Objective of the Project

This project is of the rate of evaporation of different liquid, in which we also discuss
the factors which affect the rate of liquid.

Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous phase
ventually leaving the vessel empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or
evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic molecular
model although there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold molecules
together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape into gaseous
phase. If such molecules happen to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the
molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of molecules
which have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into
gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that the molecules which
undergo evaporation have high kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the
molecules which are left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower average kinetic energy.
Therefore temperature is kept constant the remaining liquid will have same
distribution of the molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept one
escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an open vessel
evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.

Factors affecting the rate of evaporation

(1) Nature of Liquids : The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in
liquid determine the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular forces of
attraction larger is the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is
greater than that of ethyl alcohol.
(2) Temperature : The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with temperature.
With the increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic
energy to escape out from the surface also increases. Thus with the increase in
temperature rate of evaporation also increases.
(3) Surface Area : Molecules that escape the surface of the
liquids constitute the evaporation. Therefore larger surface area
contributes accelerating evaporation.
(4) Composition of Environment : The rate of evaporation of
liquids depends upon the flow of air currents above the surface
of the liquid. Air current flowing over the surface of the liquid
took away the molecules of the substance in vapour state there
by preventing condensation.

Experiment no. 3
Aim : To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Requirement : Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml. pipette,
thermometer, thermostat.
Procedure :
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.
Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri dishes Temperature Volume Taken Evaporated

Time (Sec.)
Marked (0C) (ml.) volume (ml.)
A 10 30 10 10
B 20 40 10 10
Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as given
Room Temperature < Heating.
Conclusion : Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with
temperature.