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The Composition of Exhaust Gases From Diesel Gasoline and Propane Powered Motor Coaches PDF
The Composition of Exhaust Gases From Diesel Gasoline and Propane Powered Motor Coaches PDF
To cite this article: Martin A. Elliott , Gerge J. Nebel & Fred G. Rounds (1955) The Composition
of Exhaust Gases from Diesel, Gasoline and Propane Powered Motor Coaches, Journal of the Air
Pollution Control Association, 5:2, 103-108, DOI: 10.1080/00966665.1955.10467686
Kersey, R. W., Maddocks, J. R., and Johnson, T. E., "The Deter- OXIDES OF ^FORMALDEHYDE
MASS ORSAT
mination of Small Amounts of Formaldehyde in Air," The Analyst, NITROGEN
65,203-06 (1940). Fig. 1
g 1200
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tions the exhaust gases from Diesel engines contained less ranged from about 200 to 2000 ppm. but at idle and
than 0.1% carbon monoxide, whereas the carbon mon- deceleration the concentrations were below 60 ppm. These
oxide concentrations in the exhausts of the carbureted observations are consistent with thermodynamic predic-
engines ranged from 1.5 to 12%. The reason for this dif- tions that higher combustion chamber temperatures favor
ference is the well-known fact that carbureted engines gen- the formation of oxides of nitrogen.
erally operate with a deficiency of air whereas Diesel Fig. 5 shows the emission of oxides of nitrogen. From
engines always operate with a substantial excess of air. 4 to 24 scfh. were discharged to the atmosphere during
In these tests the concentration of carbon monoxide in cruise and acceleration, whereas during idle and deceler-
the exhaust from the propane coaches was generally less ation the amount discharged was less than 0.5 scfh. In
than that from the gasoline coaches. Since the vehicles these tests no one engine type consistently discharged
were tested with the carburetor adjustments "as re- more or less oxides of nitrogen than the other two types.
ceived," no generalizations should be made from these Formaldehy de
tests concerning the relative merits of the gasoline and The concentration of formaldehyde shown in Fig. 6 is
propane coaches. an indication of the amount of partially oxidized hydro-
The concentration of an exhaust-gas constituent alone is carbon in the exhaust. The average formaldehyde concen-
not indicative of the contribution of the constituent to trations were less than 30 ppm. with the exception of the
the over-all air-pollution problem because of the wide carbureted engines during deceleration. At that condi-
variations in exhaust-gas flow rate with different engine tion, the formaldehyde concentrations were appreciably
types and different operating conditions. What is im- higher, up to 300 ppm.
portant is the amount of the constituent discharged per The amount of formaldehyde discharged to the atmos-
unit time. Fig. 3 shows the carbon monoxide emission phere, illustrated in Fig. 7, ranged from 0.025 to 0.75
expressed in standard cubic feet, at 60°F. and 1 atmos- scfh. The deceleration driving condition was the most
phere, per hour (scfh.) The average emission of carbon critical for the carbureted engines, whereas for the Diesel
monoxide for the Diesel coaches was less than 15 scfh. engines high emission rates were observed at both acceler-
under all driving conditions whereas the amount dis- ation and deceleration.
charged by the carbureted engines ranged from about Aldehydes have been used as a measure of the odor
40 to 290 scfh. intensity of exhaust gases from a particular type of
engine. It should not be inferred from this that aldehydes,
Oxides of Nitrogen
especially formaldehyde, can be used as a criterion for
The concentrations of oxides of nitrogen observed in the odor intensity of exhaust gases from different types of
these tests for the various types of coaches and driving engines burning different fuels. A discussion of this subject
conditions are illustrated in Fig. 4. During cruise and is beyond the scope of this paper but this problem is being
acceleration, average oxides of nitrogen concentrations actively investigated in this laboratory.
OXIDES OF NITROGEN DISCHARGED
CONCENTRATION OF FORMALDEHYDE F0RMALDEHY15E DISCHARGED TO
TO ATMOSPHERE PER HOUR
— IN EXHAUST GAS PHERE PER HOUR
1
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Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7
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ACCELERATION DECELERATION
TABLE VII
Summary of Experimental Results at Acceleration
A Diesel 447 0.0 0 0.018 20.5 0.8 0.550 827 22.2 7 0.188
B (2-cycle) 461 0.1 27.7 0.023 30.1 1.2 0.833 863 23.9 6 0.166
C 529 0.05 15.9 0.021 21.3 0.9 0.677 856 27.2 37 1.173
Average 0.05 14.5 0.021 24.0 1.0 0.683 849 24.4 17 0.509
D Gasoline 129U) 2.8 217 0.202 174 3.0 1.345 1430 11.1 28 0.217
E 271 2.2 357 0.051 66.2 1.2 1.08 1940 31.5 13 0.211
F 123 (^ 3.9 288 0.036 32.5 0.6 0.240 670 4.9 6 0.044
Average 3.0 287 0.096 90.9 1.6 0.888 1347 15.8 16 0.157
G Propane 165 2.7 267 0.024 21.0 0.4 0.208 2215 21.9 25 0.247
H 112 3.05 205 0.040 38.6 0.7 0.260 1130 7.6 13 0.087
I 127 4.8 369 0.052 48.1 0.8 0.369 524 4.0 17 0.138
Average 3.5 280 0.039 35.9 0.6 0.279 1290 11.2 18 0.157
(a) Not full throttle acceleration.
of APCA 107 Vol. 5, No. 2
TABLE VIII
Summary of Experimental Results at Cruise
A Diesel 395 0.0 0 0.013 20.2 1.3 0.478 310 7.35 4 0.095
B (2-cycle) 279 0.0 0 0.000 0 0.0 0.000 224 3.73 19 0.318
C 360 0.0 0 0.015 19.6 2.2 0.423 178 3.85 9 0.195
Average 0.0 0 0.009 13.3 1.2 0.300 237 4.98 11 0.203
D Gasoline 93 5.1 285 0.045 36.1 0.6 0.202 314 1.76 1 0.005
E 114 2.35 161 740 5.06 15 0.096
F 117 2.7 189 0.018 12.5 0.2 0.088 906 6.36 6 0.042
Average 3.4 212 0.032 24.3 0.4 0.145 653 4.39 7 0.048
G Propane 85 0.85 43.3 0.037 51.9 1.0 0.264 3050 15.5 39 0.198
H 85 1.0 51.0 0.026 25.3 0.5 0.129 2150 10.4 15 0.077
I 105 3.4 214 0.037 30.5 0.5 0.192 956 6.0 14 0.094
Average 1.75 103 0.033 35.9 0.7 0.195 2052 10.6 23 0.123
TABLE IX
Summary of Experimental Results at Deceleration
D Gasoline 46 4.8 132 2.641 4170 60.7 11.52 12 0.033 244 0.675
E 36 6.25 135 1.844 2110 39.7 4.51 12 0.026 303 0.658
F 50 5.5 165 0.541 637 17.4 1.92 30 0.090 612 0.936
Average 5.5 144 1.675 2306 39.3 5.98 18 0.050 286 0.756
G Propane 18 3.2 34.6 1.734 1895 34.6 2.05 77 0.083 154 0.167
H 18 5.3 57.2 2.475 2560 41.3 2.77 15 0.016 193 0.208
I 36 3.0 64.7 1.500 1530 27.1 3.31 77 0.166 169 0.365
Average 4.2 52.2 1.903 1995 34.3 2.71 56 0.095 172 0.247