Sets, Functions

and Binary
Operations
 Set
A well-defined collection of objects
which are called elements.
If an object a belongs to a particular
set S then write 𝑎 ∈ 𝑆.
If a is not an element of the set then
write 𝑎 ∉ 𝑆.
Two Ways to Represent the Elements of the Set

1.Roster Method lists down all the

elements.
Example: Set A is the set of counting
numbers less than 6.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Finite set with cardinality of 5.
Two Ways to Represent the Elements of the Set

1.Roster Method lists down all the

elements.
Example: Set B is the set of positive
even integers greater than 8.
B = {10, 12, 14, …}
Infinite set
Two Ways to Represent the Elements of the Set

2.Set Builder Notation presents the

elements by stating their common
properties. It is also useful when
describing infinite sets.
Example: Set C is the set of counting
numbers greater than 6.
𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑥 ∈ ℕ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 6}
Use the roster method to represent the following.

The set of the months of the year

ending in “ber”
Set of cities in Metro Manila starts
with P
The set of counting numbers greater
than -1 and less than 9.
The set of integers satisfying
Use the set-builder notation to represent the following.

Set of natural numbers that are less

than 7.
The set of composite numbers that
are divisible by 4 and less than 18.
{1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49}
 Operations on Sets
Definition. Let A and B be sets in the
universal set U.
The UNION of A and B, denoted 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
and read “A union B” is the set
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
 Operations on Sets
Definition. Let A and B be sets in the
universal set U.
The INTERSECTION of A and B,
denoted 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 and read “A intersection
B” is the set
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵}
 Operations on Sets

Definition. Let A and B be sets in the

universal set U.
The SET DIFFERENCE of B relative
to A, denoted 𝐴 − 𝐵 and read “A minus
B” is the set
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵}
 Operations on Sets
Definition. Let A and B be sets in the
universal set U.
The COMPLEMENT of set A, denoted
′ 𝑐
𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 and read “A complement” is
the set
′ 𝑐
𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴}
 EXAMPLES
Let the universal set be the natural
numbers from 1 to 10, 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
𝐵 = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝐴 − 𝐵
′ 𝑐
𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐴
 Operations on Sets
Definition. Let A and B be sets in the
universal set U.
If A and B are sets, the CARTESIAN
PRODUCT of A and B, denoted A × B
and read “A cross B”, is the set
𝐴 × 𝐵 = (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
 EXAMPLES
Let 𝐴 = {1, 2} and 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}. Then
what is:
𝐴 × 𝐵
𝐵 × 𝐴
𝐴 × 𝐴
Function
A function f assigns each
element x of set A to unique
element, y of set B. In
symbols, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 .
 Function
Which of the following is a
function?
A = {(-2, 4), (-1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
B = {(4, -2), (1, -1), (1, 1), (4, 2)}
Determine whether the following is a function or not.

{(d, a), (a, a), (e, b), (b, c)}

{(2, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (6, 4)}
Occupation
Cost of living
 Binary Operations
A binary operation is an operation
that takes two input elements from a
set and gives a unique result that also
belongs to the same set.
Examples: Operations on real
numbers
 Binary Operations
A mapping from a set A to a set B is
a set of ordered pairs (a, b), where a is
an element of A and b is an element of
B. A binary operation on a set S is a
mapping denoted by * which assigns
to each ordered pair of elements of S a
uniquely determined element of S.
 Binary Operations

The set S is said to be closed

under the operation * which means
taking the binary operation with any
two elements of S will give a result
that belongs also to S.
 Examples

Addition and multiplication of real

numbers are binary operations which
combine two real numbers to produce
a unique real number.
+∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑎 + 𝑏
∙ ∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 → 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
 Examples

Addition and multiplication are also

binary operations on the set of
integers but not closed on division.
𝑏
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 on natural numbers.
𝑎
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = on rational numbers except
𝑏
0.
THANK YOU!