12/22/2017

LATERAL PILE CAPACITY

By : DR. Ir. Idrus M. Alatas M.Sc IPM

1
 12/22/2017

M max

Elastic Solution
A general method for determining moments and displacements of a
vertical pile embedded in a granular soil and subjected to lateral load
and moment at the ground surface was given by Matlock and Reese
(1960). Consider a pile of length L subjected to a lateral force Qg and a
moment at the ground surface as shown in Figure 11.28a. Figure
11.28b shows the general deflected shape of the pile and the soil
resistance caused by the applied load and the moment.
According to a simpler Winkler’s model, an elastic medium (soil in this
case) can be replaced by a series of infinitely close independent elastic
springs.

2
12/22/2017

3
12/22/2017

4
 12/22/2017

pile in sand

5
 12/22/2017

The use of Eqs. (11.92) and (11.93) requires knowing the magnitude of
the characteristic length, R. This can be calculated from Eq. (11.94),
provided that the coefficient of the subgrade reaction is known. For
sands, the coefficient of the subgrade reaction was given by Eq.
(11.81), which showed a linear variation with depth. However, in
cohesive soils, the subgrade reaction may be assumed to be
approximately constant with depth. Vesic (1961) proposed the
following equation to estimate the value of k:
UNTUK LEMPUNG (CLAY)

6
 12/22/2017

Ultimate Load Analysis : Broms’s Method

For laterally loaded piles, Broms (1965) developed a simplified solution
based on the assumptions of (a) shear failure in soil, which is the case
for short piles, and (b) bending of the pile, governed by the plastic yield
resistance of the pile section, which is applicable to long piles. Broms’s
solution for calculating the ultimate load resistance, for short piles is
given in Figure 11.31a. A similar solution for piles embedded in
cohesive soil is shown in Figure 11.31b. In Figure 11.31a, note that

7
 12/22/2017

ULTIMATE LATERAL CAPACITY OF SHORT PILE in Sand

and Clay
Clay

Sand

8
 12/22/2017

Sand
Clay

ULTIMATE LATERAL CAPACITY OF LONG PILE in Sand

and Clay

9
 12/22/2017

Contoh Soal #1

Contoh Soal #2

10
 12/22/2017

Contoh Soal #3

Nonlinear Methods for Lateral Capacity of Pile

(Gunaratne, M; The Foundation Eng. Handbook, 2006)

Several nonlinear numerical methods have become popular

nowadays due to the availability of superior computational
capabilities. Of them the most widely used ones are the
stiffness matrix method of analysis and the lateral force–
deflection (p–y) approach :
1. Stiffness Matrix Analysis Method
2. Lateral Pressure–Deflection (p–y) Method of Analysis
3. Synthesis of p–y Curves Based on Pile Instrumentation

11
 12/22/2017

1. Stiffness Matrix Analysis Method

This method is also known as the finite element method due to the
similarity in the basic formulation of the conventional finite element
method and the stiffness matrix analysis method. First, the pile is
discretized into a number of one-dimensional (beam) elements. Figure
8.14 shows a typical discretization of a pile in preparation for load–
deflection analysis. The following notation applies to Figure 8.14:

1, 2,...,N (in bold) — node number

Pi (i even) — internal lateral forces on pile elements
concentrated (lumped) at the node

12
 12/22/2017

Contoh Soal # 4

Contoh Soal #5 (Gunaratne M, FEH, Pages 346-348)

The 300mm wide steel pile shown in Figure 8.16 is one member of a group held
together by a pile cap that exerts a lateral load of 8kN on the given pile and a
moment of certain magnitude required to restrain the rotation at the top. It is given
that the coefficient of horizontal subgrade modulus is 1000kN/m3 and invariant with
the depth. Determine the relevant force and deflection vectors assuming that the
total number of nodes is 6. Also illustrate the solution procedure to obtain the lateral
deflection of the pile and the moment required at the cap. Assume that the second
moment of area (I) of the steel section is 2.2 x10-6 m4 and the elastic modulus of steel
is 2.0x106 kPa.
Solution
The equivalent spring stiffness has been computed as in Contoh Soal #4 and indicated
in Figure 8.16. As shown in Figure 8.16, the only external forces applied on the pile
are the ones applied by the pile cap and the soil reactions at the bottom that assure
fixity. It is also noted that the spring associated with the bottom-most node has been
added to the unknown force P12. Hence, the external force vector is given by the
following equation:

13
12/22/2017

14
 12/22/2017

2. Lateral Pressure–Deflection (p–y) Method

of Analysis

It is observed that the difference between Equations (8.38) and (8.19) is that
Equation (8.38) accounts for the shear and moment effects induced by the axial
force P(z) due to the finite curvature of the pile produced by lateral loading (Figure
8.18). Hence, the shear force and the distributed soil reaction on the pile at any
depth can be expressed as

15
 12/22/2017

3. Synthesis of p–y Curves Based on Pile

Instrumentation
Strain gauge readings obtained along the length of a laterally tested
pile can be employed to develop the lateral load transfer curves (p–y
curves) at a finite number of points along the pile (Hameed, 1998). The
values of p (horizontally distributed load intensity) and y (lateral
deflection) at any pile location at a given lateral loading stage can be
determined using the following analytical procedure. From the simple
beam theory,

16
 12/22/2017

Contoh Soal #6

17
 12/22/2017

Illustration
Illustration
forfor
Contoh
Contoh
Soal
Soal
#6#6

18
12/22/2017

19
12/22/2017

20
12/22/2017

21
 12/22/2017

Karena diikat oleh lantai dan pile cap masing-

masing tiang terdeformasi lateral sama besarnya

22
 12/22/2017

Design Lateral Load

• Adequate factor of safety against ultimate failure

• Acceptable deflection at working load

Note: ultimate load will be reached out at very large

deformation, especially in the case of relatively
flexible piles.

Hutapea, 2015

Daya Dukung Ijin Pondasi Tiang

Ijin Tekan Ijin Tarik Ijin Horizontal
Q all Q all ∆ H all

Wtiang

Friksi 0.7 Friksi + Wtiang

End Bearing H all

Qu = Qp + Qs Qu = 0.7Qs+Wtiang
Tergantung Deformasi lateral dan
Tingkat Kegempaan
Qu Qu
Non Gempa Q all = Q all =
F .S . F .S .

23
 12/22/2017

Daya Dukung Ijin Pondasi Tiang

Ijin Tekan Ijin Tarik Ijin Horizontal
Q all Q all ∆ H all

Wtiang

Friksi 0.7 Friksi + Wtiang

End Bearing H all

= H yang memberikan deformasi 12.6 mm
Qu = Qp + Qs Qu = 0.7Qs+Wtiang saat gempa Nominal
Qu Qu = H yang memberikan deformasi 25.0 mm
Q all = Q all =
F .S . F .S . saat gempa Kuat

Gaya-gaya untuk Perhitungan Daya Dukung Tanah untuk Fondasi

EQ Load

VA
MA
HA
Jepit Jepit f=2.3-2.8
f=f1 x f2
+ f1=1.6
f2=1.43-1.75
Gempa Rencana Gempa Kuat
VA VA x f
MA MA x f
HA HA x f
Tegangan 10% W1 Tegangan 10% W1
lateral 10% W2 lateral 10% W2
10% W3 10% W3
gempa gempa 10% W4
10% W4

Deformasi lateral tiang < 12.6 mm Deformasi lateral tiang < 25mm

24
 12/22/2017

Gaya-gaya untuk Perhitungan Daya Dukung Tanah untuk Fondasi

EQ Load

VA
MA
HA
Jepit Jepit
+
Gempa Rencana Gempa Kuat
VA x Ω
VA Ω=2-3
MA x Ω
MA dual system 2.5
HA x Ω
HA
Tegangan 10% W1 Tegangan 10% W1
lateral 10% W2 lateral 10% W2
10% W3 10% W3
gempa gempa 10% W4
10% W4

Deformasi lateral tiang < 12.6 mm Deformasi lateral tiang < 25mm

f=2.3-2.8
f=f1 x f2
f1=1.6
f2=1.43-1.75
Gempa Rencana Gempa Kuat
VA VA x f
MA MA x f
HA HA x f
Tegangan 10% W1 Tegangan 10% W1
lateral 10% W2 lateral 10% W2
10% W3 10% W3
gempa gempa 10% W4
10% W4

P ijin Aksial tiang Gempa Nominal: P ijin Aksial tiang Gempa Kuat:

Sebelum 2013: Sebelum 2013:

P ijin gempa rencana = 1.5 P ijin tanpa gempa P ijin gempa kuatl = 2.0 P ijin tanpa gempa

Setelah 2013: Setelah 2013:

P ijin gempa rencana = 1.3 P ijin tanpa gempa P ijin gempa kuat = 1.56 P ijin tanpa gempa

25
 12/22/2017

Konsensus TPKB Mei 2015:

Gaya-gaya untuk Perhitungan Daya Dukung Tanah untuk Fondasi

Beban Inersia Gempa

VA
MA
HA
Jepit
Jepit
VA x Ω
+ Ω=2-3
MA x Ω
dual system 2.5
HA x Ω
Tekanan k W1
dinamik tanah k W2
k W3
akibat gempa k W4

Code Japan:
0.10 Z (1-D/40) D<20m
k=
0.05 Z D>20m
Z=0.7-1.0

TPKB 2015: Deformasi Lateral Ijin Tiang

EQ Load

VA
MA
HA
Jepit Jepit

+ Gempa Kuat
Gempa Disain
VA VA x Ω
MA MA x Ω
HA HA x Ω
k W1 Tekanan k W1
k W2 dinamik tanah k W2
k W3 k W3
k W4 akibat gempa k W4

Deformasi lateral tiang < 12.6mm Deformasi lateral tiang < 25mm

26
 12/22/2017

Uji Pembebanan Horizontal/Lateral (9.7.3)

• Minimum satu tiang percobaan untuk setiap tiang yang

ukuran penampangnya sama
• Jumlah tiang percobaan beban aksial > 6 tiang: maksimal 2
tiang dapat dipakai kembali untuk percobaan beban
horizontal
• 10 mm @ 100% beban rencana, 25 mm @ 200% beban
rencana
• Pada tanah keras momen kapasitas lebih dominan: tidak
terjadi plastifikasi pada fondasi tiang
• ASTM D3966

27
 12/22/2017

δ
P

Kurva Loading Test

Load (ton)

Settlement (mm)

28
12/22/2017

29
 12/22/2017

Lateral Loading Test

Lateral Loading Test

30
 12/22/2017

Estimasi Daya Dukung Ijin Lateral Tiang

Perhitungan Lateral Tiang Dasarnya dari Kriteria Loading Test

• 10 mm @ 100% beban rencana

• 25 mm @ 200% beban rencana

Ijin Horizontal
∆ H all

Tiang tunggal baben lateral,

Ujung tiang Sendi Hall1
Tanpa reduksi efisiensi grup H yg memberikan ∆ 10mm

Hall12
0.5 dari H yg memberikan ∆ 25mm

Dengan program LPILE, GROUP, atau PILINg:

Dicari H yang memberikan deformasi sebesar 10mm dan 25mm
Untuk tiang tunggal, ujung sendi, tanpa reduksi grup dan siklis

Estimasi Daya Dukung Ijin Lateral Tiang

Perhitungan Lateral Tiang Dasarnya dari Perhitungan Grup Tiang
• 12.6mm @ gempa rencana
Tiang tunggal dng baben lateral,
Ujung tiang Jepit (sesuai sambungan di ujung tiang) • 25 mm @ gempa kuat
Dengan memperhitungkan reduksi efisiensi grup
Dengan memperhitungkan reduksi akibat beban Siklis
∆ H all Ijin Horizontal

Hall gempa rencana

H yg memberikan ∆ 12.6 mm

Hall1 gempa rencana

H yg memberikan ∆ 25.0 mm

Dengan program LPILE, GROUP, atau PILINg:

Dicari H yang memberikan deformasi sebesar 12.6mm dan 25mm
Untuk tiang tunggal, ujung jepit, dengan reduksi grup dan siklis

31
 12/22/2017

f=2.3-2.8
f=f1 x f2
f1=1.6
f2=1.43-1.75
Gempa Rencana Gempa Kuat
VA VA x f
MA MA x f
HA HA x f
Tegangan 10% W1 Tegangan 10% W1
lateral 10% W2 lateral 10% W2
10% W3 10% W3
gempa gempa 10% W4
10% W4

Deformasi lateral tiang < 6mm Deformasi lateral tiang < 12.6mm

P ijin Aksial tiang Gempa Nominal: P ijin Aksial tiang Gempa Kuat:

Sebelum 2013: Sebelum 2013:

P ijin gempa rencana = 1.5 P ijin tanpa gempa P ijin gempa kuat = 2.0 P ijin tanpa gempa

Setelah 2013: Setelah 2013:

P ijin gempa rencana = 1.3 P ijin tanpa gempa P ijin gempa kuat = 1.56 P ijin tanpa gempa

Metoda Analisis
1. Metoda Broms dan Matlock and Reese:
- tersedia grafik-grafik Dalam praktek tidak digunakan
- berdasarkan ultimate failure sehingga cocok for rigid piles, tetapi
kurang tepat buat flexible piles
- kurang akurat karena tidak memperhitungan soil-structure/pile
interaction termasuk displacement
- hanya berlaku untuk satu jenis tanah tertentu (lempung saja atau
pasir saja)

2. Tahanan tanah lateral dimodelkan sebagai Pegas:

- pegas Linier dan Pegas Non-Linier (p-y method)
- berdasarkan persamaan beam-column yang diselesaikan
menggunakan finite difference
- lebih akurat karena memperhitungan soil-structure/pile interaction
- dapat digunakan untuk tanah dengan lapisan yang berbeda
- perlu komputer program, misalnya PILING untuk model Linier dan
L-PILE untuk model Non-Linier

32
 12/22/2017

Sekian dan Terima Kasih

33