POULTRY

 is a term used for any kind of domesticated bird, captive-raised for its utility, and
traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl (Galliformes) and waterfowl
(Anseriformes). "Poultry" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys,
geese and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the flesh of these birds used
as food.

Management of Layers (Laying birds)

Stages of Life:

1. Pullet chicks: day-old to 8weeks (fed on chick mash)

2. Growing stage: 8-20weeks (Point of cage – 12 to 14 weeks & Point of Lay (POL) – 14-
16weeks. (fed on grower’s mash)

3. Laying stage: 20 to 72weeks (fed on layer’s mash)

• Birds should be transferred to the laying quarters (deep litter or battery cages) at 15 to 17
weeks old. The pen must have been cleaned, disinfected and made to rest for about 2 days.

• Birds are transferred in well-aerated crates in the morning or evening.

• The birds should be without feed for 4 to 6 hours before been transferred.

Management of layers (Provision of Nest Boxes)

• Nest boxes are provided for layers that will be maintained on deep litter.

• Nest are preferably lined up near side of the pen away from the sun ray.

• Wood shavings should be placed on the floor of the nest box to protect the eggs against
breakage and to produce clean eggs.

SIGNS OF ONSET OF LAYING

1. Birds will start to cackle (make noise with their throat

2. The combs and wattles will be bright red and when touched, the bird will tend to stoop.

POULTRY TERMS

FOWL DUCK GOOSE TURKKEY PIGEON QUAIL

Mature Cock/Cockerel Drake Gander Tom Pigeon
male Cock
Mature Hen/Pullet Duck Goose T. Hen Pigeon Hen Hen
Female
Young Baby Chicken Duckling Goding Poult Squab Chick
Group Brood/Flock Paddling Gaggle Flock Flight Covey
Keet- young guinea of either sex
Down Feathers- refers to feathers of newly hatched fowl
Plumage- mature feathers of fowl
Pullet Chicks- Sexed chicks, all female
Straight-run-Chick- group of male and female chicks; unsexed
Capon- fattened male testicles removed at 2-3months old
Peeper- pigeon ready to leave nest
Squeaker- ready to leave nest and starting to eat
Pigeon- predigested food of pigeon’s crop intended for young
Poulard- ovariectomized pullet; synonym of capon
Oviposition- laying of fully developed egg
Fertile Egg- egg from mated flock
Table Egg- egg for cuisine purposes; came from unmated female
Pollard- wheat bran
Zein- Protein from corn
Candling- Holding the egg infront of a bright light
Poultry- species of birds man has domesticated for meat and eggs
Psychrometer- a device for measuring dry and wet bulbs temp.
Anemometer- device for measuring air velocity

POULTRY SPECIES SC. NAME EGG WT.(GRAMS) INCUBATION PERIOD

Chicken Gallus domesticus 58 21
Mallard Duck Anas Platyrynchos 60 28
Muscovy Cairina Moschata 70 33-35
Quail Coturnix coturnix 10 16-18
Bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus 11-12 22-14
turkey Meleagris gallopavo 85 28
Geese Anser domesticus 130-200 28-32
African geese Cygnopsis cygnoides 130-150 28-32
Guinea Fowl Numida maleagris 40 26-28
Pigeon Columbia livia 17 18
Peafowl Pavo cristatus 95 28
Pheasants Phasianus colchicus 32 20-24
Ostrich Struchio australis camlus 1400 42
Emu Dromencens 1200 50-63
norahollandia

Native Philippine Chicken

1.) Labuyo-Western Visayas

2.) Bolinao- Pangasinan
3.) Banaba- Batangas
4.) Camarines- Bicol region
5.) Paraokan- Palawan
6. Darag- Cebu
 Banaba
 Origin:From Batangas province of Calabarzon
 Characteristic:The Banaba fowl is a staight-combed breed.Black breasted with red-orange
hackle feathers in roosters. Hens are wheaten in color, straight-combed. Black Tail feathers
on both sexes. Straight-comb with bright red earlobes, can have white earlobes. Stands
upright with slate colored shanks.

Bolinao
 Origin:Found in Pangasinan province Ilocos Region.
 Characteristics: they are high flyers, usually 6ft high, but lack ground fighting skill.
 Paraoakan
 Origin: From Palawan in Mimaropa region.
 Characteristics:It is one of the bigger native chicken breeds in the country and that means
plenty of poultry meat once they have matured. The Paraoakan native chickens are
generally characterised by their bigger bodies, long legs, a long neck as well as a bigger head.

Labuyo
 Origin: From Western Visayas
 Characteristics: Labuyo has red wing and hackled and black feathers and tails. The comb is
single the earlobe is whitisth and the shank is gray for both female and male.

What is Broiler?
Broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), or broilers, are a gallinaceous domesticated fowl,
bred and raised specifically for meat production. They are a hybrid of the egg-laying chicken,
both being a subspecies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus).

Guess
MODERN CHICKEN TYPE

EGG TYPE MEAT TYPE DUAL PURPOSE FANCY/

ORNAMENTAL
Leghorn Cornish Rhode Island Red Bantam
Minorca Brahma New Hampshire Yokohama
Ancona Langshan Plymouth Rock Frizzles
Mikawa Cochins Australorp Silkies
Spanish White rock Wyandotte
Andalusian Cina Nagoya
Buttercup Cantonese
Orphington
Sussex
Dorking
DUCK BREED
EGG TYPE MEAT TYPE FANCY
Pateros Muscovy Shelrake
Khaki Campbell Duck Pekin Calls
Indian Runner Roven Black Indies
Tsaiya Ayslesbury
Cherry Valley 2000 Chery Valley
Alabio Laguna
Tegarl Mollard
Bali

PASTURE/RANGE CHICKEN
-Sasso, Kabir Giant, Sunshine

PARTS OF POULTRY HOUSES

1.) Frame- wooden/Steel
2.) Walls- mesh wire/screen
3.) Roof types- shed, gable, combination, semimonitor,monitor, A type
4.) Flear- Concrete floor in litter prevents coccidiosis
5.) Insultion

TYPES OF POULTRY HOUSE

1.) Controlled Environment house- temperate countries
2.) Open sided Poultry house

SYSTEMS OF POULTRY HOUSING

1.) Litter Floor- rice hull, rice straw, saw dust, peanut hay
2.) Slat & litter floor combination- breeder
3.) All-slatted house- Broiler
4.) Cages- Flat deck, stair-step, compact, pyramid, tier battery cages

UNIQUE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF FOWL

Body Temp- 105-109 0F

Pulse rate- 300 beats per minute (rest)
Respiration rate- 14-22 per minute (rest)
Food passages-2.5 hours to pass from mouth to anus
Fusion of bones to provide rigidity for fight
Adaptation of forelimbs into wings

Dubbing- removal of comb and wattles

Dewatting- removal of wattles
Preen gland/Uropygial gland- oil gland located on top of the rump; used for water-proofing of
feathers
Molting- natural loss of feather, usually after 8-12 months of laying
Gastro Muscle- roosting muscle, birds can sleep on trees w/out falling
Clavicle- wish bone
Sternum- breast or kneel bone (Piso)
Syrinx- voice box of bird located where the trachea divided into bronchi
Crop- stones and softens foods
Proventriculus- true stomach with gastric juices and enzymes
Gizzard/ Ventriculus- Muscular stomach
Ceca- Junction of small and large intestines, site of undigestible materials
Cloaca- common activity for entrance of genital, urinary and digestible tracts.

REPRODUCTIVE IN FEMALE
SECTION TIME EGG SPENDS LENGTH FUNCTION
Funnel/Infudibulum 15 minutes 9 cm Engulfin of yolk, site of
fertilization
Magnum 3 hrs 33 cm Secretion of thick
white albumen
Isthmus 1 ,1/4 hrs 10 cm Shell membranes
Uterus 20-21 hrs 12 cm Thin albumen, shell
and pigment
Vagina - 12 cm Passage of egg

MAJOR HORMONES IN CHIKEN

Follicle Stimulating Hormone- growth and maturation of ovarian follicles (egg yolk) influence by
photoperiod.
Leutinizing Hormone- ovulation; influenced by dark light or diurnal sequence
Oxytocin- stimulates laying of egg
Prolactin- stimulates female to go broody
Thyroxin- metabolism, pigmentation, structure and molting of feathers
Parathyroid- calcium levels of blood
Hatching eggs- eggs from mated flock to produce chicks or ducklings
Century egg- salted egg treated with NAOH

FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILIZATION HATCHABILITY

1.) Condition of sperms 1.) Heredity
2.) Nutrition 2.) Nutrition
3.) Temperature 3.) Rate of lay
4.) Age 4.) Age
5.) Preferential mating 5.) Temperature
6.) Breeding

SIZES OF EGGS WEIGTH

Jumbo > 65g
XL 60-65 g
L 55-60 g
Medium 50-55 g
Small 45-50 g
Peewee <45 g
Shape of egg-Ovoid, oblong, round
Blood spots- caused by hemorrhage in oviduct
Meat spots in egg- tissue in ovary
Body-Checked eggs- eggs with vidge at the middle of egg
Pimples egg- egg with calcerous deposits
Storage temperature for eggs- 50-65 0F w/ RH of 70-80%

Caruncle- red portion in ducks head ( comb in chiken)

Snood- Portion of turkey heads
Dewlap- on goose but wattle in chicken
Clutch- a number of successive days that a hen lays eggs, 3-4 days/week
Chalazae- two twisted cords holding yolk at the center
Air cell- space bet. the inner and the outer shell membrane, formed after egg is laid
Soft shelled/shell-less eggs- due to calcium deficiency bronchitis or stress
Xanthophyll- pigment in yellow color of yolk
Ovomucin- Protien in albumen
Lysozyme- enzyme in albumen which protect egg from bacteria

FACTORS THAT STOP EGG LAYING

1.) Photo refractoriness- loss of photo stimulation in birds due to decreased day length
2.) Broodiness- time when female bird incubates her egg and brooding her young
3.) Moulting- shedding of feathers; rest from egg production

BROODING- Refers to the period of growth during which supplementary heat is given to young birds
comport; depends on type of housing and season of year,1-6 wks.

FEEDSTUFF FOR POULTRY

1.) Cereal- wheat, maized, barley, rice
2.) Cereal by products- wheat feed (pollard), rice bran, corn gluten, meal, corn germ meal
3.) Protein Concentrates- soybean meal, peanut meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal
4.) Oil & fats- soybean oil, rapeseed oil, fish oil, tallow (beef fat)
5.) Mineral& Vitamins- Limestone, dicalcium, phosphate, salt

GUIDELINES IN SELECTING FOUNDATION STOCKS

1. Stock should only purchased from a reliable hatchery or franchised dealer where the parent stocks
are well housed and well-manage.
2. kind of stocks to buy depends upon the purpose for which it is going to raised.
3. chicks should be free from diseases and deformities
4. Chicks should have uniform size and color: In broiler should not more than 33 grams at day old.
5. Select a strain that indicates good performance under existing farm conditions.
6. for broilers; choose those that have high livability and are fast grower.
7. for layers, choose that those that have good egg size, high egg production and long productive life.

RECOMMENDED SPACE REQUIREMENTS

LAYERS
A. Day-old to four weeks 15 sq. in/chick
B. Four to eight weeks 30 sq. in/chicks
C. Nine weeks to laying age 50-60 sq.cm/bird
BROILERS
A. Day-old to three weeks 0.3 sq. ft/chick
B. three to four weeks 0.5sq. Ft/chicks
C. five weeks to market age 1 sq.ft/bird

CULLING POOR LAYERS

CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION
-Comb, wattle, earlobes -small pale, cold, shrunken and dry
-Pubic bones ( 2 small bones extending -close together only 1 finger can be
along the sides of the vent) placed bet. Them, thick and hard
-Vent - small, dry puckered and round
- Span (distance between end of pubic bones) - about 1-2 fingers in with
- Pigmentation(yellow beak and shanks) - remains yellow even after months
in laying pen

DISEASE PREVENTION

1.) Prevention of contact between host and disease organism

A. Isolate building and units
B. Bird segregation by age, species and source
C. Control traffic of birds, human and vectors
D. Purchase of healthy stock
E. Cleanliness and disinfection
F. dead birds disposed by burning or burying
2.) Strengthen host
A. Select for disease resistance
B. reduce stress- overcrowding, culling, poor ventilation, social competition, inadequate
feeding and watering space.
C. proper nutrition
D. Use medication properly
E. Follow recommended vaccination program methods

POULTRY DISEASES OF CURRENT CONCERN

1.) Mareks
2.) Kenkosis
3.) Coccidiosis
4.) Fowl Cholera
5.) Respiratory Complex- CRD, PPLO
6.) New castle disease ( NCD)
7.) Leg weakness
8.) Infectious bursal disease

Poultry

 is a term used for any kind of domesticated bird, captive-raised for its utility, and
traditionally the word has been used to refer to wildfowl (Galliformes) and waterfowl
(Anseriformes). "Poultry" can be defined as domestic fowls, including chickens, turkeys, geese
 and ducks, raised for the production of meat or eggs and the flesh of these birds used as
food.

Advantages
 Basically poultry raising doesn’t require high capital for starting up a poultry.
 This can be started in small space unless you want it in large scale. Other poultry birds can be
raised in backyards.
 To start a poultry it does not require a much maintenance if proper cleaning methods and
neatness is maintained. This can also prevent some diseases in poultry.
 Poultry have regular and huge demand globally. As these products are not expensive and
produces fresh and nutritious foods. It is also very easy to market the poultry product as this
there are all established market in all over the place.
 Poultry raising provides local employment opportunities and educated youth can utilize this
opportunity earn huge income. Poultry raising is also beneficial for rural women who are
unemployed.
 Manure produce during poultry raising can generate the income as well. However, if you are
growing any field crops, this manure works as an organic compost and produces more yield.
 If you are planning for commercial poultry raising there are many loan schemes available for
local banks and subsidies in local government schemes.

Disadvantages
 The largest disadvantage poultry raising especially the high yielding and most actively
practiced method the intensive farming is under attack for the practices which involve
keeping the animals in very cramped cages this which results in pollution and various
diseases.
 Attack by various animal welfare organizations are being faced by the poultry industry for
engaging in methods which the organizations find to be questionable and often times
inhumane. Moreover the groups object to the slaughtering or killing chickens for food and
mainly the “factory farm conditions” under which the poultry is raised and methods of
transport that are very restrictive.
 Yet, another controversial topic is the “hybrid” varieties of poultry being produced. The
poultry is being injected with growth enhancing hormones and various other chemicals to
augment the overall yield.
 Environmental concerns are increasing because it is proven fact that poultry raising alters
atmosphere or rather the entire environment in many ways. Poultry raising has and affect on
the natural habitats of the forests further the forests are often destroyed to contruct big
open fields for poultry raising and this could well-lead to soil erosion.
 Diseases are a major problem encountered by poultry farmers. Diseases have to be quickly
detected because it spreads very rapidly.
 Not being able to control weather conditions is a huge disadvantage for people opting for
free range farming along with finding proper land with ventilation and adequate drainage.

Classification of farm according to size

1-Large Commercial farms
-farms that produce 100,000 or more broilers per harvest.
2-Medium commercial farms
- Produce 21,000-99,000 broilers per harvest.
3- Small commercial farms
- 1,000-20,000 Broilers per harvest
4- Small hold/backyard farms
- 1,000 broilers per harvest.
TYPES OF OPERATION

Integrated grower farms

- farms that breed ,hatch, grow and market at their own products at their
expense.
Contact grower farms
- farms that grow chickens for the integrator
-scheme whereby a grower enters into a contract with an integrator to
grow broilers up to marketable age of 36-42 days.
Contract-to-buy growers farm
- farms that have tie-ups with integrators/cooperatives, whereby the latter
sell to growers a minimum of 10,000 broiler-type chicks and or feet at an agreed price.

Independent commercial growers farms

-farms that buy broiler chicks at current market prices and mix their own
feeds. they raise and market their own birds by themselves.

Contact breeding farms

- farms that produce hatching eggs for companies that supply the parent
stocks(PS) and feed and buy back the hatching eggs at pre-arranged price.

Independent/Commercial Breeder Farms

- farms that buy PS and sell hatching eggs and /or day old chicks to
commercial growers.

Consider the following before engaging

in a Broiler enterprise
1.) Personal qualifications and capabilities
2.) A regular supply of quality feeds and other farm
inputs.
3.) Sustained supply of feeds and other farm inputs
4.) Market assurance
5.) Proximity to market and source of raw materials
6.) Community environmental policies and regulation

ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSFULL BROODING

1.) Good quality Chicks
2.) Adequate Space allowances
3.) Proper Ventilation
4.) Adequate Lighting Facilities
5.) Proper sanitation
6.) Protection from predators

PROPER TEMPERATURE ON BROODING

Age of Chicks (Days) Temperature(oC)
1-7 32.2-35.0
8-14 29.4-32.2
14-21 26.7-29.4
 Beyond 21 days Provide heat only when necessary

Possible causes of Cannibalism

1. Over crowding
2. Poor Ventilation
3. Inadequate feeders and drinkers
4. Imbalance or poor diet.
PREVENTION:
-Provide adequate floor space
-Provide proper ventilation
-Provide sufficient feeding and drinking spaces
BREED OF DUCKS
Native Ducks

commonly called itik, is the most popularly raised locally.

smaller than imported breeds, they are good layers and non-sitters.
eggs are large.
Its predominant colors are black and gray. Some are barred (bulek) others are brown or have
white feathers mixed with black/green. Males have coarser heads and heavier bodies than
females. Males emit shrill high pitch sounds. They have curly feathers on top of their tails.
Females emit low pitch quacking sounds. Their tails feathers lie flat or close to the bodies.
In all commercial ducks hatcheries, determining the sex of duckling is done at the age of 2
to 3 days.

Khaki Campbell Duck

Have characteristic brown color, have extremely active habits, do well in good range
and show a little desire for swimming.
These ducks are good layers, they lay as many as 300 or more eggs a year which are fairly
large, thick-shelled and weigh 70 to 75 grams each.

Commercial Hybrid Duck

The world’s first hybrid egg-type duck known as cv2000 was developed at cherry
valley farms, England. It has white plumage and lays its egg at about 20 weeks of age. The
body weight at point of lay is about 1.5kg. On the average this duck could lay 285 eggs up
to 72 weeks of age with a mean egg weight of 75 kg. This duck can be distinguished by their
pure white feathers. Their eggs are either white or greenish.

Indian Runner
Originated from the east Indies but its egg production capability was developed in
Western Europe. This duck assumes very erect normal postures which are almost straight
neck. The back is long, straight and narrow. An adult weighs about 2.10kg while an adult
duck weigh about 1.8 kg. The egg production characteristics of this breed resemble that of
the Khaki Campbell.
Tsaiya
bred mainly for egg production.
There are two varieties: a brown-feathered one, and one with white feathers, and an orangish-yellow
beak and shanks.
Both have long necks, and hold themselves somewhat upright. Their legs are far back on their bodies.
The ducks are small, weighing only up to small ducks, up to 3 pounds (1.4 kg.)
The females will lay up to 230 bluish-shelled eggs a year.
The birds can start breeding when they are 4 months old.

Muscovy duck (pato)

easily identified by its carunculated face or red, knobby nodules along the eyes and
above the base of the bill.
heavy breed. It has plump body and yellow skin.
three varieties: white, colored and the blue.
Unlike other breeds, Muscovy prefers to stay on land. They are good forgers, so they require
less care and can subsist on what they can pick up in the field supplemented on with palay
and corn.
Muscovy has low egg production but is more self-sustaining than Pateros duck. It hatches
her eggs in 33 to 35 days.

Pekin Duck
Native in China belonging to the meat type of ducks. Sometimes it is mistaken for a
goose because it carries its body rather upright. It is docile and well-adapted to Philippine
climate. Pekin ducks are good layers, and duckling are ready for market at 2 to 3 mo. Old