JAGRAN PUBLIC

SCHOOL
*KANNAUJ*

PHYSICS PROJECT
FILE

ON
HYDROSTATICS (FLUIDS AT REST)

SUBMITTED BY-RITIKA SINGH

SUBMITTED TO-Mr. ARUN SINGH
CLASS-XI-C
 CERTIFICATE
This to certify that RITIKA SINGH of class XI-C of
“JAGRAN PUBLIC SCHOOL”
Has successfully completed the project titled
“HYDROSTATICS (FLUIDS AT REST)”
with sincerity and well before the assignment time of completion.
I, hereby certify that he is sincere and hardworking to the best of
my knowledge.
This project may be considered as fulfilment for
“ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION”

Conducted by
“CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION”

Principal’s Signature: Teacher’s Signature:

School Stamp: Date:

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher Mr. ARUN SINGHas
well as our principal D r.
SANJAYSHUKLAwho gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic “HYDROSTATICS (FLUIDS AT REST)”
which also helped me in doing so many new
things.
I am really thankful to them. Secondly, I would
like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project within limited
time frame.
 INDEX
Sr. Topic Pg.
No.
No.
1. Introduction 1
2. History
2.1. Hydrostatics in ancient Greece
and Rome Pythagorean cup
2.2. Heron’s function
2.3. Pascal’s contribution
hydrostatics
3. Fluid exert thrust
4. Pressure of liquids
4.1. Units
5. Some application of the concept of
pressure
6. Density and relative density
6.1. Density
6.2. Relative Density
7. Variation of pressure with
depth
8. Hydrostatic paradox
9. Pascal’s law
10. Hydraulic lift
10.1. Function
10.2. Technology
11. Hydraulic brakes
12. Atmospheric pressure
13. Torricelli’s experiment
13.1. Processure
14. Height of atmosphere
15. Various units for atmospheric
pressure
16. Measurement of pressure
difference
17. Buoyancy
18. Archimedes principle
19. Law of flotation
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
The Water Level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect and
indicate the water level in an overhead tank or any other water
container. The sensing is done by using a set of nine probes which are
placed at nine different levels on the tank walls (with probe9 to probe1
placed in increasing order of height, common probe (i.e. a supply
carrying probe) is placed at the base of the tank). The level 9 represents
the “tank full” condition while level 1 represents the “tank empty”
condition. When the water-level is below the minimum detectable level
(MDL), the seven segment displays is arranged to show the digit 1,
indicating that the tank is empty, When the water reaches level1 (but is
below level2) the connection between the probes gets completed
(through the conducting medium – water) and the base voltage of
transistor increases. This causes the base-emitter junction of transistor
to get forward biased, this switches transistor from cut-off to
conduction mode thus PIN (B0) of microcontroller is pulled to ground
hence, the corresponding digit displayed by the seven segment display
is 2. The similar mechanism applies to the detection of all the other
levels. When the tank is full, all inputs to microcontroller become low
and all its outputs go high. This causes the display shows a 9 also in this
case a buzzer sound is given, thereby indicating a “tank full” condition.

Most water level indicators are equipped to indicate and detect

only a single level. The Water Level Indicator implemented here
can indicate up to nine such levels and the microcontroller
displays the level number on a seven segment display. So, not
only is the circuit capable of cautioning a person that the water
tank has been filled up to a certain level, it also indicates that
the water level has fallen below the minimum detectable level.
This circuit is important in appliances such as the water cooler
where there is a danger of motor-burnout when there is no
water in the radiator used up also it can be used in fuel level
indication.

AIM
To study about the working of the water level
indicator using buzzer, battery , water level and
wireconnection.