CSE MAINS 2019 : Essay

न न ख ड A व B येक से एक वषय चन ु कर दो नब ध ल खए, जो येक लगभग 1000-1200 श द का हो ।

Write two essays, choosing one topic from each of the following Sections A and B, in about
1000-1200 words each :
125x2-250
​SECTION-A
1. ववेक स य को खोज नकालता है
Wisdom finds truth

2. मू य वे नह ं जो मानवता है , बि क वे है जैसा मानवता को होना चा हए।

Values are not what humanity is, but what humanity ought to be

3) यि त के लए जो सव े ठ है , वह आव यक नह ं क समाज के लए भी हो
Best for an individual is not necessarily best for the society

4) वीकारोि त का साहस एवं सधु ार करने क न ठा सफलता के दो मं है ।

Courage to accept and dedication to improve are two keys to success

​SECTION-B

5. द ण ए शयाई समाज स ा के आस-पास नह ं, बि क अपनी अनेक सं कृ तय और व भ न पहचान के

ताने-बाने से बने ह
South Asian societies are woven not around the state, but around their plural cultures and plural
identities

(6) ाथ मक वा य सेवा और श ा क उपे ा भारत के पछड़ेपन के कारण है ।

Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness

7. प पातपण
ू मी डया भारत के लोकतं के सम एक वा त वक खतरा है ।
Biased media is a real threat to Indian democracy

8. कृ म बु ध का उ थान : भ व य म बेरोजगार का खतरा अथवा पनौशल और उ चकौशल के मा यम से बेहतर

रोजगार के सजृ न का अवसर
Rise of Artificial Intelligence : the threat of jobless future or better job opportunities through
reskilling and upskilling
AI superpower or client nation?

Industrial revolution moved the centres of physical power from human

and animal bodies to machines. With the locus of intelligence now also getting
disembodied, AI systems are set to transform our economic, social and political
organisation.
Google’s CEO compares AI (artificial intelligence) with fire and electricity
in terms of their role in human civilisation, while Stephan Hawking feared that
AI could end humanity. We are facing something really extraordinary.
Globally, just one or two concentrations of AI power may rule the world.
Currently, these are in the U.S. and China. AI economy will radically
concentrate income and wealth, many global digital industry leaders have
called for assured basic income for all.
Unlike most industrial technologies, AI does not develop in laboratories
and then get applied by businesses. AI develops within business processes, as
data are mined from digital platforms, and turned into intelligence. Any
country’s AI therefore largely exists within its huge, domestically owned
commercial digital/data systems.
The digital/AI industry works in huge ecosystems with global digital
corporations at the centre, and various start-ups and specific digital/AI
applications at the peripheries. Start-ups everywhere, including in India, are
mostly vying to find a place in such huge global ecosystems.

All the wonderful AI applications that we read about, whether of

increased agriculture output, precision medicine or tailored learning, are
basically shop-windows of global digital/AI corporations. Gathering further
data from each new instance it is the AI engine owned by a Google or
Microsoft that becomes ever more intelligent about India’s problems and
solutions.

Beyond economic dominance, AI is as much about cultural, political and

military power. It is said that whoever rules AI will rule the world.
The question arises where does the India stand? India has no such
large domestically owned commercial data systems. India is fast squandering
its great advantages of high IT capabilities and a big domestic market required
for data harvesting. Most significant set of India’s consumer-behavioural and
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other economic data, over which other companies will develop various kinds of
AI. In time, such AI will allow them to control practically everything, and every
actor, along various economic value chains linked to consumer goods.
Where does a military get its AI from? Google and Microsoft are
partnering with U.S. military on AI applications. Who will help India build its AI
for military and other security/strategic purposes?
While technology is global, data are essentially local. What really counts
is whether India owns the centres of systemic AI that comes from controlling
huge commercial data ecosystems.
Data-based sectoral platforms, like in e-commerce, urban transport,
agriculture, health, education, etc., should largely be domestic. India has a
right to provide such domestic protection through policy, especially if India
begins to treat its collective social/economic data as a strategic national asset,
as our mineral resources are.
Indian policymakers should be aiming at the highest levels of new value
chains that AI will create in every sector. It is mastery over the systemic cores
of AI where the real national advantage lies.
We should ensure that we have large-scale data-driven Indian
companies able to develop the highest AI in every sector, by employing huge
Indian data to solve (equally huge) Indian problems. Once enough AI
proficiency and strength has been developed domestically, it should then be
used to go global.
With its highest IT as well as entrepreneurial/managerial competence,
and a huge domestic market, India is among extremely few countries that can
make it. But the time is running out fast. Data is indeed a new oil.
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AI, Data driven development.

Let noble thoughts come to us from all sides -Rig Veda.

Data is the primary driver of our future growth & evolution – for
governments, businesses & entire societies and communities. Technology is
today allowing us to execute our socio-economic development ambitions far
more speedily than ever before.

Data is at the centre of the entire change that is happening right now.
Data is the new natural resource. How you harness the natural resources, sets
you for how rich you are and with data being the new oil, it sets for interesting
opportunities yet challenges.

The flow of digital information between countries, companies and citizens

is increasingly recognized as a critical driver of economic growth and innovation,
particularly in the age of the knowledge economy. A recent study from
McKinsey estimates that in 2014 data flows accounted for US $2.8 trillion of
global GDP in 2014 and that cross-border data flows now generate more
economic value than traditional flows of traded goods. There is a case for data
liberalism and globalisation - Data without passports or visas.

It has positive effect on innovation as it allows the sharing of ideas and

information, the dissemination of knowledge, and the collaboration of
individuals etc.

Ability to transfer data across borders is optimizing business operations

and allowing companies to reimagine their approach. World Economic Forum’s
latest Global Information Technology Report, new types of innovation, such as
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changes to business models, look set to become an important part of the

innovation story.

Countries adept at fostering digital activity have witnessed the emergence

of new industries as well as the accelerated development of traditional sectors.
In fact, companies in traditional industries capture an estimated 75% of the
internet’s benefit.

With free flow of data new opportunities for jobs are created supported
by Big Data analytics, Artificial intelligence etc.

India's case is a sui generous one. While on one hand we're on the cusp
of the 4th industrial revolution, we also need plenty of trained & skilled
manpower. Another revolution in offing, powered by data.

India’s digital growth will be driven by unprecedented data explosion.

By 2022 there will be 90% mobile penetration,90% of internet users will be
Indic/regional language users,40% internet users will be women & 50% users
will be rural. The possibilities of development are endless. India will get Data
Rich, before its citizens gets rich

India continues to lead the data driven economy. India implements a

model based on trust, puts in place a regime in partnership with Industry to
develop data related skills.

Indian Data legislation has proposed data principal instead of data

subject as the owner of data, following by a fiduciary approach. In India, most
of the data will be owned by the government. Dream of transforming India into
powerful responsible data economy.
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Big data fuels Artificial Intelligence (AI) innovations. Artificial Intelligence

is going to disrupt the way business is done and India, in particular, is uniquely
poised in utilising AI to innovate for social and inclusive good. India is
embracing future technologies such as machine learning and AI to augment its
capacity in healthcare, improve outcomes in education, develop innovative
governance systems for our citizens and improve overall economic productivity
of the nation. Recently, NITI Aayog and Google signed Statement of Intent (SoI)
to help grow AI ecosystem in India to focus on training, hackathons, mentoring
startups, and providing research grants. NITI Aayog, Intel and TIFR
collaborated to set up a Model International Center for Transformative AI
(ICTAI)

India’s health insurance scheme covering 500 million citizens, which will
generate huge amount of data. India’s JAM trinity of a billion mobile phones,
billion biometrics and a billion bankable population - Think Jan Dhan, Aadhar
& Mobile. Govt of India is coming out with a number of housing schemes
leveraging data and technology. Success of all schemes depends on data &
technology. 98.4 percent of Indians pay tax online. Digital Agriculture will help
double farmer’s income using precision irrigation with safe data.

However, only 20 percent of the world’s data is searchable. Too much of

data is also as bad as too little data. Data is the new oil is almost a universal
statement. But we must remember that oil spills can be very destructive and
messy.

For responsible data stewardship, important areas of focus are

ownership, privacy, security & AI transparency. Theme song for Data Security
may be from the Beatles.
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"Everybody's got something to hide except me and my monkey"

Data privacy is an imperative- one that each nation should address in its
own way.

Data is King and technology is crucial. The world is talking about data
corruption rather than data power because blockchain is hot. Data fuels AI
Blockchain defines truth. Blockchain is about creating trust among various
stakeholders of data. Technology is not inherently bad but its misuse is.

Outlining the key contours of data protection model/framework from an

Indian perspective, incorporating some of the global best practices, addressing
the key challenges is necessary.

According to a report by McKinsey Global Institute, successful AI adoption

may give the Chinese economy a productivity boost that may add 0.8 to 1.4 per
cent points to its GDP growth annually. China’s quick growth in the AI space,
with a total 4040 AI-start-ups currently, is attributable to the amount of data
available domestically which people are willing to surrender for greater
innovations.

There is need to democratise data and its access while taking care of data
security and privacy. NITI Aayog is working on a plan to develop the National
Data & Analytics Platform in collaboration with private players to host and
interpret huge amount of data that will integrate and help better understand of
citizens’ data, spend patterns of the government, consumption trends and the
success of various government policies. The aim is to increase transparency in
government functioning by giving citizens access to this data. This will
significantly improve government decision making and quality of service delivery
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Learning from less data, embedding security and building trust is the key
to making AI robust for enterprises. One of the big data principles stated by the
UN Global Pulse in its 2018 report is ‘purpose specification’ i.e., providing the
purpose for which the data is being collected, prior to collection.

Policymakers will need to strike the right balance between the free
movement of data and the imperative to protect privacy. Maximise data usage
and optimise privacy will be the new mantra. A progressive, forward looking
policy that will help India make use of the vast amount of data to become more
innovative.

One size fit all may not work for India. Nearly 65% of GDP comes from
cities and re-skilling will be the need of the hour as we move toward greater
urbanisation.

For data governance, 3 C's are crucial for a Data Protection Authority-
capacity, capability & collaborations. It is essential for private and public
entities to create an AI code of conduct. Data Quality Controllers must be
engaged at national and corporate levels for enforcing pre-defined data quality
parameters and for risk assessments. Justice B. N. Srikrishna committee on Data
Protection Framework for India recommended Consent, Purpose of collection
and Participation rights as grounds of data processing to ensure growth of the
digital economy while keeping personal data of citizens secure and protected.

Let the data be anywhere, but the companies should follow the law of the
land, following sovereignty of data. Moreover, Government should have access
to data for law enforcement. UN can play role of

1. Fostering and promoting innovation to fill data gaps.

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2. Mobilising resources to overcome inequalities between developed and

developing countries and between data-poor and data-rich people.

3. Leadership and coordination to enable the data revolution to play its full
role in the realisation of sustainable development.

Ongoing trade negotiations, such as the Trade in Services Agreement

(TiSA) or the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), also allow
an opportunity for barriers to be eliminated and for agreeing a framework to
enable digital trade and cross-border data flows.

In every revolution (industrial, steam, IT etc) there are winners -who will
win in the AI era? Our mission to be “Good Tech “as well as leverage “Tech for
good “. It is important to integrate security and ethics into data models'

Data is the DNA of information, and that's why it is indispensable for the
security industry. Today's data will shape the decisions of tomorrow. So, we
don't just need to preserve it, protect, too.

**** **** ****

A recent United Nations (UN) supported summit in Geneva, “AI for

Good”, focused on the potential of using AI technologies for achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.

The level of malnutrition and stunted growth in pre-school children in

India is alarming. AI-based systems can sift through data gathered by Anganwadi
workers and track the progress of an individual child at various Anganwadi
centres in terms of their cognitive development and health. In addition, image-
recognition techniques can help in early identification of stunted growth,
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epidemics and other health issues. This information can then be used by the
programme officers to recommend corrective solutions. Integrating information
from other sources, the AI systems can assist in the diagnosis of problems being
faced—from drought to poor sanitation and inadequate supplies.

In India, agriculture is not considered to be a remunerative profession

because of low yields, dependence on rains and high costs of fertilizers and
pesticides. Agriculture also leads to inefficient use of water, often depleting the
water table. Several start-ups in the US have used AI to develop “precision
farming” practices, which lead to a more efficient use of inputs and higher
yields. Sensors gather information about the condition and colour of foliage and
soil moisture content. This information is fed to the system, which determines
the amount of water, and fertilizer to be provided. It also specifies which part of
the plant needs to be provided with these inputs. These systems have reported
higher yields and reduction in agricultural inputs. Of course, the use of such
technologies in Indian conditions will need to consider much smaller land-
holding sizes and the socioeconomic conditions of farmers.

About 40% of our population is below the age of 18. Learning outcomes
for these young minds are notoriously poor in our current education system.
AI-based systems can assist students with their learning experience, especially
in changing the form and nature of content to suit the student. “Smart content”
is generated with text summaries, supported with related videos and
simulations. They can also help connect with students who are working on
similar problems worldwide. Intelligent tutor systems are an example of the
same. MIT’s Media Labs has also developed “personal robots” which work and
interact with humans as peers. Some of them are even capable of identifying
and correcting misconceptions of a student as they learn the material.
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Many of these interventions appear to be far-fetched today. But we said

the same about language processing, self-driving cars and Google directions. AI
is no magic bullet. It is a set of computational tools that can be used to improve
decision-making.

However, there is no denying that AI is in the middle of exponential

growth and it has the potential to make game-changing transformations. The
developmental challenges faced by India are also too big to be solved by the
conventional linear approach. AI provides an opportunity for transformative
solutions and India’s scale provides the possibility of rapid cost reduction of
these technologies.
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India’s Approach to Leadership in AI

AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like

thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making. Initially
conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has evolved
in ways that far exceed its original conception. With incredible advances made
in data collection, processing and computation power, intelligent systems can
now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, enable connectivity and
enhance productivity. As AI’s capabilities have dramatically expanded, so have
its utility in a growing number of fields. The truly transformative nature of the
technology, yet the nascent stage of its adoption worldwide, provides India with
an opportunity to define its own brand of AI leadership. #AIforAll - the brand
proposed for India implies inclusive technology leadership, where the full
potential of AI is realised in pursuance of the country’s unique needs and
aspirations. The strategy should strive to leverage AI for economic growth,
social development and inclusive growth, and finally as a “Garage” for
emerging and developing economies. While AI has the potential to provide
large incremental value to a wide range of sectors, adoption till date has been
driven primarily from a commercial perspective. Technology disruptions like AI
are once-in-ageneration phenomenon, and hence large-scale adoption
strategies, especially national strategies, need to strike a balance between
narrow definitions of financial impact and the greater good. NITI Aayog has
decided to focus on five sectors that are envisioned to benefit the most from AI
in solving societal needs:
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a) Healthcare: increased access and affordability of quality healthcare,

b) Agriculture: enhanced farmers’ income, increased farm productivity

and reduction of wastage,

c) Education: improved access and quality of education,

d) Smart Cities and Infrastructure: efficient and connectivity for the

burgeoning urban population, and

e) Smart Mobility and Transportation: smarter and safer modes of

transportation and better traffic and congestion problems.

To truly reap the benefits of deploying AI at scale, the report identifies the
following barriers that need to be addressed in order to achieve the goals of
#AIforAll:

a) Lack of broad based expertise in research and application of AI,

b) Absence of enabling data ecosystems – access to intelligent data,

c) High resource cost and low awareness for adoption of AI,

d) Privacy and security, including a lack of formal regulations around

anonymisation of data, and

e) Absence of collaborative approach to adoption and application of AI.

Superior research capabilities have been the cornerstone of leadership
aspirations in emerging technologies and effectively realising the growth
potential requires expertise in both core and applied research. Despite
indications of recent positive efforts in this aspect of technology, AI research in
India is still in its infancy and requires large scale concerted and collaborative
interventions. The paper proposes a two-tiered structure to address India’s AI
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research aspirations: a) Centre of Research Excellence (CORE) focused on

developing better understanding of existing core research and pushing
technology frontiers through creation of new knowledge;

b) International Centers of Transformational AI (ICTAI) with a mandate of

developing and deploying application-based research. Private sector
collaboration is envisioned to be a key aspect of ICTAIs.

The research capabilities are proposed to be complemented by an

umbrella organisation responsible for providing direction to research efforts
through analysis of socio-economic indicators, studying global advancements,
and encouraging international collaboration. Pursuing “moonshot research
projects” through specialised teams, development of a dedicated supranational
agency to channel research in solving big, audacious problems of AI – “CERN for
AI”, and developing common computing and other related infrastructure for AI
are other key components research suggested.

As technology increasingly disrupts the nature of jobs and shifts the

benchmarks of technological aptitude, skilling and reskilling of workforce
forms an integral part of our approach to adopting AI. There is an emergent
need for reskilling the existing workforce and developing future talent in
accordance with the changing needs of the job market. This could be done via
the adoption of decentralised teaching mechanisms working in collaboration
with the private sector and educational institutions to prescribe certification
with value. Furthermore, promotion of job creation in new areas, like data
annotation needs to be identified and promoted, as these would have the
potential of absorbing a large portion of the workforce that may find itself
redundant due to increasing automation.
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Adoption of AI across the value chain viz. startups, private sector, PSUs
and government entities, will truly unlock the potential by creating a virtuous
cycle of supply and demand. The barriers to AI development and deployment
can effectively be addressed by adopting the marketplace model – one that
enables market discovery of not only the price but also of different approaches
that are best suited to achieve the desired results. A three-pronged, formal
marketplace could be created focusing on data collection and aggregation,
data annotation and deployable models. There could be a common platform
called the National AI Marketplace (NAIM).

Furthermore, for accelerated adoption of a highly collaborative

technology like AI, the government has to play the critical role of a catalyst in
supporting partnerships, providing access to infrastructure, fostering innovation
through research and creating the demand by seeking solutions for addressing
various governmental needs.

As AI-based solutions permeate the way we live and do business,

questions on ethics, privacy and security will also emerge. Most discussions on
ethical considerations of AI are a derivation of the FAT framework (Fairness,
Accountability and Transparency). A consortium of Ethics Councils at each
Centre of Research Excellence can be set up and it would be expected that all
COREs adhere to standard practice while developing AI technology and
products.

Data is one of the primary drivers of AI solutions, and thus appropriate

handling of data, ensuring privacy and security is of prime importance.
Challenges include data usage without consent, risk of identification of
individuals through data, data selection bias and the resulting discrimination of
AI models, and asymmetry in data aggregation. The paper suggests establishing
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data protection frameworks and sectorial regulatory frameworks, and

promotion of adoption of international standards.

In order for India to ride the AI innovation wave, a robust intellectual

property framework is required. Despite a number of government initiatives in
strengthening the IP regime, challenges remain, especially in respect of applying
stringent and narrowly focused patent laws to AI applications – given the unique
nature of AI solution development. The importance of data to development of
useful models is one such example. To tackle these issues, establishment of IP
facilitation centers to help bridge the gap between practitioners and AI
developers, and adequate training of IP granting authorities, judiciary and
tribunals is suggested.

The AI strategy is aimed at primarily guiding an inevitable wave of change

for quicker and better impact. The AI ecosystem is rapidly evolving and taking
societies into uncharted territory. For now, we can begin to ask some of the big
questions that each society must answer for itself: are we ready to manage data
ethically? How do we bridge the digital divide? Which innovations are worthy of
public funds and partnerships? Bringing these questions into the open is the
most important step in ensuring that AI advances create a better society.

There has been tremendous activity concerning AI policy in different

countries over the past couple of years. Governments in USA, UK, France, Japan
and China have released their policy and strategy papers relating to AI. In order
to establish a leadership role, it is important for India to take the plunge and
start by releasing a Strategy Paper to initiate the roll out of an ambitious
programme that would ensure for India its rightful place in this transformational
era.
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http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/NationalStrategy-
for-AI-Discussion-Paper.pdf