International Mathematical Forum, 5, 2010, no.

33, 1613 - 1617

A Limit for the k-Gamma and k-Beta Function

Valmir Krasniqi

Department of Mathematics, University of Prishtina

Prishtinë 10000, Republic of Kosova
vali.99@hotmail.com

Dedicated to Professor Emrush Gashi on the occasion of his 71th birthday

Abstract
In this paper, we present some limits for k− Gamma function and k−
Beta function by using properties asymptotic of k− Gamma function.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 33B15, 26D15

Keywords: k-gamma functions, k-beta function

1 Introduction
The table of integrals ([2]) contains some evaluations that can be derived by
elementary means from the gamma function, defined by
∞
Γ(a) = xa−1 e−x dx (1)
0

The convergence of the integral in (1) requires a > 0. The techniques

developed here will be employed in the future publications. The reader will
find in [1] analytic information about this important function.
The gamma function represents the extension of factorial to real parame-
ters. The value

Γ(n) = (n − 1)!, for n ∈ N (2)

is elementary. On the other hand, the special value

1 √
Γ( ) = π (3)
2
1614 V. Krasniqi

is equivalent to the well - know normal integral

∞
1 1
exp(−t2 )dt = Γ( ). (4)
2 2
0

The reader will find in ([1]) proofs of Legendre’s duplication formula

√
1 Γ(2x) π
Γ(x + ) = , (5)
2 Γ(x)22x−1

that produces for x = m ∈ N the values

√
1 π (2m)!
Γ(m + ) = 2m · . (6)
2 2 m!

2 Main Result
2.1 A limit for the k- Beta function
Let
1
1 y
t k −1 (1 − t) k −1 dt, x, y, k > 0
x
Bk (x, y) =
k
0

be the k -Beta function(see [3]).

The following identity, connection the Γk , Bk function, is well - known that
(7)

Γk (x)Γk (y)
Bk (x, y) = (7)
Γk (x + y)
∞ tk
where Γk (x) = tx−1 e− k dt, k- gamma function it is also known that
0

lim Γk (x) = Γ(x) (8)

k→1

Our aim is to prove the following result:

Theorem 2.1 For all a, b > 0; c, d ≥ 0 on has (9)

  x1 a
ak · bk
b

lim kBk (ax + c, bx + d) = a+b (9)

x→∞ (a + b) k
A limit for the k-Gamma and k-Beta function 1615

Proof.- Since
x
Γk (x) = k k −1 Γ( )
x
(10)
k
and
√  1 1 
Γk (x + 1) = 2πxxx e−x 1 + + O( 2 ) , (11)
12x x
and Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x), we get (see [4])

√  1 1 
x−1 −x
Γk (x) = 2πxx e 1+ + O( 2 ) , (12)
12x x
By relations (7) and (10)
Γk (ax + c)Γk (bx + d)
Bk (ax + c, bx + d) =
Γk ((a + b)x + c + d)
   
ax+c
−1 bx+d
−1
k k ·k k
ax+c
Γk k Γk k bx+d

= (a+b)x+c+d
−1
k k Γk ([(a + b)x + c + d]/k)
1 Γ( x + k ) · Γ( kb x + kd )
a c
= · k a+b (13)
k Γ( k x + c+d k
)
a b c d
If k
= A, k
= B, k
= C, k
=D:

1 Γ(Ax + C)Γ(Bx + D)
·
Bk (ax + c, bx + d) = = (14)
k Γ((A + B)x + C + D)
 
1 2π(Ax + C)(Ax + C)Ax+C−1 · e−(Ax+C) 2π(Bx + D)(Bx + D)Bx+D−1 e−(Bx+D)
= ·  ×
k 2π[(A + B)x + C + D)((A + B)x + C + D)(A+B)x+C+D−1 · e−((A+B)x+C+D)
  
1
1 + 12(Ax+C) + O( x12 ) 1 + 12(Bx+D)
1
+ O( x12 )
× 1
1 + 12[(A+B)x+C+D)] + O( x12 )
in what follows remark that e−[(A+B)x+C+D] = e−(Ax+C) · e−(Bx+D) , and that
the following limit is true:
1
lim (Ax + B) x = 1, A > 0, B ≥ 0. (15)
x→∞

Now, after simplifications in (14), and by taking into account limits of type
(15) and the obvious relation
 1 1  x1
1+ + O( 2 ) −→ 1,
12(Ex + F ) x
1616 V. Krasniqi

as x → ∞ for E > 0, F ≥ 0, all is reduced to the calculation of a limit

Ax+C−1 Bx+D−1
(Ax + C) x · (Bx + D) x
lim (A+B)x+C+D−1
x→∞
[(A + B)x + C + D] x

Which by using again (15) and

(Ax + C)A · (Bx + D)B AA · B B

lim =
x→∞ [(A + B)x + C + D]A+B (A + B)A+B

gives the proof of the (9).

2.2 A limit for the k- gamma function

Theorem 2.2 For all a, b > 0; x, k > 0 on has

k  Γ (bx + k)  x1
a−b
k
b
bk a−b
k
lim b−a = a (k · e) k . (16)
x→∞ x k Γk (ax + k) ak
Proof.- Since,
x
Γk (x) = k k −1 Γ( )
x

k
we have
1
 ax+k a  x1
Γk (ax + k) x = k k −1 Γ x + 1
k
1
 ax  ak  1  1  x1
a
−1
= k (2πa · k x)
k x 1+ +O 2 (17)
ke 12ak −1 x x

1
 bx+k b  x1
Γk (bx + k) x = k k −1 Γ x + 1
k
1
 bx  kb  1  1  x1
= k k (2πb · k −1 x) x
b
1+ + O (18)
ke 12bk −1 x x2
From (17) and (9) one obtains

   x1
1
 Γ (bx + k)  x1  b  x1  b  kb  ke  ak b−a 1 + 12k−1 1
bx
+ O x2
k
= x k ·   x1 (19)
Γk (ax + k) a ke a
1 + 12k−1 ax + O x12
1

Clearly
 1  1  x1
1+ +O 2 −→ 1 as x → ∞,
12Ax x
A limit for the k-Gamma and k-Beta function 1617

and  b  x1
−→ 1 for x → ∞.
a
Therefore, from (19) one can deduce the following

k  Γ (bx + k)  x1
a−b
k
b
bk a−b
k
lim b−a = a (k · e) k .
x→∞ x k Γk (ax + k) ak
The proof is completed.

References
[1] G. Boros and V. Moll. Irresistible Integrals. Cammbridge University Press,
New York, 1st edition, 2004

[2] I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhnik. Table of Integrals, Series, and Prod-

ucts. Edited by A. Jeffrey and D. Zwillinger. Academic Press, New York,
6th edition, 2000.

[3] R.Diaza and E. Pariglan, On hypergeometric function and k-pochemer

symbols, divulgaciones matematicas, Vol. 15 No. 2. (2007). PP 179-192.

[4] E. T. Whitacker, G. N. Watson, A course of modern Analysis, Cambridge,

Univ. Press 1952.

Received: November, 2009