BOLTED CONNECTIONS

-Surabhi
Asst Professor, Dept of CE
JNGEC Sundernagar
 BOLTS
• Metal pin with HEAD at one end and SHANK threaded at
another end to receive a nut
 USES OF BOLTS
TRANSFER OF FORCES IN FOLLOWING MEMBERS:

• End connections in tension and compression members

• Built up compound members
• Column bases
• Truss connections
• Beam-column or beam-beam connection
CLASSIFICATION OF BOLTED
CONNECTIONS
CONCENTRIC CONNECTIONS

On the basis of
resultant force ECCENTRIC CONNECTIONS
transferred

MOMENT RESISTING
CONNECTIONS

SHEAR CONNECTIONS

Bolted connections
On the basis of
type of force TENSION CONNECTIONS

SHEAR AND TENSION

CONNECTIONS

BEARING TYPE
On the basis of
Force Mechanism
FRICTION TYPE
TYPES OF BOLTS

TYPES OF
BOLTS

HIGH
ORDINARY
STRENGTH
BOLTS
BOLTS
 ORDINARY BOLTS
• Unfinished Bolts/Black bolts
• Used in
• Light structures
• Secondary members (purlins, bracings etc.)
• Roof trusses
• Made from Low Carbon Steel
• Diameter : 5 mm to 36 mm (M5 to M36)
• In structural steel: M16, M20, M24 to M30 used

• NET TENSILE AREA (at threads) = 0.78 x Nominal Plain Shank Area
• Bearing type connection
• Grade 3.6, 4.6, 4.8 etc. (IS 1367 Part 3)
 GRADES OF BOLTS
IS 1367 (PART 3) : 2002
 HIGH- STRENGTH BOLTS
• Used in
• Heavy members
• Joints subjected to vibrations or shocks
• Made from High Carbon Steel
• Diameter : 16 mm to 36 mm (M16 to M36)
• In structural steel: M16, M20, M24 and M30
• Steel washers also provided
• Have to be tightened strongly to permit load
transfer by friction primarily. No slippage.
• Friction type connection
• 8S, 8.8S, 10S, 10.9 S (IS: 3757-1985 & IS:4000 -1992)
 SPECIFICATIONS OF BOLTS
(*SECTION 10, PAGE 73, IS 800:2007)

Diameter of
Edge
bolt hole Pitch
Distance
and bolt

End
Gauge
Distance
 IS CODE SPECIFICATIONS
• Diameter of Bolts :
• Connection with less number of large diameter holes better than same with
more number of smaller diameter bolts
• Less bolts = less bolt holes = better capacity
• Large dia holes suitable where shear governs (Shear capacity of bolt directly
proportional to dia2
• Size of Bolt holes:
• Pitch:
• Distance between the centres of two consecutive bolts along bolt rows placed
parallel to stress in the member.
• Min. Pitch:
• To prevent bearing failure of members between two bolts
• To ensure enough space to tighten the bolts, prevent overlapping of washers.

• Max. Pitch:
• To reduce length of connection
• To have uniform stress in bolt
• Gauge:
• Distance between the adjacent bolt lines or distance between the back of
rolled section and first bolt line or centre to centre distance between two
consecutive bolts along width of member.
• Edge and End Distance:
• Distance at right angle to direction of stress from centre of bolt hole to adjacent
edge of the member is edge distance
• Distance in the direction of stress from the centre of hole to end of element is
end distance.
• Bolts should not be placed too near the edges because:
• Failure of plate in tension may occur
• Steel of plate opposite the hole may bulge out and crack.
• Min edge and end distance:

• Max. edge and end distance

• Members may slip over each other

• Bolts may fail in shear , bearing or tension (if any)

 MODES OF FAILURE OF BOLTED
CONNECTIONS
SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLTS
• When shear stress exceeds shear strength of bolt. Takes place at shear plane

BEARING FAILURE OF PLATES

• Bolt gets crushed. Occurs when plates have higher strength steel and bolts are of
low grade steel

BEARING FAILURE OF PLATES

• Plate gets crushed, Occurs when plate is weaker than bolt.

TENSION FAILURE OF BOLTS

• If bolts are subjected to tension

TENSION FAILURE OF PLATES

• Tearing of plates. Occurs due to tension. Occurs when bolts are stronger than
the plates
SHEAR FAILURE OF BOLTS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GrIgQAAsVsI
 BEARING FAILURE OF BOLTS

• Bolts crushed along half

circumference .
• The heavily stressed plate presses the
bolt shank.
• Occurs when plate is made of high
strength steel and bolts are of very
low grade steel.
 BEARING FAILURE OF PLATES
• When a bolt is subjected to shear forces,
slip occurs and bolt comes in contact
with plates.

• The plate may get crushed if plate

material is weaker than bolt material.

• Due to excess bearing, tearing out of end

connected member may also take place

• Bolt spacing or end distance influence

the bearing strength
 TENSION FAILURE OF BOLTS

• Bolts subjected to tension may fail at

stressed regions.
 TENSION OR TEARING FAILURE OF PLATES
• Tearing of plates occurs when bolts
are stronger than plates.

• https://expeditionworkshed.org/works
hed/bolted-steel-connection-failure-
plate-tearing/
 BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE
• A block of material within the bolted
area breaks away from remainder
area.
• Occurs when high strength bolts used.
• This failure occurs with shear on one
plane (plane parallel to force) to and
tension on perpendicular plane
(plane perpendicular to force)
 STRENGH OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS
• STRENGTH OF CONNECTION/JOINT:
Minimum of
• Strength of bolts in the joint
= Number of bolts*Strength of one bolt
• Strength of plate connected by bolts

• EFFICIENCY OF CONNECTION/JOINT:
Percentage strength of joint is ratio of the joint to the
strength of main member
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕/𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝜼= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆/𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
 STRENGTH OF BOLT

• Number of Bolts required in a connection

= Load / Strength of one bolt
(Minimum 2-3 bolts provided even if 1 is required)

• STRENGTH OF ONE BOLT:

Minimum of
• shear strength,
• bearing strength
• tensile strength of bolt (if tension on bolt)
 STRENGTH OF MEMBER IN THE CONNECTION

• STRENGTH OF PLATE/MEMBER:

Net tensile strength of plate

Nominal shear capacity of bolt, Vnsb

• Design shear capacity of bolt, Vdsb

 REDUCTION FACTORS FOR SHEAR
STRENGTH OF BOLTS
• Reduction factor for long joints βlj
 REDUCTION FACTORS FOR SHEAR
STRENGTH OF BOLTS
• Reduction factor for large grip lengths βlg
 REDUCTION FACTORS FOR SHEAR
STRENGTH OF BOLTS
• Reduction factor for packing plates βpkg
Nominal bearing capacity of bolt, Vnpb

• Design bearing capacity of bolt, Vdpb

Nominal tensile capacity of bolt, Tnb

• Design tensile capacity of bolt, Tdb

• STRENGTH OF PLATE/MEMBER:
Net tensile strength of plate
• Tee section connected to column flange for
joining bracing to the member is subjected to
diagonal load in bracing. The vertical
component of diagonal load subjects shear in
the bolts and the horizontal component
subjects tension in the bolts

• In such case, safety is checked by:

• Members are not allowed to slip over each other

• Used when member forces are large

• Bolts are not subjected to shear and bearing

• Nut is tightened to develop a clamping force (tensile force T)

• When load is applied to the joint, no slip occurs until the shear load exceeds
the frictional resistance between the elements jointed.
• In slip-critical connections,
horizontal force F is induced in the
joints, which is equal to the tensile
force T in the bolts multiplied by
coefficient of friction.

• Frictional resistance to slip between

the plate surfaced should not
exceed slip caused by externally
applied shear.
 STRENGTH OF HSFG BOLT IN SLIP CRITICAL
CONNECTION

• STRENGTH OF ONE HSFG BOLT:

Minimum of
• shear strength of HSFG bolt,
• bearing strength of HSFG bolt
• tensile strength of HSFG bolt (if tension on bolt)
Nominal shear capacity of bolt, Vnsf • Design shear capacity of bolt, Vdsf

• For safety,
 REDUCTION FACTORS FOR SHEAR
STRENGTH OF HSFG BOLTS
• Reduction factor for long joints βlj
• HSFG bolts will come into bearing only when it slips.

• If slip occurs the joint will behave as ordinary bearing connection

• The design bearing capacity of bolt will be same as for ordinary bolts in
clause 10.3.4
Nominal tensile capacity of bolt, Tnf • Design tensile capacity of bolt, Tdf

• For safety,
• If bolts are subjected to both shear and tension, safety check is applied
by the interaction formula as given below: