Integrator
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Practical Integrator
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Differential Amplifier
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Differential Amplifiers
Differential Gain Gd v3
vo R4
Gd
v4 v3 R3 v4
Common Mode Gain Gc
◦ For ideal op amp if the inputs are equal
then the output = 0, and the Gc = 0.
◦ No differential amplifier perfectly rejects R4
vo (v4 v3 )
the common-mode voltage. R3
Common-mode rejection ratio CMMR
◦ Typical values range from 100 to 10,000 Gd
CMRR
Gc
Disadvantage of one-op-amp differential amplifier
is its low input resistance
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Instrumentation Amplifiers
v3 v4 i ( R2 R1 R2 )
v1 v2 iR1
v3 v4 2 R2 R1
Gd
Advantages:
v1 v2 High
R1 input impedance, High CMRR,
Variable gain
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Instumentation Amplifier
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Follower ( buffer)
Used as a buffer, to prevent a high source
resistance from being loaded down by a
low-resistance load. In another word it
prevents drawing current from the source.
o
i +
vo vi G 1
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Comparators
Practical response
(clipped)
VIN
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Non-Inverting Comparator
A comparator compares a signal voltage applied at the
input of an op-amp with a known reference voltage V ref
given at the other input.
It is an open-loop operation, i.e., there is no feedback path
in the case of a comparator.
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
INVERTING COMPARATOR
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Window Detector
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Hysteresis
Upper threshold
time
Lower threshold
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Schmitt Trigger
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Hysterisis
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
VOUT VSAT
R1
VTHRESH VSAT
R1 R2
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Input-Output Relationship
-VTHRESH -VTHRESH
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Asymmetrical Thresholds
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Analysis
VOUT V VREF V
0
R2 R1
VOUT VREF V V R R2
V 1
R2 R1 R2 R1 R1 R2
R1 R2
V VOUT VREF
R1 R2 R1 R2
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Realising VREF
R1 R2
Solving VTHRESH VSAT VREF
often gives a value of V
R1 Ravailable.
that isn’t 2 R1 R2
REF
But,
r2
Providing R1 r1 || r2 and VREF VS
r1 r2
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Summary
Saturation of op-amps is exploited by
comparator circuits.
Their function is to decide whether an input
voltage is greater or less than a reference
level.
Hysteresis is often applied to provide some
resilience against noise.
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Peak Detector
Peak detector detects and holds the most positive value of attained
by the input signal prior to the time when the switch is closed.
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Negative Clipper:
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Logarithmic Amplifier
•Logarithmic amplifier gives the output proportional to the logarithm of
input signal.
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Filter
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Passive filters
Passive filters works well for high frequencies. But at audio frequencies, the
inductors become problematic, as they become large, heavy and expensive.
For low frequency applications, more number of turns of wire must be used
which in turn adds to the series resistance degrading inductor’s performance ie,
low Q,resulting in high power dissipation
Active filters
Active filters used op- amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as
passive elements.
By enclosing a capacitor in the feed back loop , inductor less active filters can be
obtained
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Types of filters
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Wide BPF
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EC6404-LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS-ECE DEPT-SVCE
www.Vidyarthiplus.com