GOVERNING SYSTEM FOR TURBINES The main functions of the Governing System of a Steam Turbine are: * To control the initial run-up and synchronisation of the unit * To assists in matching the power generated to that demanded by responding to system frequency changes + To regulate the steam control valves positions (and hence the load generated) in response to signals from the operator or from the load despatch centre + To restrict the speed rise within acceptable limits should the unit get disconnected from the load It is the function of the governor to reduce or dampen out speed veriations caused by fluctuations in the load, This is achieved by regulating the steam input. In a generating unit running independently of others, if load increases, a drop in speed is resulted. The governor senses this and it in turn opens the control valves further to admit more steam so that the drop in speed is compensated. And if load reduces, the vice versa happens. As power station units operate together in porallel, they rotate at cppropriate speeds to maintain the designed system frequency. Load on the system is constantly changing and there is always a slight mismatch between generation and demand, If generation is more than demand, frequency will rise and if generation is less than demand, frequency will fall. Governor senses the change in speed (frequency) and in doing so admits less or more steam. Since the grid governs the machine speed, change in steam flow will result in change in the load of the turbine.Speed transducer in this type is mechanical centrifugal type speed governor, which directly actuates control valves through mechanical linkages. Mechanical centrifugal type speed governor is connected to hydraulic system either mechanically or hydraulically. Speed transducer is a centrifugal pump whose discharge pressure is a function of machine speed. This signal is sent to a hydraulic converter, to generate a high power hydraulic signal for the operation of different control valves In this type, Electronic Transducer is used for measuring the machine speed. This signal is processed electronically and then sends to an Electro Hydraulic converter for converting the electronic signals into proportional hydraulic signals for the operation of control “ele ee Three methods of varying steam admission are normally used in utility turbines, These are : + Throttle Governing + Nozzle Governing + By-pass Governing Yea SON eG NING) In this method of governing, steam is throttled to a suitable pressure using one or more sets of throttle valves (control valves). All these valves operate simultaneously and the throttle control is achieved usually by controlling the steam admission to the HP cylinder. Arc of steam admission in this governing method is 360°.NOZZLE GOVERNING Various groups of Nozzles with suitable isolating valves are used for regulating the steam flow to the turbine. These nozzles are grouped in 2, 3, 4 or more and their operation is done SEQUENTIALLY. These nozzle groups achieve control by regulating the steam flow to the first stage of HP cylinder. Arc of steam admission in this method is < 180°. BY-PASS GOVERNING This type of governing is commonly used in small to medium capacity machines with large number of stages. Steam is supplied through two sets of valves called, MAIN VALVE & OVER LOAD VALVE. Main valve is used to load the machine up to 80% capacity. If additional load is required, over load valve opens, admits steam to the turbine bypassing the first few stages. This increases the stage pressure and results in extra load. 80% rating of the unit is called Economic Continuous Rating cond full load rating is known as Moximum Continuous Rating, S22 KWU TURBINE _ G ERNING KWU Turbine is @ reaction turbine and uses the Throttling Governing principle. For the governing purpose, these turbines are provided with two separate control systems namely, HYDRAULIC and ELECTRO HYDRAULIC, both are connected in parallel. In case of Hydraulic Governing, all the signals are transmitted in the form of hydraulic (oil) pressure and the final operation of Control Valves is achieved by way of Hydraulic Converter (HC). In case of Electro Hydraulic Governing, all the signals are electrical in nature and for the operation of CVs; these signals will be converted into hydraulic signal using the Electro Hydraulic Converter (EHC). Hydraulic Converter and Electro Hydraulic Converter are switched in porallel to forma hydraulic minimum value gate. The system that is not in service remains at its maximum position.‘+ Speed of the machine is controlled right from barring speed by EHG. ‘* Dead band of the governing system is 0.01% (0.3 RPM) in EHG. ‘+ As the control valves are mounted away from the casing, transient speed rise will be 8.5%. * Control Valves open with varying SECONDARY OIL pressure with constant CONTROL OIL pressure. '* Above 20% load, machine load can be varied by HPCVs only. (Because IPCVs reach 100% open by about 20% load). ‘© Closing time of Stop and Control Valves are HP STOP VALVE : 0.20 SEC HP CONTROL VALVE : 0.40 SEC IP STOP VALVE : 0.80 SEC IP CONTROL VALVE 0.80 SEC 2 2 2 Each Control Valve has a separate servomotor and hence CVs can be tested individually for spindle freeness during operation * Automatic Turbine Test is available to test the healthiness of all Safety Devices along with Step and Contrel valves * Start-up and shutdown operations in Oil System, Evacuation System and Turbine System can be automatically done using ATRS. * Turbine Stress Evaluator is available for the conservative operation of the machine during start-ups and shutdowns. * Load Shedding Relay is available to prevent over-speeding of the machine during sudden load throw of fs. © To prevent high exhaust hood temperature in HP Turbine caused by churning, during sudden load reduction, Trimming Device is available ¢ In 200MW units, Hydraulic Shutoff Valve is available to cut-off the control oil supply, in case there is a danger of fire due to oil leakage. ‘* Pressure Controller is provided to unload the turbine in case main steam pressure drops by more than 10 kg/cm? B 2 2OIL SIGNA F KW [Nae J. _DeveLoreD ey J) Sounce FONCTION SL ec antec JACKING Olle JACKING OF TG SHAFT. CONTROL Oil. ‘AOP | MOP. GOVERNING RACK OIL STARTUP OIL STARTINGDEVICE CONTROL OIL J) TO RESET HP + IP STOP VALVES, Cad Ss i= OE Tele Loko ‘AUX SEC OL FAUX FOLOUPPISTN [TRIP OIL BOUTPUT OF HYDRAULIC. GOVERNOR] PRIMARY OIL DE HVDR. SPEED XTR HYDR. GVRNR SPEED FEEDBACK Sh Oke ae MAX 31 TM CONTROL FLUID 32 BAR, UNFILTERED. MAX 32 MAX 41 TMB CONTROL OIL/ CONTROL FLUIDS BAR, UNFILTERED. MAX 429MM CONTROL OIL / CONTROL FLUIDS BAR, FILTERED PRIMARY OL "AUX SECONDARY OIL / FLUID ‘STARTUP OIL JELUID. AUX STARTUP OIL J FLUID. Max Tt BE DRAIN OIL+ Remote Trip Solenoids (2 No) + Turbine Trip Gear (2 No) * Starting & Load Limit Device + Speeder Gear (Hydraulic Governor) + Aux. Follow up Pistons (2 No) * Hydraulic Converter (Hyd Amplifier) + Follow up Pistons (12 No) * Electro Hydraulic Converter (EHC) * Solenoids for Load Shedding Relay © Sequence Trimming Device * Test Valve + ATT Change Over Valve + Extraction Valve Relay * Hydraulic Sofety Devices Bse To initiate the turbine trip remotely, two Remote Trip Solenoids (24V DC) are provided in the control oil connection to the TRIP GEAR. During normal operation, solenoids remain de-energised and their drain ports remain closed so that control oil will be extended to the Trip Gears. RTS-2 RTS-1 Je SONTROL OLTO OL, TRIP GEAR ras | B22Whenever any turbine trip is initiated, RTS will energise and its spool mechanism move upward and thereby valve discs move downward. This will block the inlet control oil port. At the same time, the down stream of RTS will be comected to the respective drain port. Thus the oil going to the Trip Gear will be drained, leading to the draining of the Trip Oil. RTS-2 RTS-1 CONTROL lL FROM om TRE GEAR pean MOS Rd CONTROL oll = aIn case of 50OMW design, two Remote Trip Solenoids are provided in the Auxiliary Trip Fluid circuit (downstream of Trip Velve). Both ore connected in parallel so that, whenever any turbine trip command is initiated, solenoids will energise and thereby Auxiliary Trip Fluid will be connected to the drain, which in turn result in draining of Trip Fluid. RTS-2 RTS-1 RAN DRAIN As the Remote Trip Solenoids are connected in parallel to the Auxiliary Trip Fluid circuit, operation of any one solenoid will lead to the depressurisation of Auxiliary Trip Fluid and thus operation of Trip Valves. This will result in draining of Trip Fluid. RTS-2 RTS-1 DRAIN DRAINAUXTRIP FLUID AUXTRIP onl FLUID To reset the Remote Trip Solenoids after a turbine trip, the UTR/TTR needs to be reset. The conditions required for resetting the UTR are © Boiler MFR: Reset. © Turbine Electrical Protections: Reset. * Generator Trip Relay: Reset (GENERATOR TRIP RELAY ‘OPERATION. BOILER MER. UTR TTR RTS OPERATION. 230 DC 2ay 0 2av 06 TURBINE ELECTRICAL PROTECTION OPERATIONi) ING OF RTS * Boiler MFR: Reset. Boiler MFR will reset after completion of Furnace Purge. Turbine Electrical Protections: Reset. Lubricating Oil Pressure: Low, MOT Level: Low (Fire Protection), Generator Stator Water Flow: Low and Generator Stator Water Conductivity: High. '* Generator Trip Relay: Reset. Generator Master Relays 86, 286 and 386 in GRP must be reset, all Auxiliary Relay flags must be reset and Field Breaker operating switch at UCB must be in open condition. Once all these conditions are fulfilled, in case of 200MW units, UTR will reset. Resetting of UTR will reset the TTR. In case of 500MW units, there is no UTR ond thus releasing all trip signals will reset the TTR directly. Resetting of TTR will de-energise the Remote Trip Solenoids TAP OIL CONTROL OIL FROM RTS AUXTRIP OIL, <= AUKSTART-UFO S22Trip Gear is the main tripping mechanism of the Turbine. It diverts the control oil coming through RTS in to TRIP OTL & AUX TRIP OIL Circuits Aux, Trip Oil keeps the trip gear spool valve in open condition so that uninterrupted Trip Oil pressure is ensured. Aux. Trip oil is also connected to three Hydraulic Safety Devices, namely Over Speed trip device, Low Vacuum trip device and Thrust Bearing trip device DRAIN TRIP CoNROL on ‘oll > Aux TAP OL AUX OVER Low THRUST hae SPEED VACUUM BEARING HYDRAULIC PROTECTIONS CONTROL —> FLUID AUXTRIP > “Fu AUX STARTUP —> FLUIDLACAN Operation of any of the Hydraulic Safety Devices will drain the Aux Trip Oil; thereby Trip Gear will operate and drain the Trip Oil. Draining of Trip oil will lead to the closing of steam stop and control valves and thus trips the machine. TRIP OL AUX TRIP on AUX STARTUP OIL. TEENS eS RAIN OIL FROM RTS AUXTRIP AUXTRIP ol oll SeeTurbine can be manuelly tripped from local by operating the Emergency Trip Valve. In 200MW units, local trip is provided in the form of a lever on the trip gear, In 500MW units, a separate trip mechanism is provided in the Aux Trip Fluid line. In both designe, operation of the local trip valve will result in draining of Aux Trip Oil/Fluid, TRIP LEVER Teg OM — co From Je— rs aoe rar on. a q STARTUP Lu ‘CONTROL FLUID fuxstaeor toe Joram aver ruin THRUST BEARING TRIP AUX TRIPSTARTING LOAD LIMIT DEVICE Starting and Load limit device is used for three basic functions. # Resetting of Trip Gear and Hydraulic Safety Devices ‘Resetting and Opening of Stop Valves + Releasing of Control Valves for operation Starting Device consists of a pilot valve with different port connections. It is the source for Auxiliary Start-up Oil and Start-up Oil. Aux. Start- up Oil is used for resetting of Main Trip Gear and Hydraulic Safety Devices (Over Speed Trip and Thrust Bearing Trip). Start-up Oil is used for resetting of HP and IP Stop Valves. Starting Device can also be used for limiting the opening of HP/IP control valves by compressing the Speeder Gear Bellow. Centre port of the starting device is connected to Control Oil header, top and bottom ports are connected to the drain, Port above the control oil section is for Start-up oil and the port below control oil section is for Auxiliary Start-up oll S22 aux ‘STARTUP ot CONTROL OL STARTUP lLAt 0% position of the Starting Device, both top / bottom drain ports will be blocked and full oil pressure from the middle control oil/fluid port will be extended to the Start-up and Aux. Start-up oil/fluid lines. When the Starting Device position is increased from 0% towards 100%, centre control oil/fluid port will be gradually blocked from Start-up and Aux Stort-up oil/fluid ports. Simultaneously, Start-up and Aux. Start-up oil/fluid ports will be connected to their respective drain ports. This ensures draining of Start-up and Aux. Start-up oil/fluid. Draining of Aux. Start-up oil/fluid is necessary to release the Trip Gear for operation. If the Aux. Start-up oil/fluid pressure remains during normal running of the machine, it will keep the Trip Gear spool piston ‘always in lifted condition and thus Trip Gear will never operate after the ‘operation of any of the protections. Draining of Stert-up oil/fluid is needed for the opening of HP and IP stop valves. AUX AUX. STARTUP STARTUP OIL FLUID O1L FLUID conTROL =| CONTROL. ML (FLUID IL FLUID STARTUP STARTUP IL FLUID OIL FLUID SeeCONTROL OL > AUXTRIP OM STARTING DEVICE > AUX STARTUP OL CONTROL OIL STARTUP OIL DRA SOLENOID-2 svagrer TEST VALVE TRIP ou SOLENOID DRAIN CONTROL VALVEDuring normal running of the machine, Stop Valves are held in open condition by the Trip Oil/Fluid pressure, acting from the bottom of the actuators. Turbine tripping will drain the Trip Oil/Fluid and will result in closing of the Stop Valves. Closing operation of the Stop Valve is assisted by a pre-compressed spring kept above the stop valve piston, The releasing action of the spring makes the stop valve closing very quick. Therefore, before going for opening the stop valves again after a turbine trip, this spring is to be compressed. This action needs Start-up Oil/Fluid. The Start-up Oil/Fluid pressure generated by the Starting Device pushes the Test Valve piston downward, allowing Trip Oil/Fluid to reach topside of the spring chamber. This will compress the spring Solenoid-2 normally remains de-energised so that Stort-up Qil/Fluid circuit will be always through. This solenoid changes status only during ATT of Stop and control Valves. S22 TRIP OIL, TO RESET TO OPENTer Senrne TEST VALVE STARTUP on TRIP mL SOLENOID1 DRAIN CONTROL VALVE B22 ‘Once the actuating spring is compressed, the Stop Valve can be opened. For this, oil from the spring chamber top is to be drained and Trip is to be admitted beneath the piston. This operation needs the draining of Stort-up Oil/Fluid from the Test Valve, Increasing position of Starting Device will connect the Start-up Oil/Fluid header to the drain. At 42% of the Starting Device, spring of the HPSV Test Valve gets released ond its piston moves upward because of the drop in Start-up Oil/Fluid pressure. This operation connects the Stop Valve spring chamber top to the drain ond admits Trip Oil/Fluid from the bottom of the piston. Thus HPSVs opens. Similarly, at 56% of Starting Device position, Test Valve piston of IPSV moves upward and IPSVs opens. There after, the Starting Device position is to be increased beyond 60% for releasing the control valves blocking through Speeder Gear.STARTING DEVICE ux. STARTUP