UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS
SEMESTER SEPT ‘18 – JAN ‘19

GEOGRAGPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GLS 613)

LAB 3

GROUP AP2205 B

PREPARED BY :
NAME : MUHAMAD FARRIS BIN MOHD SHARIDIN
STUDENT ID : 2016490834

SUBMITTED DATE : 11/10/2017

PREPARED FOR :
Dr. Nur Hanisah
Dr. Siti Aekbal Salleh
Introduction

With ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst, you can easily create a continuous surface, or map, from
measured sample points stored in a point feature layer or raster layer or by using polygon
centroids. The sample points can be measurements such as elevation; depth to the water table; or
levels of pollution, as is the case in this tutorial. When used in conjunction with ArcMap,
Geostatistical Analyst provides a comprehensive set of tools for creating surfaces that can be
used to visualize, analyze, and understand spatial phenomena.

Objective

1. To examining the relationships between all the sample points

2. To producing a continuous surface of ozone concentration
3. To producing a continuous surface standard errors (uncertainty) of predictions, and
probabilities that critical values are exceeded.
Exercise 1

From the ozone point samples

measurements, we produce two continuous
surfaces maps predicting the values of
ozone concentration for every location in
the state. The first map that you create will
simply use all the default options to
introduce you to the process of creating a
surface from sample points.

The cross-validation diagram gives us an

idea of how well the model predicts the
values at the unknown locations.

Visually judge how well the Default Kriging

layer represents the measured ozone
values.Input geostatistical layer should be
automatically set to Default Kriging. For
Point observation locations, navigate to the
geodatabase that contains the data.

Exercise 2
The interpolation methods that are used to
generate a surface give the best results if
the data is normally distributed (a bell-
shaped curve). If your data is skewed
lopsided, you might choose to transform
the data to make it normal.

Each vertical stick in the trend analysis plot

represents the location and value (height) of
each ozone measurement. The data points
are projected onto the perpendicular planes,
an east–west and a north–south plane. A
best-fit line (a polynomial) is drawn through
the projected points, showing trends in
specific directions.

Each red dot in the semivariogram cloud

represents a pair of locations. Since locations
that are close to each other should be more
alike. In the semivariogram plot the locations
that are closest (on the far left on the x-axis)
should have small semivariogram values (low
values on the y-axis). As the distance
between the pairs of locations increases
(moving right on the x-axis), the
semivariogram values should also increase
(move up on the y-axis).
Exercise 3

The color scale, which represents the

calculated semivariogram value, provides a
direct link between the empirical
semivariogram values on the graph and
those on the semivariogram surface. The
value of each cell in the semivariogram
surface is color coded, with lower values
shown in blue and green and higher values
shown in orange and red.

The objective of cross-validation is to help

you make an informed decision about which
model provides the most accurate
predictions. It gives you an idea of how
well the model predicts the unknown
values. Crossvalidation sequentially omits a
point in the dataset, predicts a value for that
point's location value using the rest of the
data

The prediction standard errors quantify the

uncertainty for each location in the surface
that you created. A simple rule of thumb is
that 95 percent of the time, the true ozone
value will be inside the interval formed by
the predicted value ± 2 times the prediction
standard error, assuming that the data is
normally distributed.

Exercise 4
 The surface you created in exercise 1 simply
used the defaults of the Geostatistical
Wizard, with no consideration of trends in
the surface, of using smaller lag sizes, or of
using an anisotropic semivariogram model.

The prediction surface you created in this

exercise took into consideration the global
trends in the data and adjusted for the local
directional influence (anisotropy) in the
semivariogram

Using the Geostatistical Analyst, we can

compare the predictions displayed in two or
more mapped surfaces. This allows you to
make an informed decision as to which
model provides more accurate predictions of
ozone concentration based on cross-
validation statistics.

Exercise 5
In the decision-making process, care must
be taken in using a map of predicted ozone
for identifying unsafe areas because it is
necessary to understand the uncertainty of
the predictions.

While Geostatistical Analyst provides a

number of methods that can perform this
task, for this exercise you will use the
simplest available model, indicator kriging.
This technique does not require the dataset
to conform to a particular distribution. The
data values are transformed to a series of 0s
and 1s according to whether the values of the
data are below or above a threshold.

We have been introduced to the

Geostatistical Wizard, data exploration using
the ESDA tools, ordinary kriging (using
default parameter values and more refined
options) to predict ozone values across
California, and indicator kriging to map the
probability that ozone concentrations
exceeded a critical threshold value.
Conclusions

Data come in many sizes, have varying numbers of users and can scale from small, single-user
databases built on files up to larger workgroup, department, and enterprise geodatabases accessed by
many users. Geodatabase software logic provides the common application logic used throughout
ArcGIS for accessing and working with all geographic data in a variety of files and
formats. Geodatabases have a transaction model for managing GIS data workflows. In Geostatistical
Wizard, we have done data exploration using the ESDA tools, ordinary kriging.