GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEM

 Piping System Definitions:

o Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) – Natural gas liquefied by refrigeration of pressure.
o Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) – Composed predominantly of the following
hydrocarbons (either by themselves or as mixtures): butane (normal butane or isobutene),
butylenes (including isomers), propane, propylene, and ethane. LPG can be stored as
liquids under moderate pressures (approximately 80 psig to 250 psi at ambient
temperature).
o Pipeline – All parts of physical facilities through which gas moves in transportation,
including pipe, valves, fittings, flanges (including bolting & gaskets), regulators, pressure
vessels, pulsation dampeners, relief valves, compressors units, metering facilities,
pressure regulating stations, pressure limiting stations, pressure relief stations and
fabricated assemblies.
o Hot Tapes – Branch piping connections made to operating pipelines, mains, or other
facilities while they are in operation. The branch piping is connected to the operating line,
and the operating line is tapped while it is under pressure.
o Vault – An underground structure that may be entered and that is designed to contain
piping and piping components (such as valves or pressure regulators).
o Component or Pipeline Component – An individual item or element fitted in line with
pipe in a pipeline system, such as, but not limited to, valves, elbows, tees, flanges, and
closures.
o Pipeline Facility – New and existing pipelines, right of ways, and any equipment, faculty,
or building used in the transportation of gas or in the treatment of gas during the course
of transportation.
o Pipeline Section – A continuous run of pipe between adjacent compressor stations,
between a compressor station and a block valve, or between adjacent block valves.
o Segment – A length of pipeline or part of the system that has unique characteristics in a
specific geographic location.
o Transmission System – One or more segments of pipeline, usually interconnected to form
a gathering system, the outlet of a gas processing plant, or a storage field to a high or low
pressure distribution system, a large volume customer, or another storage field.
o Gas Main or Distribution Main – A segment of pipeline in a distribution system installed
to convey gas to individual service lines or other main.
o Gas Service Line – The piping installed between a main, pipeline, or other source of
supply and the meter set assembly.
o Gathering System – One or more segment of pipeline, usually interconnected to form a
network, that transports gas from one or more production facilities to the inlet of a gas
processing plant.
o Consumer‟s Meter – A meter that measures gas delivered to a consumer for consumption
on the consumer‟s premises.
 o Meter Set Assembly – The piping and fittings installed to connect the inlet side of the
meter to the gas service line and the outlet side of the meter to the consumer‟s house line.
o Monitoring Regulator – A pressure regulator installed in series with another pressure
regulator that automatically assumes control of the pressure downstream of the station, in
case that pressure exceeds a set maximum.
o Pressure-relief Station – Consists of equipment installed to vent gas from a system being
protected to prevent the gas pressure from exceeding a predetermined limit.
o Block or Stop Valve – A valve installed for the purpose of blocking or stopping the flow
of gas in a pipe.
o Check Valve – A valve designed to permit flow in one direction and to close
automatically to prevent flow in the reverse direction.

 Stress Terms and Definitions:

o Bending Stress – The force per unit area acting at a point along the length of the member
resulting from the bending moment applied at that point.
o Compressive Stress – The applied pushing force divided by the original cross-sectional
area.
o Hoop stress, SH – The stress in a pipe of wall thickness „t‟, acting circumferentially in a
plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe, produced by the pressure „p‟, of
the fluid in a pipe of diameter „D‟, and is determined by the Barlow‟s formula;
 SH = PD/2t
o Tensile Stress – The applied pulling force divided by the original cross sectional area.

 Pipe Manufacturing Processes:

Types and names of welded joints are used herein according to their common usage as
defined in AWS A3.0, or as specifically defined as follows:
1. Electric-Resistance-Welded Pipe – Pipe produced in individual lengths or in continuous
lengths from coiled and subsequently cut into individual lengths. The resulting lengths
have a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence is produced by the heat obtained from
resistance of the pipe to the flow of electric current in a circuit of which the pipe is a part,
and by the application of the pressure.
2. Furnace Butt-Welded Pipe – Pipe manufactured in this type have following categories:
a. Bell-Welded – Furnace welded pipe produced in individual lengths from cut
length. The pipe‟s longitudinal butt joint forge welded by the mechanical
pressure.
b. Continuous-Welded – Furnace welded pipe produced in continuous lengths from
coiled and subsequently cut into individual lengths. The pipe‟s longitudinal butt
joint forge welded by the mechanical pressure developed in rolling the hot-formed
skelp through a set of round pass welding rolls.
3. Electric-Fusion-Welded Pipe – Pipe having a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence
is produced in the preformed tube by manual or automatic electric-arc welding. The weld
may be single or double and may be made with or without the use of filler metal.
4. Electric-Flash-Welded Pipe – Pipe having a longitudinal butt joint, wherein coalescence
is produced simultaneously over the entire area of abutting surfaces by the heat obtained
 from resistance to the flow of electric current between the two surfaces, and by the
application of pressure after heating is completed.
5. Double Submerged-Arc-Welded Pipe – Pipe having a longitudinal or helical butt joint
produced by at least two passes, one of which is on the inside of the pipe. Coalescence is
produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs between the bare metal electrode or
electrodes and the work. Pressure is not used, and filler metal for the inside and outside
weld is obtained from the electrode or electrodes.
6. Seamless Pipe – A wrought tubular product made without a welded seam. It is
manufactured by hot working steel and, if necessary, by cold finishing the hot-worked
tubular product to produce the desired shape.
7. Laser Beam welded Pipe – Pipe having a longitudinal butt joint made with a welding
process that utilizes a laser beam to produce melting of full thickness of edges to be
welded.

 Fabrication Terms and Definitions:

o Arc Welding or Arc Weld – Arc welding is a type of welding that uses a welding power
supply to create an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the
metals at the welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current,
and consumable or non-consumable electrodes.
o Fillet Weld – the process of joining two pieces of metal together whether they be
perpendicular or at an angle. These welds are commonly referred to as Tee joints which
are two pieces of metal perpendicular to each other or Lap joints which are two pieces of
metal that overlap and are welded at the edges.
o Girth Weld – it is a complete circumferential butt weld joining pipe or components.
o Seam Weld – The longitudinal or helical seam in pipe, made in the pipe mill for the
purpose of making a complete circular cross section.
o Submerged Arc Welding – An arc welding process that uses an arc or arcs between a bare
metal electrode or electrodes and the weld pool. The arc and molten metal are shielded by
a blanket of granular flux on the work-pieces. The process is used without pressure and
with filler metal from the electrode and sometimes from a supplement source (welding
rod, flux, or metal granules).
o Wrinkle Bend – A pipe bend produced by a field machine. The wrinkle is deliberately
introduced as a means of shortening the inside meridian of the bend.
 Codes & Standards (In SNGPL):
o API : 1104 - Welding of Pipeline & Allied Facilities
o ASME : B31.8 - Gas Transmission & Distribution System
o ASME : B16.5 - Pipe Flanges & Flanged Fittings
o ASTM : D2513 - Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe
o API : 1107 - Repair Welding
o API : 5L - Specification of linepipe
o API : 6D - Specification of Valves
o DIN : 30670 - Three layer Polyethylene Coating
o NACE : RP-0600 - Enamel Standard for Coating of Pipe

 General Definitions (In SNGPL):

o Sales Meter Station (SMS) – These are installations designed to reduce/control the
pressure of gas and measure the quantity of gas being fed into a distribution system. It is
the terminal point of a Transmission main.
o Transmission & Transmission Pressure – The transportation of gas from the gas fields to
various centers of distribution including all pipeline operations and maintenance work
connected with it. All pressures in excess of 275 psig (maximum distribution pressure)
will be termed as Transmission pressure.
o Sales Meter Station (SMS) – These are installations designed to reduce/control the
pressure of gas and measure the quantity of gas being fed into a distribution system. It is
the terminal point of a Transmission main.
 Instruments of SMS:
o Flow / Pressure / Temperature Recorder
o Regulators
o Relief Valve
o Filters
o Odorizer
o Orifice Chamber
 Operation of SMS:
o Filtration
o Regulation
o Measurement
o Safety valve
o Odorization
o Sales Meter Station (SMS) – These are installations designed to reduce/control the
pressure of gas and measure the quantity of gas being fed into a distribution system. It is
the terminal point of a Transmission main.
o Distribution & Distribution Pressure – The transportation of gas from the outlet of a SMS
to various industrial, commercial and domestic CMSs, located outside the respective
consumer‟s premises, within various cities, towns and localities etc. and all pipeline
construction operation and maintenance works connected with it.
 High Pressure (Supply Main) : 60 Psig to 150 Psig
 Medium Pressure (Feeder Main) : 30 Psig to 60 Psig
  Low Pressure (District Main) : 10 Psig to 30 Psig
o Sales Meter Station (SMS) – These are installations designed to reduce/control the
pressure of gas and measure the quantity of gas being fed into a distribution system. It is
the terminal point of a Transmission main.
 Location Classes for Design & Construction:
o Location Class 1 – A location class 1 is any 1-mile (1.6 Kms) section that has 10 or fewer
buildings indeed for human occupancy. Such as, wasteland, deserts, mountains, farmland,
grazing land, Etc.
o Location Class 2 – A location class 2 is any 1-mile (1.6 Kms) section that has more than
10 but fewer than 46 buildings indeed for human occupancy. Such as, fringe area around
cities & towns, industrial areas, country estate, Etc.
o Location Class 3 – A location class 3 is any 1-mile (1.6 Kms) section that has 46 or more
buildings indeed for human occupancy. Such as, suburban housing developments,
shopping centers, residential areas, Etc.
o Location Class 4 – A location class 4 includes areas where multistory buildings are
prevalent, where traffic is heavy & dense, and where there may be numerous other
utilities underground.
 Steel Pipe Design:
o Steel Pipe Design Formula – The design pressure for steel gas piping systems or the
nominal wall thickness for a given design pressure shall be determined by the following
formula; P = (2St/D) x FET

 Steps For Construction of Mains:

o Cleaning / Coating & Wrapping
o Pipe Stringing
o Welding
o Coating of Joints (Sleeving)
o Ditching
o Lowering
o Backfilling
o Testing
o Commissioning
o Capitalization

 Cleaning & Coating of Pipe:

o Pipe is being cleaned by Sand Blasting (Sand-Air Mixture) @ 100 Psi pressure.
o Pipe of two types of coating is being utilized in SNGPL.
 Manual Coating at Dope-yard (from 2” to 4” diameter MS pipe) and it is
being utilized only for distribution network. Asphalt & Coal Tar is being
used in manual coating. Asphalt is Oil based coating and Coal Tar is
petroleum based (hard material like coal).
 Three Layer Polyethylene Coating – Factory Based Coating (Presently, the
plant is capable to apply coating on pipes from diameter 4” to diameter
 36”. However the design capacity of pipe coating can be elevated from
diameter 6” to diameter 64” with some design changes at pipe
maneuvering system) and it is being utilized for transmission network.
o Steps for Three Layer Polyethylene Coating with Sizes:
 Layer – 1 : Epoxy Layer (Fusion Bounded)
 Layer – 2 : Adhesive
 Layer – 3 : Polyethylene

Pipe Size Minimum Thickness (Micron)

(inches) FBE Adhesive Polyethylene
6” – 8” 200 250 – 450 1800
10” – 20” 200 250 – 450 2000
20” – 40” 200 250 – 450 2500
o In general Three Layer Polyethylene Coating size is as under;
 Epoxy Application is 200 to 250 micron
 Adhesive is 250 to 400 micron
 Polyethylene is 1800 micron.
o Three Layer Polyethylene Coating width is 2.25 mm to 3.0 mm.
o Life of Three Layer Polyethylene Coating is 30 Years
o Pearson survey is carried out to find the coating condition of the buried line.
o To find out any damage of pipeline coating; Holiday detector is being used.

 Right Of Way (ROW):

o In ROW, slope should be less than 15°.
o ROW width is 11 feet.
o Way leave width is 11 Feet.
 Types of welded Pipes Used in SNGPL:
o Spiral Welded Pipes – It is welded through Sub Merged Arc Welding and used in
Projects & Transmission.
o Straight Seam Pipes – It is welded through Electric Resistance Welding and used in
Distribution Network

 Procedure For Welding:

o Procedure „A‟ : for Mainline
o Procedure „B‟ : for Tie-ins
o Procedure „C‟ : for Repairs
o Procedure „D‟ : for Fabrication

 Electrodes Used For Welding Passes:

o Root Pass : 1/8”
o Hot Pass : 1/8” & 5/32”
o Filler : 5/32” & 3/16”
o Capping : 3/16”
 How Welding Electrode Works & Its description (For Example E6010):
o The prefix "E" designates an arc welding electrode. The first two digits of a 4-digit
number and the first three digits of 5-digit number indicate minimum tensile strength. For
example, E6010 is a 60,000 psi tensile strength electrode while E10018 designates a
100,000 psi tensile strength electrode.

E 60 1 10
Electrode Tensile Strength Position Type of Coating and Current

The next to last digit indicates position. The "1" designates an all position electrode, "2"
is for flat and horizontal positions only; while "4" indicates an electrode that can be used
for flat, horizontal, vertical down and overhead. The last 2 digits taken together indicate
the type of coating and the correct polarity or current to use. See chart below:

Digit Type of Coating Welding Current

0 High cellulose sodium DC+
1 High cellulose potassium AC, DC+ or DC-
2 High titania sodium AC, DC-
3 High titania potassium AC, DC+
4 Iron powder, titania AC, DC+ or DC-
5 Low hydrogen sodium DC+
6 Low hydrogen potassium AC, DC+
7 High iron oxide, iron powder AC, DC+ or DC-
8 Low hydrogen potassium, iron powder AC, DC+ or DC-

As a welder, there are certain electrodes that you will most likely see and use time and
time again as you go about your daily operations. A DC machine produces a smoother
arc. DC rated electrodes will only run on a DC welding machine. Electrodes which are
rated for AC welding are more forgiving and can also be used with a DC machine.
o Field bends shall not be made closer than six feet (1.83 meters) from the end of a single
or double-joint and no closer than two feet (0.61 meters) from a double-joint weld.
o It shall be ensured that wall thickness after bending is not less than 92% of the nominal
wall thickness of the pipe.
o No bend shall be acceptable if the pipe diameter is reduced at any point by more than two
and a half percent (2½ %) of the nominal diameter of pipe.
o Clearance between two linepipes should be 1/5 mm to 1/8 mm during welding.
o Bevel Angle = 30° to 35°
o Root Checking = 0.9 mm to 2.3 mm
o Squarness = ˂ 0.4 mm
o Clamp removed when 75% welding complete.
o Direct Current Welding is being applied.
o Irridium-192 used in Radiography of welded joints.
o Root Opening should be as fellow;
 For Downhill Welding : 1/16”
 For Uphill Welding : 1/8”
 o Electrical Characteristics of Electrodes
 Volts and Average range:
Rod dia Amperage Arc Volts
10 SWG 80 - 120 24 - 26
8 SWG 120 - 160 24 - 26
 Polarity of pipe base metal to be on the negative side of the line and
electrodes on the positive side
 Coating of Joints:
o Welded joints should be cleaned at 100 Psi pressure by Sand Blasting.
o Sand Blasting Nozzle should be in 30° angle during operation.
o Welded joints should be preheated at 70°C to 90°C before coating (Sleeving).
o Heat Shrinkable Sleeve is used for coating of welded joints with an overlap of 2 inches.

 Ditching & Backfilling:

o Ditching standards are as below;
Pipe Dia Trench Size Bell Hole Size Test Pit Size
¾”, 1”, 2” 1.50‟x3.50‟ 4.00‟x4.00‟x4.00‟ 4.00‟x2.00‟x4.00‟
4”, 6” 2.00‟x4.00‟ 4.00‟x4.00‟x5.00‟ 5.00‟x2.00‟x5.00‟
8” 2.00‟x4.50‟ 4.00‟x4.00‟x5.00‟ 6.00‟x2.00‟x5.00‟
10” 2.25‟x4.50‟ 4.00‟x4.00‟x5.00‟ 6.00‟x2.00‟x5.00‟
12” 2.25‟x4.50‟ 4.00‟x4.00‟x5.00‟ 6.00‟x2.00‟x5.00‟
o Clearance between pipe & other facilities should be 12 inches.
o Maximum earth-cover is 36 inches.

 Testing:
o Pressure test with water (Hydrostatic Testing) is recommended whenever possible.
o Air test pressure should be 100 Psi and should be hold for minimum 2 hours to locate
leaks if all joints are accessible during the test by Soap Bubble Test.
o The maximum pressure at which the pipeline is to be operated does not exceed 80% of
the maximum field test pressure.
o Yo-Yo & 24 Hours hold up tests are being applied in Hydrostatic Testing.
o Supply mains (150 psig maximum working pressure). Mains shall be strength tested at
1.5 times the working pressure i.e. 225 PSIG but testing at 300 PSGI is more desirable.
o Feeder Mains and Distribution Mains shall be strength tested and leak tested to a
minimum of 100 PSIG.
o During this period, the main under test shall show no loss in pressure as measured by a
suitable gauge as specified below:
 1” main for two hours by indicating pressure gauge.
 2” to 16” for 24 hours indicating pressure by pressure recorders. For long
lengths, it is recommended that the main be tested in sections of
approximately half a mile so that location of any test leakage is simplified.
 Commissioning:
o Pressure Internal Gauge (PIG) – It is used for internal cleaning of pipeline before and
after commissioning. Size of gauge plate of the pig shall be either 0.5 in less than or
92~95% of minimum internal pipeline diameter.
o A suitably sized slug of a inert gas like Nitrogen/CO2 may be introduced into the pipeline
before starting the purging with gas. The quantity of inert gas should be calculated on the
basis of providing about 100 ft of inert slug between the gas and the air.
o To ensure that the air has been purged out completely the sample of out coming gas
should be collected in a 2 ft. Long piece of 2” dia pipe, removed from the site and tested
by lighting it. If the sample burns without any flash back the gas is free from air.
o Types of PIGs are;
 Mandrel (Steel Shaft) Pigs
 Cleaning Pigs
 Gauging Pigs
 Definitions & Terms in Distribution Development (SNGPL):
o Combing Main – Combing Mains are laid to eliminate anomalies in partially covered
areas of street(s) / Mohalla(s). Combing mains are laid upto a maximum of 1500 meters
subject to the condition that the Mohallah / Streets to be covered are in Publically owned
areas.
o Long Service Line / Laying in Dead End Street – Long service lines are laid to
accommodate persons residing in dead end streets and in houses which fall at the end of
built-up area upto a maximum of 100 Meters.
o Pipe – Ends of pipe shall be beveled for welding. The angle of bevel shall be 30o with +
5o - Oo and with a route face (Land) of 1"/16 ± 1"/32. The face of pipe shall be bare and
free from grease with both exterior and interior suitably protected.
 Construction of MS Service Line:
o Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) – The GMAW process is suitable for fusing mild steel,
stainless-steel as well as aluminium and mostly this process used in fabrication of SMS,
TBS etc.
o Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) – The most basic of all welding types, can be used
for manufacturing, construction and repairs. This type of welding is being adopted in
laying of Distribution and Transmission network.
o Difference between Service Tee & Flange Tee is as below;
 Service Tee : ¾” to 2” Diameter
 Flange Tee : 4” to 8” Diameter
o Before welding of MS Service Tee, it is ensure that brass plug should be removed from
service tee.
o Electrode 1/8” E6010 is being used for welding of MS Service Tee in Distribution
Network.
o Socket-Weld elbow should be used in MS Service Line.
o Types of drill machines used in SNGPL:
 E – 5 Drill Machine (for drilling of 3/4” to 1” dia service tee)
 D – 5 Drill Machine (for drilling of 2” dia service tee)
 C1 – 36 Drill Machine (for drilling of 4” to 8” dia flange tee)
o Standard drill-bit (Drill Hole) sizes w.r.t. service tee dia in SNGPL:
 3/4” Service Tee = 5/8” dia
 1” Service Tee = 3/4” dia
 2” Service Tee = 1 ½” dia
o Difference between drill bit and shell cutter:
 Service Tee Drilling - Drill Bit
 Stopper Fitting Drilling - Shell Cutter
o Components / Parts of Drill Machines :
 Ratchet Handle
 Collar
 Locking Mechanism
 Feed Tube & Yoke
 Metal Storage Chest
 Body Gasket
 Adjustable Wrench
 Machine Adapter Nipple
 Cutter Arbor
 Shell Cutter
 Pilot Drill
 Drill Holder
 Drill Bit
o Service Valve with tail piece used in laying of MS Service Line.
o Service Valve without tail piece used in laying of PE Service Line.
o VISCOTAQ Coating Tape is being used for coating of Welded Joints of Service Lines.
o VISCOTAQ Inner tape shall be spirally wrapped with slight tension overlap of 1 Cm or
½ Inch overlap and apply Outer tape with tension at a 50% overlap.
 Laying of PE Service Line:
o Types of PE pipe used in SNGPL:
 PE – 80: Medium Density PE Pipe – maximum operating pressure is 60
Psig, having diameter 3/4” to 4”.
  PE – 100: High Density PE pipe – maximum operating pressure is 150
Psig, having diameter 6”.
o Type of PE joints:
 Butt Fusion – Pipe to pipe
 Socket Fusion – Pipe to Fitting and fitting to pipe
 Saddle Fusion – Fitting on pipe
o Tools required for Butt Fusion Joint:
 Butt fusion machine
 Trimming device
 Heating tool
 Butt fusion heating faces
o Tools required for Socket Fusion Joint:
 Pipe cutters
 Cold ring
 Depth gauge
 Chamfer tool
 Heating tool
 Socket fusion heating faces
o Tools required for Saddle Fusion Joint:
 Saddle fusion application tool (Machine)
 Heating tool
 Saddle fusion heating faces
o Recommended heating temperature for butt fusion, socket fusion and saddle
fusion joints is 440 oF to 500 oF.
o For testing of service lines, hold 100 Psi pressure for 5 minutes in service line and
then check all service line joints with soap solution for any leak detection.
o 10 Kg CO2 cylinder (Pressurized at 1800 Psi) will test 500 Nos. service lines
having length approximately 12ft.

o Butt fusion time cycle for PE-80:

o Butt fusion bead chart:

o Socket fusion time cycle for PE-80:

o Saddle fusion time cycle for PE-80:

 Meter Installation:
o History of Pipe Thread:
In 1841, The English mechanical engineer and inventor, Sir Joseph Whitworth
devised a uniform threading system. The Whitworth thread form is based on 55
degree thread angle with rounded roots and crests. This became known as the
British Standard pipe Thread (BSP Taper or BSP Parallel thread). The Whitworth
thread is now used internationally as a standard thread for jointing low carbon
steel pipes.
The American mechanical engineer, William Sellers set the standard for nuts,
bolts, and screws which became the National Pipe Tapered Thread (NPT) in 1864.
The William thread form is based on 60 degree thread angle, in common use by
 early American clockmakers, enables the American Industrial revolution. These
thread forms later became the American National Standard.
o Pipe Thread Size:
Pipe thread sizes are based on inside diameter (ID) or flow size. For example
“1/2-14 NPT” identifies a pipe thread with a nominal inside diameter of ½ inch
and 14 threads to the inch, made according to the standard. If “LH” is added, the
pipe has a left handed thread.
o Most Common Global Pipe Thread Forms:
 NPT – American Standard Pipe Taper Thread
 NPSC – American Standard Straight Coupling Pipe Thread
 NPTR – American Standard Taper Railing Pipe Thread
 NPSM – American Standard Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread
 NPSL – American Standard Straight Locknut Pipe Thread
 NPTF – American Standard Pipe Thread Tapered (Dryseal)
 BSPP – British Standard Pipe Thread Parallel
 BSPT – British Standard Pipe Thread Tapered
o What is “Taper” in Pipe Threading:
The taper is 1/16 inch in an inch, which is same as ¾ inch in a foot. Because of
taper, a pipe thread can only screw into a fitting a certain distance before it jams.
o A simple rule of thumb for installing tapered pipe threads, both metal and plastic,
is finger tight plus one to two turns with a wrench.
o Pipe Threading System Used in SNGPL (For Fitting):
British Standard Pipe Taper, or BSP, covered by British Standard 21 (BS-21) is
being used in SNGPL for fitting purpose.
o British Standard 21 (BS-21):
It is commonly used for low pressure plumbing, but it is not recommended for
medium and high pressure hydraulic system. This form uses the Whitworth thread
with an angle of 55 degree and a 1 in 16 taper. It is not interchangeable with the
American NPT thread.
o Why NPT & BPS Threads Cannot Be Screwed Together:
The NPT and BPS threads have a dissimilar pitch, which cause a misalignment of
the threads.
o Basic Thread Terms:
 Root
 Crest
 Pitch
 Depth
 Flanks
 Thread Angle
 Minor Diameter
 Major Diameter
o Sub-Classification of Threads:
 Sharp V-Thread
 Square Thread
 Buttress Thread
 Reverse Buttress Thread
 Rounded Thread
o Tools Required for Pipe Threading:
 Pipe Vise
 Cutting Wheel
 Die Stock
 Stock Handle
 Lubricant
o Threading Standards (BS-21) in SNGPL:
Nominal Pipe Approx. Useful Thread Approx. No. of
Size (in) Length Portion (Turns) Threads
1/8 ¼” 7-1/8 28
¼ 3/8” 7-1/4 19
3/8 13/32” 7-1/2 19
½ 17/32” 7-1/4 14
¾ 9/16” 8 14
1 21/32” 7-1/4 11
1-1/4 ¾” 8-1/4 11
1-1/2 ¾” 8-1/4 11
2 29/32” 10-1/8 11

o Sealant For Threading:

The most common form of sealant is Teflon Tape wrapped 2 to 3 turns around the
male thread before assembly.
o Meter Installation:
 Meter should be installed at the height of 5 Ft and the left side of the
service line.
 There should be minimum nos. of joints in meter installation; 08 Nos. of
joints from Service valve to Meter Inlet.
 The regulator should be assembled right after the Service valve of service
line.
 Only company provided material should be used in meter installation.
 The pressure at the outlet of the regulator should be set to the standard
pressure i.e. 6” water column or 0.216 Psi.
 After commissioning the gas supplies and before leaving the site it will be
checked that the meter is in working order by operating an appliance for a
short duration and obtaining the reading of the meter. If the meter is found
to be defective it will be changed.
o Positive Displacement Meters:
 Diaphragm Meters (Remus, G-4, MKM-250, RW-275, SP-250, Etc.)
 Rotary Meters (D-5, D-6, RVG-100, RVG-250, RC-7M, Etc.)
 o Inferential Meters:
 Turbine Meters
 Orifice Meters
 Ultersonic Meters
o 27 Inches of water column is equal to 1 Psi.
o Types of Domestic Gas Meters & Their Capacities Used in SNGPL:
 BK-G1.6 = 0.016 – 3 m³/hr
 BK-G2.5 = 0.025 – 4 m³/hr
 BK-G4 = 0.04 – 6 m³/hr
 BK-G6 = 0.06 – 10 m³/hr
 SSGC-G4 = 0.04 – 6 m³/hr
 Remus = 0.016 – 2.5 m³/hr
 Sensus G4 = 0.04 – 6 m³/hr
o Different Other Terms:
o Valves used in SNGPL:
 Plug Valve
 Ball Valve
 Globe Valve
o Maintenance of Valves:
 Cleaning
 Greasing
 Open / Close (Cracking)
 Painting
o Raced Face Valve – Gives 100% tightness, used in Underground.
o Flat Face Valve – Does not give 100% tightness, used in Aboveground
o Leakage Grades:
 Grade – I : ≥ 4% (40,000 PPM Above)
 Grade – II : 1 › 4% (10,000 to 40,000 PPM)
 Grade – III : ≤ 1% (Less than 10,000 PPM)
o EVC converts uncorrected volume in corrected volume by;
Vb = Vf x (Pf/Pb) x (Tb/Tf) x (Zb/Zf)
o The difference between mechanical counter reading & EVC reading is called
mismatch.
o Pressure Factor = (Actual Pressure + 14.65) / 14.65
o Temperature Factor = (60 + 460) / (Actual Temp. °F + 460)

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Summarized By:
Muhammad Adnan mahboob
Engineer (Distribution), Gr – III
Multan (Distribution)