American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis

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Self-Talk Monitoring and Utilization for Enhancing

Hypnotic Induction

Joseph Meyerson

To cite this article: Joseph Meyerson (2017) Self-Talk Monitoring and Utilization for
Enhancing Hypnotic Induction, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 60:2, 149-158, DOI:
10.1080/00029157.2017.1289465

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Published online: 11 Sep 2017.

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 American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 60: 149–158, 2017
Copyright © American Society of Clinical Hypnosis
ISSN: 0002-9157 print / 2160-0562 online
DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2017.1289465

Self-Talk Monitoring and Utilization for Enhancing

Hypnotic Induction
Joseph Meyerson
Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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In contemporary hypnosis, language constitutes the hypnotist’s rudimentary instrument for develop-
ing and utilizing the hypnotic trance. In the current article, the author proposes a theoretical and
clinical approach for using patient self-talk during hypnotic induction by discussing the influence of
self-talk on consciousness regulation. The article includes some historical background on the use of
language during hypnotic communication and demonstrates some clinical applications of patients
self-talk in the process of hypnotic induction.
Keywords: hypnosis, hypnotic language, induction, self-talk

Hypnosis has been used for thousands of years, but only with the emergence of the
Nancy School at the end of the 19th century did language become a significant device
for communication between the hypnotized participant and the hypnotist (Rosenfeld,
2008; Yapko, 1994). Prior to that, priests and shamans sometimes used language for
addressing gods, demons, and spirits. These practitioners positioned the hypnotized
participant as a passive bystander even if at times they used a form of language that was
comprehensible to the participant (Burrows, Stanley, & Bloom, 2001; Pintar & Lynn,
2008). Therefore, we can say that they unknowingly used indirect forms of verbal
communication very similar to Erickson’s “my friend John” technique (Battino, 2005).
Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 19th century, Anton Mesmer, the forerunner of
modern hypnosis, used mostly nonverbal communication (passes, music, group influ-
ence, etc.) in his hypnotic work and even discouraged verbal communication during the
hypnotic trance (Barabasz & Watkins, 2004; Gravitz, 2004; Hughes, 1996).
In developing mesmerist practices, The Marquis de Puysegur, one of Mesmer’s
students, was probably the first to make broad and natural use of verbal commands to
change the physical and mental state of his patient, Victor (Hughes, 1996; Janet, 1925).
Only a 100 years later, Liébeault, Bernheim, and Coué, the founders of the Nancy
School of hypnosis, introduced suggestion and self-suggestion as a central element in
the hypnotic process (Araoz, 1985). As a result, they considered verbal communication

Address correspondence to Joseph Meyerson, The Section of Behavioral Science, S.D. Medicine, Tel Aviv
University, 21 Unizman St. Ap. 910, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. E-mail: hypnoclinic10@gmail.com
 150 J. MEYERSON

between hypnotist and hypnotized participant as well as verbal communication of the

participant with oneself to be of maximal importance. During their quest for new
psychological treatments, Pierre Janet as well as Breuer and Freud discovered that in
addition to the suggestive uses of hypnosis, even a conversational hypnotic style can
lead to recalling traumas, abreactions, and symptom withdrawal (Breuer & Freud, 2000;
Janet, 1925).
Searching for more efficient and effective uses of hypnosis in psychotherapy and
medicine, Milton Erickson made prolific use of language, utilizing its verbal, para-
verbal, and symbolic dimensions (Battino, 2005; Geary & Zeig, 2001; Zeig, 1985).
As a result of these historic advances, contemporary hypnotists, although sometimes
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educated in the use of nonverbal hypnotic tools, such as sound, motion, smell, image,
and touch, usually use language to induce hypnosis (Barabasz & Watkins, 2004;
Burrows et al., 2001).
Currently, there is some theoretical controversy regarding the importance of the
language used during hypnotic trance facilitation and utilization. Patients’ rapport,
regressive tendencies, expectations, and unusual cognitive processing all allegedly
grant the hypnotic interaction its characteristics (Brown & Fromm, 2013; Kirsch &
Lynn, 1998). From this perspective, the language used by hypnotists during hypnosis is
only secondary to more general factors.
On the other hand, professionals oriented toward neuro-linguistic programming
(NLP) and scripts, as well as some Ericksonian-oriented hypnotists grant a favored
position to language in the hypnotic process (Battino, 2005; Gafner, 2010; Lankton,
2008; Lankton & Lankton, 2008/1983). They perceive humans as Homo symbolicus, as
creatures that are immersed in language and that live and are motivated by metaphors,
associative meanings, linguistic structures, and the like (Geary & Zeig, 2001).
Integrative orientation that considers both verbal and extra-linguistic factors seems to
be largely accepted in the contemporary clinical framework (Hammond, 1990; Barnier
& Nash, 2008).
In a previous work (Meyerson, 2014, 2016), the author noted the importance of
verbal communication with patients in the preparatory phase of pre-hypnotic talk. In the
present article, the author focuses on verbal part of hypnotic interaction during induction
phase of hypnotic therapy.

The Induction Phase of Hypnosis

Hypnotic induction can be defined as a process that can inform, designate, symbolize,
and assist a person in the transition from an everyday state of consciousness and
behavior to a special state of consciousness and activity known as hypnosis or the
hypnotic trance (Barnier & Nash, 2008; Elkins, Barabasz, Council, & Spiegel, 2015;
Lankton, 2015, 2016; Yapko, 2012).
 SELF-TALK UTILIZATION DURING HYPNOTIC INDUCTION 151

Hypnotic induction is a procedure through which the hypnotist, usually by using

language, supposedly encourages alteration of participant’s self-concept, cognitive pro-
cessing, emotional responses, and perception of reality (Barnier & Nash, 2008; Burrows
et al., 2001). Recent neurophysiological research shows that induction procedure have not
only symbolic and sociocultural meaning, but have an important effect on brain function-
ing (Woody & Sadler, 2016). All these changes can be viewed as changes in the state of
consciousness characterizing the hypnotic state (Elkins et al., 2015; Tart, 1990).
Assuming that hypnosis is a state characterized by heightened suggestibility, the
participant’s responsiveness to suggestions during the hypnotic state can be viewed as
self-evident. In contrast, induction responsivity seems to be a different matter. That is,
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during induction the hypnotist usually uses language before the hypnotic state has been
induced, so the question concerning the participant’s responsivity during hypnotic
inductions remains unanswered. Even cognitive and culturally oriented researchers
who describe induction merely as a ritual and question its necessity conclude: “ …
the ability to respond to imaginative suggestions depends on the ability to experience or
translate the suggested sensations and imaginings into credible and compelling sub-
jective experiences and actions” (Lynn, Laurence, & Kirsch, 2015, p. 315). In the
following section, the author discusses this ability to translate the suggested sensations
and imaginings from self-talk consciousness regulation perspective.

Self-Talk, Consciousness, and Self-Regulation

Many influential scientists and philosophers of language consider language to be a

central medium of consciousness (Altieri, 1976; Jackendoff, 2007). Language
enhances thought processes (Jackendoff, 2007; Vygotskiĭ & Kozulin, 1986;
Vygotsky, Rieber, Robinson, & Bruner, 2004), helps constructs reality by means of
metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003), facilitates self-communication and self-
monitoring (Luria, 1932; Morin, 2011), and allows for people to act upon the
world by means of words (Austin, 1975). Some of the notable researchers in the
field of consciousness (Morin, 2005, 2011; Morin & Everett, 1990) have proposed
that consciousness and cognition are largely motivated by inner speech. Morin (2011)
claimed that consciousness is usually accompanied by a quiet monologue that
addresses a person’s movements, perceptions, sensations, cognitive memories, and
emotions. This quiet internal self-speech, also known as, self-talk, private speech,
sub-vocal speech, verbal mental imagery, or self-dialogue (Morin, 2005), has notice-
able functions, such as self-regulation and guidance (Diaz & Berk, 1992), problem
solving, planning, memory activation, and facilitation (Morin, 2005, 2011; Morin &
Everett, 1990). Self-talk increases in stressful and unfamiliar situations and at times
becomes externalized (Morin, 2005). Adults also use self-talk during everyday
 152 J. MEYERSON

activities for introspection and for processing mental and physical occurrences
(Morin, 2011).
In psychotherapy, patients’ self-talk is considered seminal therapeutic resource in
behavioral and cognitive interventions (Meichenbaum, 1977). In dynamically oriented
psychotherapies, self-talk is an important part of therapy that facilitates introspection
and mentalization (Sugarman, 2006).
Sports psychologists (Turner & Barker, 2013) and cognitively oriented therapists
(Daitch, 2007; Dowd, 2000) have sometimes used these qualities for identifying
negative self-talk and extending it through positive affirmations. But those who con-
sidered the importance of self-talk during inductive procedures were primarily profes-
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sionals who focus on the uses of self-hypnosis techniques (Alman & Lambrou, 1993;
Anbar, 2000; Baudouin, 1923; Simpkins & Simpkins, 2001).
A recent study indicates that even small changes in the self-talk people use to refer to
themselves during introspection influence their ability to regulate their thoughts, feel-
ings, and behavior (Kross et al., 2014). Researchers in this study focused on the
question: “Does the language people use to refer to the self during introspection
influence how they think, feel, and behave under social stress?” (Kross et al., 2014,
p. 304). Researchers demonstrated that self-talk that includes nonfirst-person pronouns
and one’s own name throughout introspection increases self-distancing. This, in turn,
enabled this group to perform better than the first-person group in making a good first
impression and during public speaking. They displayed less distress and engaged in less
post-event rumination.
Although a major part of hypnotic inductions are imagery based and imagery can
facilitate hypnotic induction (Barnier & Nash, 2008), the current article does not address
mental imagery and its coexistence with verbal communication. The reason is that the
present article focuses specifically on the importance and utilization of self-talk during the
induction phase of hypnotherapy. One of the ways self-talk can be useful for participants
who only have partial access to their imagery is by facilitating their imagery by self-talk
intervention (see Illustrations 1 and 2 in the Practical Considerations section).

Self-Talk and Hypnotic Induction

As indicated, the role of hypnotic induction is to allow person to proceed to a hypnotic

state that is appropriate for therapeutic purposes (Spiegel & Spiegel, 2004; Yapko, 1994,
2012). Efficient and appropriate induction must encourage cognitive flexibility respon-
siveness, absorption, and dissociation and must propose these to the patients in a form
that is most appropriate to them (i.e., easiest to accept). The induction should include
guiding messages that correspond with the expectations and values of the participants
(Meyerson, 2016).
 SELF-TALK UTILIZATION DURING HYPNOTIC INDUCTION 153

The central claim presented in the current article is that one of the interesting
possibilities to produce all of the above during the induction is by hypnotist intervention
in the patient’s self-talk and guiding it in the direction of achieving a hypnotic state.

Practical Considerations

As noted, self-talk can be considered a self-regulating and self-guiding feature of con-

sciousness. From this perspective, some of the verbal inductions hypnotists use can be seen
as ways of intervening in and guiding this critical function of consciousness (Tart, 2001).
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In the following, the author proposees a simple two-stage approach that can help
clinicians construct the hypnotic induction in a way that uses the time of the therapeutic
session economically and promotes rapid entry into the hypnotic state. The proposed
approach differs from most “instantaneous inductions” by taking into account the values
of autonomy and self-determination that are usually important for patients, while at the
same time keeping the induction very simple and short.

Stage 1—Listening to Patients’ Self-Talk

Humans maintain their everyday consciousness automatically, without devoting much

attention to the cognitive processes activated (Tart, 2001). Novelty usually causes people
to break out of this automatic mode and requires concentration and listening to the self-
talk that constitutes and accompanies consciousness (Hope & Sugarman, 2015).
As a hypnotic psychotherapist who values his patients’ wisdom, the author usually
asks his patients at the beginning of the hypnotic session to close their eyes and listen to
their mental activities and then to repeat aloud whatever pops into their consciousness.
This procedure focuses the patient’s attention inward. It can also help the hypnotist
uncover the patient’s self-talk and additional mental activities that accompany this self-
talk, such as images, feelings, sensations, memories, and thoughts.
For patients, this procedure of listening to and verbalizing their own mental activity
seems to be more challenging than asking them to listen passively and follow the
hypnotist’s directives. Still, it facilitates their active participation in the induction and
later in the therapeutic process. Additionally, adults usually automatically externalize
internal talk in situations in which they need to reorient themselves or solve some
difficult problem (Morin, 2011). Moreover, based on the author experience, usually the
mere externalization of patients’ self-talk during the inductive stage can promote a
mental state favorable to therapy.
Asking patients to close their eyes and voice their self-talk instantly creates an
internal focus and prepares the ground for trance elicitation. Intervening in and guiding
patients’ self-talk can further help in creating and monitoring the hypnotic trance.
 154 J. MEYERSON

Stage 2—Intervening in and Guiding Patients’ Self-Talk

Two well-known and extensively used principles are useful for guiding patients’ self-
talk: (1) the successive approximation principle, which asserts that intervention in
patients’ self-talk should be gradual; and (2) the pacing and leading principle, which
first directs the hypnotist to echo patients’ existing self-talk and only then to offer
guidance.
Patients’ self-talk can be easily and naturally guided by making statements like the
following: “ … and you can say to yourself, I am going to….” This simple addition can
smoothly transform suggestions into self-statements.
Another strategy involves the therapist taking a modeling approach (to exemplify
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induction so the patient can imitate it) and relying on the patient’s identification
tendencies. In this case, the induction may be worded like this: “ … and I don’t
know how you prefer to go into the trance. I myself usually take a deep breath and
as my eyes continue to close I allow my memories, thoughts, and emotions to … ”
The second strategy is very useful during group trance induction when the hypnotist
cannot individualize the induction. This approach to constructing inductions using
patients’ self-talk can be conceived as a major departure from the inductive procedures
that are traditionally taught and practiced and that are usually based on scripts and
conventional rituals. Additionally, it can be understood as the simplistic uses of preface
before every induction: “you can say to yourself—I am going to….” But actually, these
approaches to induction construction are based on natural consciousness processes
combined with the Ericksonian utilization principle. To elucidate these principles, I
provide some examples of patient self-talk as well as examples of how this self-talk is
utilized and transformed into a short inductive facilitator.
At the beginning of the hypnotic session the therapist utters follow sentence: “…and you
can close your eyes, find a comfortable position and say aloud whatever is on your mind…”
Following are some illustrations of characteristic patient self-talk at the beginning of
a hypnotic session, as well as examples of how the therapist can transform this self-talk
into natural and short inductions.
1. Patient having difficulty concentrating on his internal word
P. “I can’t concentrate…external sounds disturb me.”
T. “OK, now you hear external sounds and say to yourself: ‘those sounds disturb me.’“
P. “Uhum…”
T. “And you can say to yourself: ‘those sounds don’t have to disturb me but I can concentrate on
these sounds and use them….can you?’“
P. “Yes… maybe…. Now I hear a bus passing by outside your office. How can this be helpful?”
T. “You can concentrate on the sounds of the bus and ask yourself where this bus is going. Think
about the people who are on that bus and about their thoughts and feelings.”
P. “Yes… now I can see this bus and those people…”

2. Patient with a need for approval

 SELF-TALK UTILIZATION DURING HYPNOTIC INDUCTION 155

P. “It is difficult to speak with my eyes closed without knowing what you are doing.”
T. “I see that it is difficult for you at the moment… What are you saying to yourself as you close
your eyes?”
P. “I don’t know if what I am saying is correct and whether you will approve.”
T. “Yes I see…you ask yourself what the correct answer is … Can you tell yourself that there are
no correct answers and that any thought, emotion or image that comes to your mind is
welcome?”
P. “Yes…I think I can.”

3. Patient with dependency tendencies

P. “I don’t know what to say… Can you ask me questions?”
T. “You tell yourself that you don’t know what to say…What questions do you want me to ask
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you?”
P. “You know… Questions about my problem.”
T. “Yes… And what question about your problem is important to ask you right now?”

4. Hypnotically talented patient

P. “I see myself now at the seashore. Just relaxing. I put aside all my worries.”
T. “Very well…. just continue relaxing and putting aside your worries for some time.”
P. “Now it is clear to me that I also want to learn how to relax outside your office.”
T. “Yes, now it is clear to you… and you will learn how to relax outside the office.”

These cases are only a few short examples intended to help therapists grasp the
practical application of the presented principles. In the first case, the patient’s self-talk
helped the therapist reorient the patient’s attention away from external sounds and
toward internal images and thoughts. The therapist accepted the second patient’s need
for approval and strategically used it to communicate more spontaneously with the
patient’s internal world. The third patient’s dependency tendencies emerged from his
self-talk and the therapist oriented these to a more independent approach. Finally, the
author used the self-talk of the hypnotically talented patient so as not to slow him/her
down by using conventional inductions.
In these cases, patient self-talk was a very important factor for:
1. Understanding the patient’s state of mind more clearly.
2. Assessing patient’s approach to the hypnotic interaction and using it to construct
inductions.
3. Facilitating patient’s involvement and investment in the hypnotic and therapeutic
process.
4. Enhancing patients’ cooperation and adherence.
It should be noted that that no direct experimental evidence can be provided to
support the approach to induction presented here. To the best of the authors’ knowledge,
the role of self-talk during hypnosis has not been researched empirically and awaits
researchers that will accept the challenge. The authors’ experience is that the self-talk
approach to induction is not very useful in work with patents whose mode of organizing
 156 J. MEYERSON

experiences is mostly pictorial mode and whose verbal expression ability is diminished.
In this case, imagery is a better facilitator of hypnotic trace than self-talk behavior.
Additionally, this approach is less beneficial with patients who use language extensively
as a smoke screen during interpersonal interactions. Such patients may use self-talk in
ruminative manner, making it difficult to promote them to a second stage of self-talk
intervention.

Summary

Induction is a procedure that informs and assists individual transition from an everyday
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state of consciousness and behavior to a special state of consciousness and activity

known as hypnosis or hypnotic trance. Hypnotists usually use verbal statements to help
patients change their mental state and prepare them to be open to receive therapeutic
interventions. In the current article, the author proposed the hypnotic participant’s self-
talk as natural alternative vehicle for promoting the transformation of consciousness
from the everyday mode to the special situation mode. Listening to and then guiding the
patient’s self-talk can facilitate the inductive phase. This can help professionals hypno-
tizing patients by using approaches that are natural and that respect the values of self-
determination and autonomy, which are usually important for patients.

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