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Class 36: Outline: Yell If You Have Any Questions
Class 36: Outline: Yell If You Have Any Questions
Hour 1:
Concept Review / Overview
PRS Questions – Possible Exam Questions
Hour 2:
Sample Exam
P36 - 1
Before Starting…
P36 - 2
Final Exam Topics
Maxwell’s Equations:
1. Gauss’s Law (and “Magnetic Gauss’s Law”)
2. Faraday’s Law
3. Ampere’s Law (with Displacement Current)
& Biot-Savart & Magnetic moments
P36 - 4
Maxwell’s Equations
P36 - 5
Maxwell’s Equations
Qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = ε
S 0
(Gauss's Law)
dΦB
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt (Faraday's Law)
∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
S
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)
dΦE
∫C B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt (Ampere-Maxwell Law)
P36 - 6
qin
Gauss’s Law: ∫∫
S
E ⋅ dA =
ε0
Spherical
Symmetry Planar
Symmetry
Cylindrical
Symmetry P36 - 7
Maxwell’s Equations
G G Qin
³³ E dA
wS
H0
(Gauss's Law)
G G d)B
v³ E d s
C
dt
(Faraday's Law)
G G
³³ B dA
wS
0 (Magnetic Gauss's Law)
G G d)E
v³ B d s
C
P 0 I enc P 0H 0
dt
(Ampere-Maxwell Law)
P36 - 2
Faraday’s Law of Induction
dΦB
ε=∫ E ⋅ ds = − N
dt Moving bar,
entering field
d
= −N ( BA cos θ )
dt
Ramp B Rotate area
Lenz’s Law: in field
G G d)B
v³ E d s
C
dt
(Faraday's Law)
G G
³³ B dA
wS
0 (Magnetic Gauss's Law)
G G d)E
v³ B d s
C
P 0 I enc P 0H 0
dt
(Ampere-Maxwell Law)
P36 - 3
Ampere’s Law: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc .
B
Long
Circular I
Symmetry B
(Infinite) Current Sheet
B
X
X
X X
X Solenoid X
X
X X X
X
X = X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
2 Current X
X
Sheets
X
X
X
X
Torus/Coax
P36 - 11
Displacement Current
Q
E= ⇒ Q = ε 0 EA = ε 0 Φ E
ε0 A
dQ dΦE
= ε0 ≡ Id
dt dt
Capacitors,
∫
C
B ⋅ d s = µ 0 ( I encl + I d ) EM Waves
dΦE
= µ 0 I encl + µ 0ε 0
dt P36 - 12
Maxwell’s Equations
G G Qin
³³ E dA
wS
H0
(Gauss's Law)
G G d)B
v³ E d s
C
dt
(Faraday's Law)
G G
³³ B dA
wS
0 (Magnetic Gauss's Law)
G G d)E
v³ B d s
C
P 0 I enc P 0H 0
dt
(Ampere-Maxwell Law)
P36 - 14
Electric Potential
B
∆ V = − ∫ E ⋅ d s = VB − VA
A
= − Ed (if E constant – e.g. Parallel Plate C)
dV ˆ
E = −∇ V = e.g. − i
dx
Less Common – Give plot of V, ask for E
P36 - 15
Force
Lorentz Force: • Single Charge Motion
• Cyclotron Motion
(
F = q E + v×B ) • Cross E & B for no force
Magnetic Force:
dFB = Id s × B ⇒ FB = I L × B ( )
• Parallel Currents Attract
• Force on Moving Bar (w/ Faraday)
P36 - 16
The Biot-Savart Law
Current element of length ds carrying current I
(or equivalently charge q with velocity v)
produces a magnetic field:
µo q v x rˆ
B=
4π r 2
µ 0 I d s × rˆ
dB =
4π r 2
P36 - 17
Magnetic Dipole Moments
µ ≡ IAnˆ ≡ IA
Generate:
Feel:
1) Torque aligns with external field τ = µ × B
2) Forces as for bar magnets P36 - 18
Traveling Sine Wave
i Wavelength: λ ˆ E sin( kx − ω t )
i Frequency : f
E=E 0
2π
i Wave Number: k =
λ Good
i Angular Frequency: ω = 2π f chance this
1 2π will be one
i Period: T = = question!
f ω
ω
i Speed of Propagation: v = =λf
k
i Direction of Propagation: + x
P36 - 19
EM Waves
Travel (through vacuum) with
speed of light
1 8m
v=c= = 3 ×10
µ 0ε 0 s
At every point in the wave and any instant of time,
E and B are in phase with one another, with
E E0
= =c
B B0
E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to
the direction of propagation (they are transverse):
Direction of propagation = Direction of E × B P36 - 20
Interference (& Diffraction)
∆L = mλ ⇒ Constructive Interference
∆L = ( m + 12 ) λ ⇒ Destructive Interference
Likely multiple choice problem?
m=0
a sin θ = mλ
d sin θ = mλ
m=3
m=2 m=1
P36 - 21
Energy Storage
Energy is stored in E & B Fields
εo E 2
uE = : Electric Energy Density
2 In capacitor: UC = C V
1 2
2
In EM Wave
2
B
uB = : Magnetic Energy Density
2µo In inductor: U L = LI
1 2
2
In EM Wave P36 - 22
Energy Flow
• (Dis)charging C, L
E×B
Poynting vector: S = • Resistor (always in)
µ0 • EM Radiation
For EM Radiation
2 2
E0 B0 E cB
Intensity: I ≡ < S > = = 0
= 0
P36 - 23
Circuits
There will be no quantitative circuit
questions on the final and no questions
regarding driven RLC Circuits
BUT….
P36 - 24
Circuit Elements
Power /
NAME Value V/ε Energy
ρ
Resistor R= IR 2
I R
A
C=
Q Q 2
Capacitor 1
CV
∆V C 2
NΦ dI
Inductor L= −L 1
2 LI 2
I dt P36 - 25
Circuits
For “what happens just after switch is thrown”:
Capacitor: Uncharged is short, charged is open
Inductor: Current doesn’t change instantly!
Initially looks like open, steady state is short
P36 - 27
F2002 #5, S2003 #3, SFB#1, SFC#1, SFD#1
Problem 1: Gauss’s Law
A circular capacitor of
spacing d and radius R is
in a circuit carrying the
steady current i shown.
1. Find the electric field E(t) at P vs. time t (mag. & dir.)
2. Find the potential at P, V(t), given that the potential at
the right hand plate is fixed at 0
3. Find the magnetic field B(t) at P
4. Find the total field energy between the plates U(t) P36 - 28
Solution 1: Gauss’s Law
1.Find the electric field E(t):
Assume a charge q on the
left plate (-q on the right)
Gauss’s Law:
Qin σA
∫∫S E ⋅ dA = EA = ε 0 = ε 0
σ q Since q(t=0) = 0, q = it
E= =
ε0 π R ε0
2
it
E(t ) = to the right
π R ε0
2
P36 - 29
Solution 1.2: Gauss’s Law
2.Find the potential V(t):
it
V (t ) = E(t ) ( d − d ') = ( d − d ')
π R ε0
2
Ampere’s Law:
dΦE
∫C B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt
r 2i
⎛ it ⎞ 2 2π rB = 0 + µ 0ε 0 2
Φ E = EA = ⎜ ⎟π r R ε0
⎝ π R ε0 ⎠
2
dΦE 2
ri µ 0ir
= 2 B(t ) = out of the page
dt R ε0 2π R 2
P36 - 31
Solution 1.4: Gauss’s Law
4. Find Total Field Energy between the plates
2
εo E 2
εo ⎛
it ⎞
E Field Energy Density: u E = = ⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎝ π R ε0 ⎠
2
2
B 1 ⎛ µ 0ir ⎞
2
B Field Energy Density: u B = = ⎜ 2 ⎟
2 µ o 2 µ o ⎝ 2π R ⎠
Total Energy U = ∫∫∫ ( uE + uB ) dV (Integrate over cylinder)
2 2
ε o ⎛ it ⎞ 1 ⎛ µ 0i ⎞
⎟ iπ R d + ∫ id ⋅ 2π r dr
2 2
= ⎜ ⎜ 2π R 2 ⎟ r
2 ⎝ π R ε0 ⎠
2
2µo ⎝ ⎠
( it )
2
d 1 µo d 2 ⎛ q2 1 2 ⎞
= + i ⎜= + Li ⎟
2 ε 0π R 2 8π ⎝ 2C 2
2
⎠ P36 - 32
Problem 2: Faraday’s Law
dΦB
Faraday's Law: ∫ E ⋅ d s = −
C
dt
ε 1 dΦB 1 d nBS
I = =−
R R dt
=−
R dt
( nBS cos (ω t ) ) =
R
ω sin (ω t )
2. Power delivered?
Power delivered must equal power dissipated!
2 2
⎛ nBS ⎞ ⎛ nBS ⎞
2
P= I R=⎜ 2π f sin (ω t ) ⎟ R = R ⎜ 2π f ⎟ sin 2 (ω t )
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ R ⎠
2
R ⎛ nBS ⎞
P = ⎜ 2π f⎟
2⎝ R ⎠ P36 - 35
ẑ Problem 3: Ampere’s Law
d J0 Consider the two long
d current sheets at left, each
d XJ
0
carrying a current density J0
(out the top, in the bottom)
L
a) Use Ampere’s law to find the magnetic field for all z.
Make sure that you show your choice of Amperian
loop for each region.
At t=0 the current starts decreasing: J(t)=J0 – at
b) Calculate the electric field (magnitude and direction)
at the bottom of the top sheet.
c) Calculate the Poynting vector at the same location
P36 - 36
ẑ Solution 3.1: Ampere’s Law
d 3 J0 By symmetry, above the
d 2 top and below the bottom
d 1 X J0 the B field must be 0.
z=0 Elsewhere B is to right
Region 1:
∫ B ⋅ ds = µ I
0 enc ⇒ B = µ0 J 0 z ⇒ B = µ0 J 0 z
Region 2:
∫ B ⋅ ds = µ I
0 enc ⇒ B = µ0 J 0 d ⇒ B = µ0 J 0 d
Region 3:
B = µ 0 ( J 0 d − J 0 ( z − 2d ) ) ⇒ B = µ 0 J 0 ( 3d − z )
P36 - 37
ẑ Solution 3.2: Ampere’s Law
d J s Why is there an electric field?
d Changing magnetic field Æ
d X J Faraday’s Law!
dΦB Use rectangle of sides d, s to
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt find E at bottom of top plate
J is decreasing Æ B to right is decreasing Æ induced
field wants to make B to right Æ E out of page
d d dJ
2 sE = ( Bsd ) = sd ( µ 0 dJ ) = sd µ 0
2
dt dt dt
⇒ E = 12 d 2 µ 0 a out of page
P36 - 38
ẑ Solution 3.3: Ampere’s Law
d J Recall
d E B E = 14 d 2 µ 0 a out of page
d X J
B = µ 0 Jd to the right
P36 - 40
Solution 4.1: EM Wave
B = 10 cos π m
−9
(( -1
) y + ( 3π ×10 s ) t ) ˆi Tesla
8 -1
P36 - 41
Solution 4.2: EM Wave
B = 10 cos π m
−9
(( -1
) y + ( 3π ×10 s ) t ) ˆi Tesla
8 -1
1 S points along
(d) S = E×B direction of travel: - ˆj
µ0
1 1
= E0 B0
2 µ0
1⎛ 1 ⎞ W
= ⎜ −7 ⎟
2 ⎝ 4π ×10 ⎠
( −1
3 ×10 10 −9
2
ms
)( )
P36 - 42
Problem 5: Interference
In an experiment you shine red laser light (O=600 nm)
at a slide and see the following pattern on a screen
placed 1 m away:
d=L
mλ
= (1m )
(1)( 600nm )
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Horizontal Location on Screen (mm)
80
y ( 20mm )
= (1m )
( 6 × 10 −7
) −5
= 3 ×10 m
( 2 ×10 )−2
At 60 mm…
a sin θ = (1) λ a 1
⇒ =
d sin θ = ( 3) λ d 3
a = 10−5 m P36 - 45
Why is the sky blue?