Fundamental Types of CLASSIFICATION

Tissues FUNDAMENTAL TYPE – EPITHELIAL

Forms of Epithelial Tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
I. Membrane Epithelium
3. Muscular Tissue
- those lining the body surface cavities or
4. Nervous Tissue
coverings.
Acdg to Shape

EPITHELIAL TISSUES  Squamous

 Cuboidal
COMPOSITION:
 Columnar
A. EPITHELIAL CELLS
Acdg to Layer
B. EXTRA/INTERCELLULAR
 Simple
SUBSTANCE  Pseudostratified
 Stratified
CHARACTERISTICS & Fx
 Transitional
 Consists of continuous sheet of closely
Acdg to Cell Surfae Specialization
adherent cells covering a large portion
of their surface.  Cilia
 Forms boundary layer that control  Microvillus
movement o Brush Border
 For absorption, secretion and ion o Straited Border
transport o Stereocilia
 Lower most cells rest on continuous  Keratin
thin supporting layer- BASAL LAMINA
 Closely adherent
 Arranged in layer/sheets Examples
 AVASCULAR
 CONTINUOUSLY RENEWED/REPLACED Simple Squamous- Mesothelium, Endothelium,
Parietal Layer of Bowman’s Capsule (MEP)
 LITTLE INTERCELLULAR SPACE
Simple Cuboidal- Thyroid gland, DCT of
kidney,Rete Testis

Simple Cuboidal with Brush border- PCT

Simple Columnar- Gallbladder

Simple Columnar Striated Border- Ileum (SI)

Simple Columnar Ciliated- Fallopian tube,

Uterus

Pseudostratified columnar- vas deferens

Pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia-
Epididymis
Pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells-
trache and most of resp tract
Pseudostratified columnar without goblet cell-
olfactory mucosa
Stratified Squamous non keratinized- Oral
cavity, Esophagus, Vagina
Stratified Squamous Keratinized- Epidermis
Stratified Cuboidal- Pars Cavernosa
Stratified Columnar- Penile Urethra Mammary
Gland
II. Glandular Epithelium
=- specialized to synthesize specific products.
- contains extensive rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
Classification
Acdg to # of Cells
 Unicellular- single cell Goblet Cell
 Multicellular- many cell Salivary Gland
Acdg to type of secretios
 Purely Serous-parotid gland, von ebners
 Purely Mucous- goblet cells
 Mucoserous- submandibular-serous
Sublingual mucous
 Cytogenic- produce cells in testis
Acdg to how they pour secretions
 Exocrine- has duct (Exocrine Pancreas)
 Endocrine – ductless (Secretion in the
blood) Insulin/Beta Cells and
Glucagon/A cells
Acdg to mode of secretions
 Merocrine- exit glands by exocytosis
without loss of membrance
o Eccrine Sweat glands,Pancreatic
Acinus
 Apocrine- partial desctuction of the cell
o Mammary Gland/ apocrine of
axilla areas
 Holocrine- lysis of the cell
o Skin sebaceous glands
Acdg to Structure of Multicellular Exocrine
Gland
 Tubular
o Simple Tubuluar- intestinal
crypts of Lieberkuhn
o Simple Coiled Tubular- Eccrine
sweat glands of skin
o Simple Branched Tubular-fundic
glands stomach
o Compound Tubular- Liver testis
 Alveolar/Acine/Saccular
o Simple Alveolar-Sebaceous
Gland
o Simple Branched alveolar-
Sebaceous Gland
o Compound Alveolar- Mammary
Gland
 Tubulo-alveolar/Mixed/Racemose
o Compound tubule-
alveolar/acinar- Salivary Glands
EPITHELIAL POLARITY- cells polarized if its
fuctions are preferentialy directed towards the
end
 -apical specializations that amplify the
area of their free surface
 Supranuclear position of the golgi
complex
 Accumulation of secretory products on
apical cytoplasm
Cell Adhesions due to CADHERINS
And by local specializations called Junctional
Complexes
FORMS OF JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
 ZONULA OCCLUDENS/TIGHT
JUNCTIONS-
o Tight junction
o Occluding junctions
o Belt like specialization encircle
columnar cells
o Selective permeable Barrier
between apical and basolateral
Plasma membrance
o Occludin- protein at sites of
apparent fusion of opposing
membranes
 ZONULA ADHERENS/INTERMEDIATE
JUNCTIONS
o Intermediate Junction
o Fascia Adherens
o Encircle apical Portion below
occludens
o Crosslinks by Myosin,,Actin &
Vinculin
o Stabilize by connecting terminal
webs of adjoining cells
o Cell to cell adhernce
 MACULA ADHERENS/DESMOSOMES
o Small,round on sides of
adjoining cells
o Linkers bind membranes and
dense plaques
o Stabilize by linking cytoskeleton
of adjoining cells
o Cell to cell attachment
 NEXUS/GAP JUNCTIONS
o Low resistance ensuring
contractions
o Has patch called CONNEXONS
on each sides
o Cell to cell communication
HEMIDESMOSOMES-
o anchor basal cells to basal
lamina.
o Withstand blows exclusive for
stratified epithelium
BASAL LAMINA- outer layer found beneath the
epithelia, formerly called basement membrane
Made of 2 layers:
 Lamina Lucida (CIV)
o Transparent and adjacent layer
o Made of large proteoglycan
 Lamina Densa(CVII)
o Meshwork of fine filaments
o Anchoring fibers of CVII loop
around CI
CONNECTIVE TISSUE- mesodermal origin
o Provides structural support
o Metabolic support by creating a
hydrophilic environment that
mediates exchange of
substance and tissue
Components
o CT CELLS
o CT Fibers (CER) – extracellular
matrix
o Ground Substance- extracellular
matrix
Ground Substance
 a mixture of glycoproteins and complex
carbohydrates with profound water-
binding ability.
 Transparent and semi solid
 Amorphous when stained with dyes
 Clear space when stained with H&E
MAJOR COMPONENT IS GAGS
Other component is Proteoglycan (large) and
Glycoproteins – Hydrophillic
So allows diffusion of water soluble molecules
but inhibits large macromolecules and bacteria
Examples of GAGS
 Hyaluronate – not bounded by core
protein
 Chondroitin
 Keratin
 Heparin
Proteoglycan – adhesion proteins
Types
 Fibronectin- interconnect 3 components
of CT
 Integrins- binds collagen fibers directly
 Laminins- binding site for cell
membrane (copolymerize with type IV
collagen and entactin to form Basal
Lamina)
Collagen are 28 types
5 common:
 Collagen I: skin, tendon, vascular
ligature, organs, bone (main
component of the organic part bone)
 Collagen II: CARTILAGE (main
component of cartilage)
 Collagen III: reticulate (main component
of reticular fibers), commonly found
alongside type I
 Collagen IV: forms basal lamina, the
epithelium-secreted layer of the
basement membrane.
 Collagen V: cell surfaces, hair and
placenta
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
Acdg origin and function
FIXED CELLS
 Fibroblast- principal cells CT
o Fusiform on both ends
o flat stellate. Nuclei is ovoid
o Fibroblast- if active fine
chromatin
o FIbrocyte- if quiescent
condensed
o Synthesis of all components of
extracellular matrix (CER
&GAG)
 Adipose- arise from mesenchymal
o SIGNET RING IN APPEARANCE
o Take up and store TG
 Mesenchymal – round stellate
o PLURIPOTENT-MULTIPOTENT
 Reticular- produce reticular fibers
o Stellate with thin cytoplasmic
process
o Phagocytose antigenic materials
FREE/WANDERING
1 .Macrophage- aka Tissue Histocyte
o Derived from blood monocyte
o ANTIGEN Presentor part of MPS
Different names
o Monocyte- Blood
o Macrophage- Connective Tissue
o Kupffer Cells- Liver
o Microglia- Nerve Tissue
o Langerhan- Skin
o Dendritic- Lymph node
o Osteoclast- Bones
2. Leukocyte (WBC) the transient cells of CT
-migrate thru diapedesis
NON GRANULAR
o LYMPHOCYTE- bean shaped associated
with immunosurveillane
o MONOCYTE- part of MPS transform to
Macrophages once in the tissue
GRANULAR
o NEUTROPHIL(POLYMORPHS) 3-5 lobes
o Most abundant in infection
 o
Receptor for endothelial
adhesion molecule 1
o EOSINOPHIL- bilobed
o Antiparasitic
o Allergic rxn fx
o Contain peroxidase, acid
phosphatase,
cathepsin,ribonuclease and
arginine rich which is
antiparasitic
o Releases aryl sulfatases and
histaminase
o BASOPHILS- 3 lobed S shape
o Similar to mast cells
inflammatory rxn
o Limited amoeboid movement
3.Plasma Cell- derived from B lymphocyte
o Oval shape, Cart-wheel appearance
o Secretes antibodies that are antigen
specific
4.Mast Cell
o Intensely Basophillic
o Associated with IGE
hypersensitivity reactions
o Contains
heparin,histamine,tryptase,chy
mase
Connective Tissue Fibers
1. Collagenous fibers – pink and wavy H&E
2. Elastic glassy- red H&E
3. Reticular
Collagen Fibers
o are the most common and abundant
fibers in connective tissue
o composed primarily of type I collagen.
o Made of tropocollagen which is a
product of the fibroblast.
o Type I II III collagens are most common
o 1-3 are interstitial collagen
o 5-10 have restricted distributions
Elastic Fibers
o They are composed of two proteins,
elastin and fibrillin,
o do not have a banding pattern.
o Desmosine and isodesmosine are A.A of
these fibers
o These fibers are primarily produced by
the fibroblasts but can also be
produced by smooth muscle cells and
chondrocytes of large arteries
o Seen as internal elastic lamina
Reticular Fibers- support parenchyma of many
organs
o Argyrophilic
o Most abundant in
hemopoetic,lymphoid and
hollow organs
o Produced by TYPE 3 collagen
CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUBTYPES
1.EMBRYONIC
MESENCHYMAL TISSUE- pluripotent
found in developing embryo.
In adults found in bone marrow
(adventitial cells)
MUCOUS TISSUE- protects stuctures
from pressure. Wharton’s Jelly (umbilical cord)
2. Connective tissue proper
 Collagenous
 Loose Collagenous
 Areolar tissue
 Areas in less resistance
is required
 Small moderately
abundant and loosely
interwoven
Found in:
Lamina Propia stomach
Pia mater
 EndonEndomy
Caps of Thymus
Papillary dermis
 Dense Irregular- coarse and
very abundant with random
orientation
 Found in:
 Epimysium
 Epineurium
 All caps exc thymus
 Reticular Dermis
 Dense Regular-fibers are closely
packed
 Found in:
 F.L.A.T
THERMOGENIN-protein
that converts chemical
energy to heat energy
3. Specialize Connective tissue
1. Bones
2. Cartilages
3. Blood and Lymph
4. Lymphatics
5. Reticular Tissue- made of Type 3
collagen (bone marrow)(liver)
(endorcrine)
is a specialized loose connective tissue that
contains a network of branched reticular fibers,
reticulocytes (specialized fibroblasts),
macrophages, and parenchymal cells, such as
pancreatic cells and hepatocytes.
provides the architectural framework for
parenchymal organs, such as lymphoid nodes,
spleen, liver, bone marrow, and endocrine
glands
6. Adipose
o Adipose Tissue
 White Adipose Tissue-white to
yellow depending on the amount
ofcarotenoids; insulators
 unilocular
 Leptin-controls appetite
center in the brain
o Influence carb and
lipid metabolism
o Promote growth of
cappilaries and
stimulate immune
system for
malnourished animals
 Resistin- cause increase
resistance in insulin
 Brown Adipose Tissue
 multilocular
 Colors is rich due to
cytochrome
 Energy reserce but no
insulating factor
 Babies rely on this for
heat generation
 Abundant in animas that
hibernate
7. Elastic tissue- found in
Elastic membrance medium
sized artery
Tunica media of aorta