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Anyong Lupa
Anyong Lupa
KAPATAGAN — isang lugar kung saan walang pagtaas o pagbaba ng lupa, patag
at pantay ang lupa rito. Maaaring itong taniman ng mga palay,mais,at gulay. Isang
halimbawa nito ay ang kapatagan ng gitnang Luzon.
BUNDOK — isang pagtaas ng lupa sa daigdig, may matatarik na bahagi at hamak
na mas mataas kaysa sa burol. Ang halimbawa nito ay ang Bundok Banahaw.
BULKAN — isang uri ng bundok sa daigdig na kung saan ang tunaw na bato ay
maaaring lumabas dito mula sa kailaliman ng daigdig. May dalawang uri ng
bulkan, una ang tinatawag na tahimik na kung saan matagal na hindi ito
sumasabog, tulad ng Bulkang Makiling na matatagpuan sa lalawigan ng Laguna;
at ang ikalawang uri naman ay aktibo na kung saan maaari itong sumabog
anumang oras. Mapanganib ang ganitong bulkan. Maaari itong sumabog at
magbuga ng kumukulong putik at abo. Halimbawa nito ay ang Bulkang Pinatubo.
BUROL — higit na mas mababa ito kaysa sa bundok at ang halimbawa nito ay ang
tanyag na Chocolate Hills ng Bohol sa Pilipinas. Pabilog ang hugis nito at tinutubuan
ng mga luntiang damo sa panahon ng tag-ulan at kung tag-araw ay nagiging
kulay tsokolate.
LAMBAK — isang kapatagan ngunit napaliligiran ng mga bundok. Marami ring mga
produkto tulad ng gulay, tabako, mani, mais, at palay ang maaaring itanim dito.
TALAMPAS — patag na anyong lupa. Ang kaibahan nito sa lambak ay nakalatag
ito sa isang mataas na lugar.
BAYBAYIN — bahagi ng lupa na malapit sa tabing dagat.
BULUBUNDUKIN — matataas at matatarik na bundok na magkakadikit at sunud-
sunod.
PULO — mga lupain na napalilibutan ng tubig.
YUNGIB — mga likas na butas na may sapat na laki at lawak na maaaring pasukin
ng tao at hayop.
TANGWAY — pahaba at nakausling anyong lupa na naliligiran ng tubig.
TANGOS — mas maliit sa tangway.
DISYERTO — mainit na anyong lupa.
KAPULUAN — mga grupo ng malalaki at maliliit na pulo na napapaligiran ng
katubigan.
ANYONG TUBIG
MGA URI
Karagatan
Ang karagatan ay ang pinakamalawak at pinakamalalim na anyong-tubig. Maalat ang
tubig nito.
Kabilang sa mga ilog sa Pilipinas ang Ilog Agusan, Ilog Marikina, at Ilog Agno. Sa
ibang bansa naman ang Ilog Yangtze, Ilog Ganges, Ilog Nilo, Ilog Mississippi, at Ilog
Amazon.
Sangang-ilog
Ang sangang-ilog (tributary) ay isang batis o ilog na dumadaloy sa pangunahing
tangkay (o magulang) na ilog o lawa.
Isang halimbawa rito ay ang Ilog Peñaranda na isa sa mga sangang-ilog ng Ilog
Pampanga.
Wawa
Ang wawa (estuary) ay isang bahagyang nakasarang anyong tubig sa baybaying-
dagat na may isa o higit pang mga ilog o sapang dumadaloy rito, at may malayang
koneksiyon sa bukas na dagat.
Delta
Ang delta ay ang lokasyon kung saang dumadaloy ang ilog sa karagatan, dagat,
wawa, lawa, o imbakan ng tubig.
Look
Ang look ay isang anyong-tubig na nagsisilbing daungan ng mga barko at iba pang
sasakyang-pandagat. Maalat din ang tubig nito sapagkat nakadugtong ito sa dagat o
sa karagatan.
Ang Look ng Maynila, Look ng Subic, Look ng Ormoc, Look ng Batangas, at Look ng
Iligan ay halimbawa ng mga look sa Pilipinas. Sa ibayong-dagat, kabilang sa mga
look ay Look ng Bengal, Look ng Korea, at Look ng San Francisco.
Golpo
Ang golpo ay isang malawak na look.
May kabuuang 200 ang kipot sa Pilipinas dahil sa pagiging kapuluan nito. Kabilang
dito ang Kipot ng San Juanico sa Silangang Kabisayaan.
Bambang
Ang bambang (channel) ay isang pisikal na hangganan ng isang ilog o karagatang
kipot na binubuo ng sahig ng anyong tubig at mga pampang.
Talon
Ang talon ay isang matarik na pagbaba ng tubig sa isang sapa.
Isa sa kilalang mga imbakan ng tubig sa Pilipinas ay ang Angat Reservoir sa Bulacan
(iniimbak ng Saplad ng Angat).
Kanal
Ang kanal o agusan ay isang artipisyal na daanang tubig na karaniwang nakaugnay sa
(at kung minsan, ini-uugnay ang) umiiral na mga lawa, ilog, o karagatan.
Kabilang sa mga tanyag na kanal ang Kanal Suez at ang Agusan ng Panama.
Piyordo
Ang piyordo[1] (fjord) ay isang makipot na inlet ng dagat sa pagitan ng mga bangin o
matarik na mga dalisdis.
PAGKAWALA NG BIO-DIVERSITY
PAGKASIRA NG LUPA
Ang kalupaan ay bahagi ng Yamang Lupa. Ito ay isang mahalagang likas na yaman
sapagkat dito tayo nabubuhay at dito nagmumula ang ating ikabubuhay. Ngunit sa
kasamaang palad, unti unti itong nasisira.
Salinization
Siltation
Alkalinization
Desertification
SALINIZATION
Ito ay ang pagkakaroon ng deposito ng asin sa lupa sanhi ng maling irregasyon.
SILTATION
ito naman ang pagkakaroon ng deposito ng putik sa mga daanan ng tubig o waterways
ALKALINIZATION
ito naman ang pagkakaroon ng deposito ng alkali sa lupa.
DESERTIFICATION
ito naman ang pagiging tuyo ng lupa at pagkawala ng mga sustansya nito kaya tuluyan
ng hindi napapakinabangan.
URBANISASYON
RED TIDE
Red tide is a common name for algal blooms, which are large concentrations of
aquatic microorganisms, such
as protozoans and unicellular algae (e.g. dinoflagellates and diatoms). The upwelling of
nutrients from the sea floor, often following massive storms, provides for the algae and
triggers bloom events. Harmful algal blooms can occur worldwide, and natural cycles
can vary regionally.[1]
The growth and persistence of an algal bloom depends on wind direction and strength,
temperature, nutrients, and salinity.[1] Red tide species can be found in oceans, bays,
and estuaries, but they cannot thrive in freshwater environments.[2][1] Certain species
of phytoplankton and dinoflagellates found in red tides contain photosynthetic
pigments that vary in color from brown to red. When the algae are present in high
concentrations, the water may appear to be discolored or murky. The most
conspicuous effects of red tides are the associated wildlife mortalities and harmful
human exposure. The production of natural toxins such
as brevetoxins and ichthyotoxins are harmful to marine life.
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize
the regions of the world. The term "weather" refers to the short-term (daily) changes in
temperature, wind, and/or precipitation of a region (Merritts et al. 1998). Weather is
influenced by the sun. The sun heats the earth's atmosphere and its surface causing air
and water to move around the planet. Some of the sun's incoming long wave radiation
is reflected back to space by aerosols. Aerosols are very small particles of dust, water
vapor, and chemicals in Earth's atmosphere. In addition, some of the sun's energy that
has entered Earth's atmosphere is reflected into space by the planet's surface. The
reflectivity of Earth's surface is called albedo. Both of these reflective processes have a
cooling effect on the planet.
The greenhouse effect is a warming process that balances Earth's cooling processes.
During this process, sunlight passes through Earth's atmosphere as short-wave radiation.
Some of the radiation is absorbed by the planet's surface. As Earth's surface is heated, it
emits long wave radiation toward the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, some of the long
wave radiation is absorbed by certain gases called greenhouse gases. Greenhouse
gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N20), tropospheric ozone (O3), and water vapor.
DEFORESTATION
Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods
of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in
poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves, or nature reserves. It can also
be caused by immobile, travel restricted populations of native or non-native wild animals.
However, "overgrazing" is a controversial concept, based on equilibrium system theory.
It reduces the usefulness, productivity, and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of
desertification and erosion. Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive
species of non-native plants and of weeds. It is caused by nomadic grazers in huge
populations of travel herds, such as the American bison of the Great Plains, or migratory
Wildebeests of the African savannas, or by holistic planned grazing
DEPRESSED ˈAREA
An area in a large city or a part of a country where houses and other buildings are in
a bad condition, the level of unemployment is high, and a lot of people are poor
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including
gases, particles, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may
cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other
living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built
environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.
NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation
of noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life. The source of outdoor
noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport (especially planes) and
propagation systems. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, side-by-side
industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas.
Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas include loud music, transportation
noise, lawn care maintenance, nearby construction, explosions, or young people yelling
(sports games). Noise pollution associated with household electricity generators is an
emerging environmental degradation in many developing nations. The average noise
level of 97.60 dB obtained exceeded the WHO value of 50 dB allowed for residential
areas.[3] Research suggests that noise pollution is the highest in low-income and racial
minority neighborhoods.[4] Documented problems associated with urban environment
noise go back as far as ancient Rome.