TRANSLITERATION RULES hebrew and semitic languages:

General Scientific
ý not transliterated1 ʾ
Ð b b
þ v v, b
Ñ g g
ÿ ḡ
Ò d d
Ā d
ā h h
Ă v – when not a vowel w
ă z z
Ą ḥ ḥ
ą t ṭ, t
Ć y – when vowel and at y
end of words – i
Ú k k
ć ,Ĉ kh kh, k
ĉ l l
Ċ ,ċ m m
Č ,č n n
Ď s s
ď not transliterated1 ʿ
à p p
Đ ,đ f p, f, ph
Ē ,ē ẓ ṣ, ẓ
Ĕ k q, k
ĕ r r
ó sh2 š
ô s ś, s
ä t t
ė t
´ÿ dzh, J ğ
´ă zh, J ž
´ē ch č
î— å, o, o̊ (short)
â, ā (long)
ï— a a
÷— a, a
ð— e, ẹ , ē
ñ— e æ, ä, e
ʾ
ø— œ, ě, e
ö— only sheva na is ә, ě, e; only sheva na
transliterated transliterated
ò—
1. The letters ý and ď are not transliterated. i i
Ćò—
An apostrophe (’) between vowels indicates that they do not form a
diphthong and are to be pronounced separately.
ë—
ì o o, o, o
2. Dagesh ḥ azak (forte) is indicated by doubling of the letter, except for the
letter ó. ù— u, ŭ
3. Names. Biblical names and biblical place names are rendered according u
í û, ū
to the Bible translation of the Jewish Publication Society of America.
Post-biblical Hebrew names are transliterated; contemporary names Ćð— ei; biblical e
are transliterated or rendered as used by the person. Place names are ‡ reconstructed forms of
transliterated or rendered by the accepted spelling. Names and some words words
with an accepted English form are usually not transliterated.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 197