PHYS132 Formula Sheet

Formula Sheet: Physics 132 A.
Carmichael
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) Speed of waves

r r
Hooke’s Law F (x) = −kx γkB T γRT
Speed of sound in a gas v= =
acceleration 2
a(x) = −ω x = −n x 2 mmolecule mmole
s
T
p
Velocity v(x) = ±ω A2 − x2 Speed of wave on string v=
µ
SPE for a spring U (x) = 12 kx2
Total energy E = 12 kA2 = 12 mω 2 A2 Doppler shift for sound
Position x(t) x(t) = A cos(ωt + ϕ) Source frequency fs , wave speed in medium v
Velocity v(t) v(t) = −Aω sin(ωt + ϕ) Receding source stationary observer f− = fs /(1 + vs /v)
Acceleration a(t) a(t) = −Aω 2 cos(ωt + ϕ) Approaching source stationary observer f+ = fs /(1 − vs /v)
r
1 2π m Approaching observer stationary source f+ = (1 + v0 /v)fs
Period, mass-spring T = = = 2π
f ω k Receding observer stationary source f− = (1 − v0 /v)fs
s
1 2π l
Period, simple pendulum T = = = 2π Doppler shift for light
f n g Relative speed of source and receiver v, source fs , λs
s
1 2π I s s
Period, physical pendulum T = = = 2π 1 − v/c 1 + v/c
f n mgr Receding f− = fs λ+ = λs
1 + v/c 1 − v/c
Elasticity
s s
1 + v/c 1 − v/c
Approaching f+ = fs λ − = λs
Hooke’s law (cables) F = (Y A/l) · δl = k · δl = λδl/l 1 − v/c 1 + v/c
Tensile stress stress = F/A Standing waves in strings or air columns
Tensile strain strain = δl/l Ends fixed-fixed, closed-closed or free-free, open-open
Young’s modulus Y = stress/strain
2L v
Strain energy W = U = 12 F · δl = 12 kx2 λm = fm = mf1 f1 = m = 1, 2, 3...
m 2L
EM Waves Ends fixed-free, closed-open
Wavenumber k = 2π/λ 4L v
λm = fm = mf1 f1 = m = 1, 3, 5...
m 4L
Angular Frequency ω = 2π/T = 2πf
Frequency, period f = 1/T Interference
(
Wave Speed c = fλ m · 2π Constructive
Dispersion relation ω = ck ∆ϕ = k∆r + ∆ϕ0 =
(m + 1/2) · 2π Destructive
Intensity=power/area I = P/A (
Point source I = Psource /4πr2 ∆ϕ0 m·λ Constructive
∆r + =
Radiation pressure (full absorption) p = I/c k (m + 1/2) · λ Destructive
Radiation pressure (full reflection) p = 2I/c Quantum Physics
mechanical waves Photon energy E = hf = ~ω = hc/λ = cp

Photon momentum p = h/λ = ~k
Wavenumber k = 2π/λ
Angular Frequency ω = 2π/T = 2πf Wave phenomena
Frequency, period f = 1/T
Wavenumber k = 2π/λ
Wave Speed v = fλ
Angular Frequency ω = 2π/T = 2πf
Dispersion relation ω = ck
Wave Speed v = fλ
Intensity=power/area I = P/A
Point source I = Psource /4πr2 Fluids
deciBel scale β = (10dB) log10 (I/I0 )
Definition of pressure p = F/A
deciBel scale I0 = 1.0 × 10−12 W/m2
Pressure with depth p = hρg
version: Tuesday 21st March, 2017 15:52 Page 1 CalPoly Department of Physics
Formula Sheet: Physics 132 A. Carmichael
Continuity equation A1 v 1 = A2 v 2
Bernoulli’s equation p + 12 ρv 2 + ρgy = const.
Archimedes’ principle Fb = ρfluid gVdisp.
Floating object Vsub. /Vobject = ρobject /ρfluid
Submerged object ∆W/W = ρfluid /ρobject
2
dV r dp
Poiseuille Law =− A
dt 8η dx
Flow equations differential form
Differential form
2
dV r dp
Fluid (vol.) =− A
dt 8η dx
2
dm ρr dp
Fluid (mass) =− A
dt 8η dx
dq A dV
Electric =I=−
dt ρ dx
dQ dT
Heat = −kA
dt dx
Fluids: ρ = density, η = viscosity, V = volume
Electricity: ρ = resistivity, V = potential, σ = conductivity
Heat: k = conductivity, T = temperature, Q = heat
Flow equations integrated form
Integrated form
2
∆V r ∆p
Fluid (vol.) =− A
∆t 8η l
2
∆m ρr ∆p
Fluid (mass) =− A
∆t 8η l
∆q A ∆V ∆V
Electric I= =− =−
∆t ρ l R
∆Q ∆T
Heat = −kA
∆t l
Geometrical Optics For narrow slit a/λ 1 =⇒ sincβ ≈ 1
Refractive index n = c/v = λvacuum /λmedium

Snell’s law n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
1 1 1 Sign conventions for single refractive surface
Thin lens + 0 =
s s f Positive Negative
1 1 1 2 R Convex towards object Concave towards ob-
Mirror + = =
s s0 f R ject
s0

1 1 1 Real image, opposite Virtual image, same
Lens-Maker’s Formula = (n − 1) −
f R1 R2 side from object side as object
n1 n2 n2 − n1
Refraction at one surface + 0 =
s s R
Magnification m = −s0 /s Sign conventions for thin lens
Critical angle TIR sin θc = n2 /n1 Positive Negative
Malus’ law I = Imax cos2 θ R1 , R2 Convex towards object Concave towards ob-
Brewster’s law tan θB = n2 /n1 ject
f Converging lens Diverging lens
Single slit, width a, order p = 1, 2, 3.. s0 Real image, opposite Virtual image same
side from object side as object
Dark fringes p = 1, 2, 3.. a · sin θp = pλ
Width of central max. w = 2λL/a
Sign conventions for spherical mirrors
If λ/a 1 small angle approximation
Positive Negative
R, f Concave towards ob- Convex towards object
Angular location of dark fringes θp = pλ/a
ject
Location of the dark fringes yp = pλL/a s0 Real image, same side Virtual image, oppo-
as object site side from object
Double slit, separation d, width a, order m = 0, 1, 2...
Bright fringes m = 0, 1, 2... d · sin θm = mλ

1

Dark fringes d · sin θm = m + 2 λ
Location of bright fringes ym = L tan θm
If λ/d 1 small angle approximation
Bright fringe angular location θm = mλ/d

Bright fringe location ym = mλL/d
Fringe spacing ∆y = λL/d
Grating, N slits
Bright fringes d · sin θm = mλ

Location of bright fringes ym = L tan θm
Intensity where β = πa sin θ/λ, α = πd · sin θ/λ

2
sin(β)
Single slit I = Imax
β
Double thin slit I = Imax cos2 (α)
2 2
sin(β) sin(N α)
N wide slits I = Imax
β sin(α)
Thermal physics Constants
Particles per mole N/n = NA = R/kB Boltzmann’s constant kB = 1.381 × 10−23 J/K
Celsius to Fahrenheit T (o C) = 59 (T (o F ) − 32) Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 × 1023 molecule/mol
Kelvin to Celsius T (o C) = T (K) − 273.15 Gas constant R = NA kB R = 8.31446 J/K · mol
First law (T1) ∆U = Qin − Wby Gas constant R = 0.0821 lit · atm/K · mol
Central equation (T1&T2) ∆U = T ∆S − p∆V Stefan-Boltzmann σ = 5.670367(13) × 10−8 W/m2 K4
Differential form dU = T dS − pdV Wien constant b = 2.8977729(17) × 10−3 m · K
Enthalpy H = U + pV
Gas processes
Enthalpy, constant pressure ∆H = ∆U + p∆V
Constants R = NA kB Process Definition Work Heat
Linear expansion ∆L = αL0 ∆T Isochoric ∆V = 0 W =0 Q = nCV ∆T
Volume expansion ∆V = βV0 ∆T Isobaric ∆p = 0 W = p∆V Q = nCp ∆T
Molar heat capacity c Q = nC∆T, dQ = nCdT Isothermal ∆T = 0 W = nRT ln(Vf /Vi ) Qin = Wby
Specific heat capacity c Q = mc∆T, dQ = mcdT Adiabatic Q=0 W = ∆E = nCV ∆T Q=0
Latent heat Q = ml
dQ dm
Latent heat =l 1
dt dt Adiabatic process W = ∆E = nCV ∆T = [p2 V2 − p1 V1 ]
dQ dT γ−1
Heat current = −kA
dt dx
Entropy ∆S = Qin /T Molar heat capacities of gases J/K · mol
Z
dT Tf
Entropy ∆S = mc = mc ln Gas Cp CV
T Ti
Qc He,Ne,Ar 20.8 12.5
Engine efficiency η = Wout /Qh = 1 − H2 28.7 20.4
Qh
N2 29.1 20.8
Tc
Carnot engine effiency η = Wout /Qh = 1 − O2 29.2 20.9
Th
Refrigerator efficiency η = Qc /W
Heat pump efficiency η = Qh /W
1 dQ
Radiation j= = eσT 4
A dt
Wien law λmax = b/T
Ideal gas (x = 3/2 for monatomic, x = 5/2 for diatomic)
Ideal gas eq. of state pV = nRT = N kB T

Internal energy E = nCV T
Change in energy ∆E = nCV ∆T
Heat capacity ideal gas CV = xR
Heat capacity ideal gas Cp = (x + 1)R
Adiabatic process pV γ = const.
Isothermal process pV = const.
Ratio of heat capacities γ = Cp /CV
Difference in heat capacities R = Cp − CV
1 N 2 1N 2
Pressure in terms of v p= 3 V mhv i = 3 V vrms
2 N
Pressure and avg p= 3 V avg
r
3kB T
rms speed in a gas vrms =
m
Position, velocity and acceleration Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 2π/T

Frequency and time period f = 1/T
∆x/∆t = vav ∆v/∆t = aav
Uniform circular motion at = 0, α = 0
dx/dt = v(t) dv/dt = a(t)
Z Z
a(t)dt = ∆v v(t)dt = ∆x Forces and Momentum
Newton’s 2nd Law F~net = m~a

Uniformly accelerated linear motion (a=const.)
Potential energy and force (1D) F = −dU/dx
v = u + at s = ut + 21 at2 Potential energy and force (3D) F~ = −∇U
u+v
v 2 = u2 + 2as s= t Linear Momentum p~ = m~v
2
Newton’s second law (general) F~ = d~
p/dt
Alternative form
Impulse for constant force J~ = ∆~
p = F~ ∆t
1 2
v = v0 + at x = x0 + v0 t + 2 at Friction (static) fs ≤ fs,max = µs n

v0 + v Friction (kinetic) fk = µk n
v 2 = v02 + 2a(x − x0 ) x = x0 + t
2 Weight w = mg
Projectile motion 2D (uniform field g=const.)
Grav. fields due to point or spherical sources
ay = −g = const. ax = 0 = const.
Force between masses F = Gmm0 /r2
vy (t) = vy (0) − gt vx (t) = vx (0) = const.
Gravity field of mass m g = Gm/r2
y(t) = y(0) + vy (0)t − 12 gt2 x(t) = x(0) + vx (0)t
G.P.E. two masses U = −Gmm0 /r
In terms of v(0) and θ Grav. potential of m V = −Gm/r
ay = −g = const. ax = 0 = const. Orbital motion

vy = v(0) sin θ − gt vx = v(0) cos θ = const.
1 2 Kepler’s 2nd Law K2 T 2 = (4π 2 /GM )r3
y = y(0) + v(0)t sin θ − 2 gt x = x(0) + v(0)t cos θ
Orbit (circular) v 2 = GM/r
Escape velocity v 2 = 2GM/r
v 2 (y) = v 2 (0) − 2g(y − y0 )
vy2 (y) = vy2 (0) − 2g(y − y0 ) Constants related to gravity
Trajectory and velocity equations for x(0) = y(0) = 0 Universal const. of gravitation G = 6.67 × 10−11 N · m2 /kg2
Earth surface gravity g = 9.81 m/s2

vy (0) 1 g
y(x) = x− x2
vx (0) 2 vx2 (0) Earth mass & G GME = 3.98 × 1014 m3 /s2

1 g Solar mass & G GM = 1.33 × 1020 m3 /s2
y(x) = x tan θ − x2
2 v 2 (0) cos2 θ
Moon mass & G GM$ = 4.91 × 1012 m3 /s2
Range R, height h, flight time T
Work and energy
h = vy2 (0)/2g h = v 2 (0) sin2 θ/2g
R = 2vx (0)vy (0)/g R = v 2 (0) sin 2θ/g Kinetic energy K = 21 mv 2
Z
T = 2vy (0)/g T = 2v(0) sin θ/g Work W = F~ · d~r
R Power P = dE/dt = W/∆t
h= tan θ
4
Instantaneous Power P = F~ · ~v = Fk · v
Circular motion
Work-energy theorem Wnet = Wc + Wnc = ∆K
2 2
Centripetal acceleration ar = v /r = rω Work done by con. forces Wc = −∆U
Arc length s = rθ Mechanical energy Emech = K + U
Tangential speed v = rω = 2πr/T Conservation of mech. energy Ki + Ui + Wnc = Kf + Uf
Tangetial acceleration at = rα Work done by non-con. forces Wnc = ∆Emech
GPE uniform field U (y) = mgy + U (0) Substitutions for rotational dynamics
GPE uniform field ∆Ugrav. = mgh = mg∆y
s =⇒ ∆θ F~ =⇒ ~Γ
Spring (strain) P.E. Uspring = 21 kx2
u =⇒ ω0 m =⇒ I
Mechanical energy Emech. = K + Utotal
v =⇒ ω K = 21 mv 2 =⇒ Kr = 21 Iω 2
a =⇒ α p~ = m~v =⇒ L~ = I~
ω
Theorems for variable forces
Z Moments of inertia
Impulse-momentum J~ = ∆~
p = F~av ∆t = F~net (t)dt
Moment Object Axis
Z
2
Work-energy Wnet = ∆K = F~net · d~r I = MR Uniform ring/tube Through centre
1 2
I= 2MR Uniform disk/cylinder Through centre
Centre of mass I= 1 2
Z 12 M L Uniform rod Through centre
1 X ~ cm = 1 I= 1 2
~ cm
R = mi~ri R ~rρdV 3ML Uniform rod Through end
M M 2 2
I= 5MR Uniform sphere Through centre
Types of collision I= 2 2
3MR Hollow sphere Through centre
• totally elastic: No loss of K.E. , e = 1 I= 1 2
3Ma Slab width a Along edge (door)
• inelastic: Some loss of K.E., 0 < e < 1 Rotational motion with (α = const.)
• completely inelastic: v1 = v2 = v, e = 0 Max K.E. loss ω = ω0 + αt ∆θ = ω0 t + 21 αt2

ω0 + ω
Collision conservation laws (1D & 2D) ω 2 = ω02 + 2α∆θ ∆θ = t
2
Momentum m1 ~u1 + m2 ~u2 = m1~v1 + m2~v2
2
K.E. (elastic only) 1
2 m1 u1 + 12 m2 u22 = 12 m1 v12 + 12 m2 v22
Newton’s collision law (1D only)
Newton’s collision law (1D) (v2 − v1 ) = −e(u2 − u1 )
1D collision, stationary target (u2 = 0)
m1 − em2 (1 + e)m1
v1 = u1 v2 = u1
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
∆K m2
loss of K.E. = (1 − e2 )
Ki m1 + m2
Rotational motion
Rotational K.E. Kr = 12 Iω 2
Moment of inertia I = Σ mr2
Z
Moment of inertia I = r2 ρdV
Magnitude of torque Γ = rF sin ϕ = rF⊥

Work done by a torque W = Γ · ∆θ = ∆Kr
Rotational power P = Γω
N2 for rotation Γ = Iα
N2 for rotation (general form) ~Γ = dL/dt
~
Angular momentum L = Iω
~
Conservation of L Ii ωi = If ωf
Rolling without slipping vcm = Rω, acm = Rα
Trigonometry Inverse trig functions where α = principal value

opp. adj. opp. sin θ cos θ = cos α =⇒ θ = ±α + 2nπ
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ = =
hyp. hyp. adj. cos θ sin θ = sin α =⇒ θ = (−1)n α + nπ
tan θ = tan α =⇒ θ = α + nπ
θ(rad) 2π π 2π π
= = 1 rpm = rad/s = rad/s Binomial formulae
θ(deg) 360o 180o 60 30
1
√ (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + n(n − 1)x2 + ... if |x| 1
cos(±π/6) = sin π/3 = sin(2π/3) = 3/2 2!
n
X
cos(±π/3) = sin π/6 = sin(5π/6) = 1/2 (a + b)n = n
Cr an−r br integer n
√ r=0
cos(±π/4) = sin π/4 = sin(3π/4) = 1/ 2
Cominatorics
√
cos(±5π/6) = sin(−π/3) = sin(−2π/3) = − 3/2 n n! n n!
Cr = Pr =
cos(±2π/3) = sin(−π/6) = sin(−5π/6) = −1/2 r!(n − r)! (n − r)!
√
cos(±3π/4) = sin(−π/4) = sin(−3π/4) = −1/ 2 Quadratic equation y = ax2 + bx + c
√
b b2 − 4ac
2 2
a = b + c − 2bc cos A Law of cosines Roots at x=− ±
2a 2a
a b c max, min at x = −b/2a
= = Law of sines
sin A sin B sin C
Linear Equation y = mx + b
sin (θ ± φ) = sin θ cos φ ± cos θ sin φ Given m, (x1 , y1 ) y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
cos (θ ± φ) = cos θ cos φ ∓ sin θ sin φ

y2 − y1
Given (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) y − y1 = (x − x1 )
x2 − x1
sin(θ ± π) = − sin θ sin(θ ± π/2) = ± cos θ Exponential behaviour
cos(θ ± π) = − cos θ cos(θ ± π/2) = ∓ sin θ
sin(π ± θ) = ∓ sin θ sin(π/2 ± θ) = cos θ y(t) = y0 e−t/τ = y0 e−λt Exponential decay
cos(π ± θ) = − cos θ cos(π/2 ± θ) = ∓ sin θ T1/2 = τ ln 2 Half life

y(t) = ymax 1 − e−t/τ Exponential growth
2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1 sin(ωt ± π/2) = ± cos ωt
Percent difference between quantities A, B
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ cos(ωt ± π/2) = ∓ sin ωt
|A − B| |A − B|
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ sin(ωt ± π) = − sin ωt % diff (A, B) = × 100 = × 200
av(A, B) A+B
cos(ωt ± π) = − cos ωt
Percent error
Sum to product
|measured − true|
θ±φ

θ∓φ
% error = × 100
sin θ ± sin φ = 2 sin cos true
2 2
Mathematical constants
θ+φ θ−φ
cos θ + cos φ = 2 cos cos
2 2 e = 2.71828... 1o = 1.745 × 10−2 rad
10 = 2.9089 × 10−4 rad

θ+φ θ+φ π = 3.14159...
cos θ − cos φ = −2 sin sin
2 2 log10 e = 0.434... 100 = 4.8481 × 10−6 rad
Product to sum ln 10 = 2.3025... 1 rad = 57.296o
ln 2 = 0.693... π/6 rad = 30o
2 cos θ cos ϕ = cos(θ − ϕ) + cos(θ + ϕ)
e−1 = 0.368... π/3 rad = 60o
2 sin θ sin ϕ = cos(θ − ϕ) − cos(θ + ϕ)
2 sin θ cos ϕ = sin(θ + ϕ) + sin(θ − ϕ) (1 − e−1 ) = 0.632... π/4 rad = 45o
√
3/2 = 0.866... 1 rpm = 0.1047 rad/s
Small angle formulae for small θ 1 (in radians) √
1/ 2 = 0.707... 1 rad/s = 9.549 rpm
sin θ ≈ θ cos θ ≈ 1 − θ2 /2 tan θ ≈ θ
Fundamental and other Constants
Gravitation
Earth surface field strength g 9.80665 m/ss = N/kg
Gravitational constant G 6.6742 × 10−11 N · m2 /kg2
Thermal Physics
Boltzmann’s constant kB 1.381 × 10−23 J/K

−15
4.1357 × 10 eV/K
23
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 × 10 molecule/mol
Gas constant R 8.31446 J/K · mol
0.082057 litre · atm/(K · mol)
−8
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 5.670367(13) × 10 W/m2 T4
Wien constant b 2.8977729(17) × 10−3 m·K
≈ 2900 µmK
Electricity and magnetism
Speed of light in a vacuum c 299, 792, 458 ≈ 3 × 108 m/s

−19
Magnitude of electron charge e 1.602 × 10 C
2 −12
Permittivity of vacuum ε0 = 1/µ0 c 8.854 × 10 C2 /(N · m2 ) = F/m
Coulomb constant k = 1/4πε0 8.988 × 109 N · m2 /C2
ke2 = e2 /4πε0 2.307 × 10−28 N · m2
Permeability of vacuum µ0 4π × 10−7 T · m/A = H/m
Particle masses
Mass of the electron me 9.109 × 10−31 kg

−27
Mass of the proton mp 1.673 × 10 kg
−27
Mass of the neutron mn 1.675 × 10 kg
Neutron-electron mass ratio mn /me 1839 −−
Proton-electron mass ratio mp /me 1836 −−
2
Proton rest energy mp c 938.272 MeV
2
Neutron rest energy mn c 939.565 MeV
2
Electron rest energy me c 0.5110 MeV
−27
Hydrogen atom mass mH 1.6735 × 10 kg
Quantum physics and Bohr atom
Planck’s constant h 6.626 × 10−34 J·s

−15
4.136 × 10 eV · s
−34
Reduced Planck’s constant ~ 1.055 × 10 J·s
−16
6.582 × 10 eV · s
Ground state energy E1 = −hcR − 13.6 eV
Rydberg constant R 1.097 × 10 7
m−1
Bohr radius r1 5.29 × 10−11 m
6
Electron Bohr velocity v1 2.19 × 10 m/s
Letter Upper case Lower case Abbreviations used:

Alpha A α
SHM = Simple Harmonic Motion
Beta B β
GPE = Gravitational Potential Energy
Gamma Γ γ
SPE = Strain (Spring) Potential Energy
Delta ∆ δ
EMF = ElectroMotive Force (voltage)
Epsilon E , ε
EM or E&M = ElectroMagnetism
Zeta Z ζ
PE = Potential Energy
Eta H η
PD = Potential Difference
Theta Θ θ
AC = Alternating Current
Iota I ι
DC = Direct Current (or Detective Comics)
Kappa K κ
con. = conservative (force)
Lambda Λ λ
STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure (20o C, 1 atm)
Mu M µ
atm.=atmosphere (pressure)
Nu N ν
N1,N2,N3= Newton’s laws of motion
Xi Ξ ξ
T0,T1,T2,T3= the laws of thermal physics
Omicron O o
K1,K2,K3= Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
Pi Π π
Rho P ρ
Sigma Σ σ
Tau T τ
Upsilon Y υ
Phi Φ φ, ϕ
Chi X χ
Psi Ψ ψ
Omega Ω ω
Metric Prefixes
tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
hecto h 102
deci d 10−1
centi c 10−2
milli m 10−3
micro µ 10−6
nano n 10−9
pico p 10−12
SI units and derived units

Quantity Symbol Unit Name Basic Units
Mass m kg kilogram kg
Length l m meter m
Time t s second s
Force F N Newton kg ms−2
Energy E J Joule kg m2 s−2
Power P W = Js−1 Watt kg m2 s−3
Pressure p Pa = N/m2 Pascal kg/ms2
Unit Conversions
Quantity Units Conversion or value

Length inch, cm 1 in. = 2.54 cm
Length foot, cm 1 ft = 30.48 cm
Length mile, km 1 mile = 1.609 km
Energy electron-volt, Joule 1 eV = 1.602 × 10−19 J
Energy calorie, Joule 1 cal = 4.1868 J
Energy British thermal unit, Joule 1 Btu = 1055 J
Energy foot-pound, Joule 1 ft · lb = 1.356 J
Energy kilowatt-hour, Joule 1 kW · h = 3.600 MJ
Power horsepower, Watt 1 hp = 746 Watt
Mass atomic unit, kg 1 u = 1.6605 × 10−27 kg
Force pound, Newton 1 lb = 4.442 N
3 3
Density g/cm → kg/m 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
Pressure Pascal, psi 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1.450 × 10−4 psi
Pressure atmosphere, Pascal 1 atm = 101, 325 Pa = 760 Torr = 14.7 psi
Pressure psi, Pascal 1 psi = 6.895 × 103 Pa
Pressure mm Hg 1 torr = 1 mm Hg = 0.0394 in Hg = 1.333 × 102 Pa
Pressure bar 1 bar = 105 Pa
Volume litre 1 l = 103 cm3 = 10−3 m3 = 1.057 qt (US)
Volume quart (US) 1 qt (US) = 946 ml
Volume gallon (US) 1 gal.(US) = 3.758 l
Angle rev, rad, deg 1 rev = 360o = 2π rad
Miscellaneous Data (table 3)
Density of pure water at 4o C 1, 000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml

Density of sea water (approx.) 1, 025 kg/m3 = 1.025 g/cm3 = 1.025 g/ml
Density of ice 917 kg/m3 = 0.917 g/cm3 = 0.917 g/ml
Latent heat of fusion of water lf 333.7 kJ/kg
Latent heat of vaporization of water lv 2256 kJ/kg
Specific heat capacity of water 4.186 kJ/(kg · K)
Specific heat capacity of ice 2.093 kJ/(kg · K)
Speed of sound in air at STP 343 m/s
Refractive index of vacuum 1 exactly
Refractive index of pure water 1.33
Refractive index of glass (typical) 1.50
Temperature of absolute zero 0 K = −273.15o C
Density of copper (20o C) 8.96 g/cm3
Density of aluminium (20o C) 2.70 g/cm3
Specific heat of aluminium 900 J/kg · K
Symbols used in mechanics: Symbols for heat and temperature:

A Amplitude for SHM e Emissivity (of black body)
A, A1 , A2 Cross sectional area of pipe Cp Molar heat capacity at constant pressure
a Acceleration CV Molar heat capacity at constant volume
at Tangential component of acceleration cV , cp Specific heat capacities
ar Radial component of acceleration kB Boltzmann’s constant
E Total energy L, L0 Length, initial length
F , Fav Force, average force lv , lf Latent heat of vapourization, fusion
f Frequency (rev/second or cycles/second) NA Avogadro’s number
g Gravitational field strength N Number of molecules/ atoms
h depth or height n Number of mols
I Moment of inertia p Pressure
K Kinetic energy Q Heat
k Spring constant Qin Heat input into system
k wavenumber 2π/λ R Gas constant
~
L Angular momentum S Entropy
l Length T Temperature
P Power U , Ethermal Internal energy
Pav Average power Wby Work done by system
p Momentum V , V0 Volume, initial volume
r radius α Coefficient of linear expansion
s Displacement β Coefficient of volume expansion
T Time period γ Ratio of heat capacities Cp /CV
U Potential energy
v velocity at time t
W Work
Wc Work done by a con. force(s)
Wnc Work done by non-con. force(s)
Wnet Work done by net force
Y Young’s modulus
α Angular acceleration (rad/s2 )
∆ change in...
ω Angular speed at time t (rad/s)
ω0 Angular speed at time t = 0 (rad/s)
∆θ angular displacement ∆θ = θ − θ0
θ0 Angular position at time t = 0
Γ Torque
ρ density (mass/volume)
The periodic table
www.webelements.com
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Hydrogen Helium
Formula Sheet: Physics 132
1 2
H He
1.008 Key: 4.0026
Lithium Beryllium Element Name Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
3 4 Atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
version: Tuesday 21st March, 2017 15:52

Li Be Symbol B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.0122 Atomic weight (mean relative mass) 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.085 30.974 32.06 35.45 39.948
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.078(4) 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845(2) 58.933 58.693 63.546(3) 65.38(2) 69.723 72.63 74.922 78.96(3) 79.904 83.798(2)
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224(2) 92.906(2) 95.96(2) [97.91] 101.07(2) 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60(3) 126.90 131.29
Page 12
Caesium Barium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
55 56 57-70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba * Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 174.97 178.49(2) 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23(2) 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 [208.98] [209.99] [222.02]
Francium Radium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
87 88 89-102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr
[223.02]
Ra
[226.03]
** Lr
[262.11]
Rf
[265.12]
Db Sg
[268.13] [271.13]
Bh[270]
Hs
[277.15]
Mt
[276.15]
Ds Rg Cn Uut
[281.16] [280.16] [285.17] [284.18]
Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
[289.19] [288.19] [293] [294] [294]
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
*lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 [144.91] 150.36(2) 151.96 157.25(3) 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
**actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
[227.03] 232.04 231.04 238.03 [237.05] [244.06] [243.06] [247.07] [247.07] [251.08] [252.08] [257.10] [258.10] [259.10]
Symbols and names: the symbols and names of the elements, and their spellings are those recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC - http://www.iupac.org/). Names have yet to be proposed for elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 and so those used
here are IUPAC’s temporary systematic names. In some countries, the spellings aluminum, cesium, and sulphur are usual.
Group labels: the numeric system (1–18) used here is the current IUPAC convention.
Atomic weights (mean relative masses): these are the IUPAC 2009 values and given to 5 significant figures. The last significant figure of each value is considered reliable to ±1 except where a larger uncertainty is given in parentheses. Representative values for those elements having an
atomic weight interval are given (H, Li, B, C, N, O, Si, S, Cl, Tl). Elements for which the atomic weight is given within [brackets] have no stable nuclides and are represented by the element’s longest lived isotope reported in the IUPAC 2009 values.
©2012 Dr Mark J Winter [WebElements Ltd and University of Sheffield]. All rights reserved. For updates to this table see http://www.webelements.com/nexus/Printable_Periodic_Table (Version date: 7 June 2012).
CalPoly Department of Physics

A. Carmichael

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Formula Sheet: Physics 132 A.

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) Speed of waves

mechanical waves Photon energy E = hf = ~ω = hc/λ = cp

Flow equations differential form

Flow equations integrated form

Geometrical Optics For narrow slit a/λ  1 =⇒ sincβ ≈ 1

Refractive index n = c/v = λvacuum /λmedium

Bright fringes m = 0, 1, 2... d · sin θm = mλ

If λ/d  1 small angle approximation

Bright fringe angular location θm = mλ/d

Bright fringes d · sin θm = mλ

Intensity where β = πa sin θ/λ, α = πd · sin θ/λ

Thermal physics Constants

Ideal gas (x = 3/2 for monatomic, x = 5/2 for diatomic)

Ideal gas eq. of state pV = nRT = N kB T

Position, velocity and acceleration Angular frequency ω = 2πf = 2π/T

Newton’s 2nd Law F~net = m~a

ay = −g = const. ax = 0 = const. Orbital motion

• completely inelastic: v1 = v2 = v, e = 0 Max K.E. loss ω = ω0 + αt ∆θ = ω0 t + 21 αt2

Newton’s collision law (1D only)

Newton’s collision law (1D) (v2 − v1 ) = −e(u2 − u1 )

1D collision, stationary target (u2 = 0)

Magnitude of torque Γ = rF sin ϕ = rF⊥

Trigonometry Inverse trig functions where α = principal value

Fundamental and other Constants

Boltzmann’s constant kB 1.381 × 10−23 J/K

Electricity and magnetism

Speed of light in a vacuum c 299, 792, 458 ≈ 3 × 108 m/s

Mass of the electron me 9.109 × 10−31 kg

Quantum physics and Bohr atom

Planck’s constant h 6.626 × 10−34 J·s

Letter Upper case Lower case Abbreviations used:

SI units and derived units

Quantity Units Conversion or value

Miscellaneous Data (table 3)

Density of pure water at 4o C 1, 000 kg/m3 = 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/ml

Symbols used in mechanics: Symbols for heat and temperature:

version: Tuesday 21st March, 2017 15:52

CalPoly Department of Physics

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Geometrical Optics For narrow slit a/λ 1 =⇒ sincβ ≈ 1

If λ/d 1 small angle approximation