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Efervesan Tabletler Ila Kullan M I in G Venli Ve Pratik Bir Uygulama Sistemi (#330124) - 327368
Efervesan Tabletler Ila Kullan M I in G Venli Ve Pratik Bir Uygulama Sistemi (#330124) - 327368
Medications such as pills are the forms generally used, longed. In liquid forms of the medication, the delay is avoid-
whereas they have some disadvantages. Slow absorption is ed. Many drugs do not have enough stability levels in the
the important disadvantage as the onset of action gets pro- suspension form. Gastric residence also affects drug delivery
Correspondence: Ka¤an ‹pci, MD. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara Koru Hospital, Online available at:
Ankara, Turkey. www.entupdates.org
e-mail: entdrkagan@gmail.com doi:10.2399/jmu.2016001009
QR code:
Received: January 4, 2016; Accepted: March 22, 2016
which is predicted before. Gastro-retentive preparations are of adipic, tartaric, malic and fumaric are also used. Alkali
created to manage gastric residence. Another form of the sources are Potassium carbonate and bicarbonate, and
drugs is effervescent tablets.[1] Effervescent mixtures and sodium carbonate and bicarbonate. When considering low
powders, and compound effervescent powders including cost, high solubility and intensity of reaction, sodium car-
saline cathartics are also used.[2] bonate is preferred.[15] Excipients, water-soluble lubricants
In effervescent technology, gas bubbles occur from the and colors, flavorings and sweeteners are also added.[15]
liquid after chemical reaction. Alkali metal bicarbonates Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is used as binder in effer-
and acids (mainly citric or tartaric) are used to make effer- vescent. Its form is as dry powder or wet forms of aqueous
vescence. The reaction occurs after adding water.[3–5] The or hydroalcoholic solutions. Mannitol and PEG 6000 are
main issue is acid-base reaction. The basic component is other effective binders.[15,16] When using tablet press
sodium bicarbonate and acidic component is citric acid.[5] machine, relative humidity should be low (≤25%) and
Effervescent tablets have specific characteristics that temperature should be at room temperature (25°C).[5] To
allow rapid adsorption of the drug. The drug can be obtain excellent flowability, production is made by direct
absorbed easily when it displays adequate dissolution in compression method. Size of the particles should be equal.
water and is present at a sufficient dose.[6] Potassium citrate In granules, particle size should be small.[13,17] To achieve
has these characteristics. In case of kidney stones contain- agglomeration of the particles, monohydrate citric acid is
ing urate and calcium, Potassium citrate is used which is released in the fusion method (at 54°C). Using a nonreac-
helpful to decrease the prevalence of the stones.[7] Patients tive solution, such as ethanol or isopropanol, granulation
with kidney stones should take too much water to use is achieved. 0.1–0.5% water is enough for active solu-
effervescent easily. Potassium citrate powders are given tion.[15] The control of effervescent tablets is performed by
with packages and the dose is measured. Therefore, a conventional similar tablets. The control parameters are
study has been aimed to design and formulate potassium weight, hardness, pH, solution time and friability.[8,15]
citrate effervescent tablets. They decrease calcium oxalate Potassium citrate is soluble in water, but insoluble in
and urate stones.[8] alcohol.[7] It is used in metabolic acidosis and replaces sodi-
um bicarbonate. It can also be used in urinary tract infec-
Definition of Effervescent Tablets tions as an alkalizing agent. It decreases the formation of
The chemical reaction occurs in effervescent tablets. It is kidney stone induced by calcium oxalate and urate.[18–21]
related to acid-base reaction. At the end, carbon dioxide is Therefore, oral supplements with potassium citrate pre-
released. Tartaric, malic, fumaric, citric and adipic acids vent hyperkalaemia, because it can be absorbed from gas-
are utilized. Due to the citrus-like taste, citric acid is usu- trointestinal tract highly.[8,21]
ally preferred for effervescents. Malic acid is expensive, Effervescent tablet solution was compared with stan-
whereas it adds smoother taste. The low water-soluble dard tablets in 242 patients. The formulations contained
agents are fumaric, malic and tartaric acids. So, they can be 1000 mg acetaminophen. The patients had moderate or
consumed in small amounts.[9] severe pain due to the dental surgery. Both of them were
In effervescent technology, when organic acid and evaluated in terms of pain intensity and relief. They were
bicarbonate get together in the water, carbon dioxide is both effective compared to placebo. Onset of analgesia
released. The solving process is seen in 17–20°C water. was 20 min in effervescent tablet and 45 min in standard
They may be easily carried and used. Their taste is pleas- tablet. Median pain relief time was 15 min faster in the
ing. The foam of them helps to kill the local bacteria. In effervescent tablet.[22]
traditional Chinese Medicine, similar techniques and Recently, effervescent antibiotics have been launched
materials are used to prepare similar medicine.[10] on the market. Consumption of the drug as a half glass of
After the reaction of effervescent tablets, simultaneous liquid seems easier than swallowing a large tablet.
carbon dioxide is produced. Their contents are com- Particularly in patients with a sore throat or swallowing
pressed mixture of acids and sodium bicarbonate.[11] They disorder, this delivery method improves the quality of life
rapidly dissolve in the water. When the patients have with easier and faster uptake of the drug. Furthermore,
problem with capsule or tablet swallowing, these agents effervescent tablets have storage advantages for keeping
can be used easily.[12,13] These tablets are also absorbed the drug dry, stable and safe compared with syrup or sus-
faster.[14] The main acid used is citric acid. The other acids pension forms.
48 ENT Updates
Effervescent tablets: a safe and practical delivery system for drug administration
the tablets. L-leucine plus polyethylene glycol mixture are Fundamentals of effervescent: There are organic
also used for this purpose.[4,5] acid and alkali metal carbonate salts.[3]
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-
NC-ND3.0) Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduc-
tion in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Please cite this article as: ‹pci K, Öktemer T, Birdane L, Alt›ntoprak N, Bayar Muluk N, Passali D, Lopatin A, Bellussi L, Mladina R, Pawankar R, Cingi C.
Effervescent tablets: a safe and practical delivery system for drug administration. ENT Updates 2016;6(1):46–50.
50 ENT Updates