Media and Information Sources
Reliability of Information
- Information is said to be reliable if it can be
verified and evaluated. Others refer to the
trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the
reliability of information.
Accuracy of Information
- Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report to
the actual data. Measurement of accuracy varies,
depending on the type of information being
evaluated. Forecasts are said to be accurate if the
report is similar to the actual data. Financial
information is considered accurate if the values are
correct, properly classified, and presented
Value of information - Information is said to be of
value if it aids the user in making or improving
decisions.
Authority of the source
- Much of the information we gather daily do not
come from a primary source but are passed on
through secondary sources such as writers,
reporters, and the like. Sources with an established
expertise on the subject matter are considered as
having sound authority on the subject.
Timeliness
- Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may
vary based on the time it was produced or
acquired. While a piece of information may have
been found accurate, reliable, and valuable during
the time it was produced, it may become irrelevant
and inaccurate with the passing of time (thus
making it less valuable). Other information may be
timeless, proven to be the same in reliability,
accuracy, and value throughout history.
Topics on Libraries
Types of Libraries
1. Academic
2. Public
3. School
4.Special
Libraries may be ether digital or physical form.
Skills in accessing information from libraries - Due
to the wealth of information in a library, it is
important to know the following:
• The access tool to use
• How the information being accessed may
be classified
• The depth of details required--some libraries
provide only an abstract of the topic
• More detailed information might require
membership or some conformity to set rules
of the
• Source (ex: databases).
• Characteristics of libraries in terms of
reliability, accuracy and value - Libraries of
published books are often considered highly
reliable, accurate, and valuable. Books and
documents from dominant sources are often
peer reviewed. ISSN or ISBN registration
ensures that standards were followed in
producing these materials.
• Topics About The Internet
Information found on the Internet
• Characteristics of Internet information in
terms of reliability, accuracy, value,
timeliness, and authority of the source
• Realities of the Internet
• Information found on the Internet may be
quite varied in form and content. Thus, it is
more difficult to determine its reliability and
accuracy. Accessing information on the
Internet is easy, but requires more discipline
to check and validate. Factual and fictitious
data are often merged together. Sources
always have to be validated.
Reliability of the Information
a. Check the author.
The author’s willingness to be
identified is a good indication of reliability.
b. Check the date of publication or of
update.
While the information may be true, it may
not be reliable if it is outdated and may have
lost relevance.
c. Check for citations.
Reliable authors have the discipline of citing
sources of their information.
d. Check the domain or owner of the site or
page.
The domains .edu and .gov are reserved for
academic institutions and the government
respectively. Information from such sites are
presented with caution and are usually well-
grounded. Site owners may have an agenda
that affects the manner by which information is
presented.
e. Check the site design and the writing
style.
Credible sources take time to make their
information accessible and easy to
comprehend.
Determining Accurate Information
a. Look for facts.
b. Cross-reference with other sources to check
for consistency.
c. Determine the reason for writing and
publishing the information. Check if the author
is objective or leaning heavily on a certain point
of view.
d. Check for advertising. Advertisers may use
related information to market their product.
Topics on the Alternative Media:
a. Current popular alternative media
b. Rise of alternative media and information.
c. Other alternative forms of communication
and distribution have become popular. These
include social media, blogs, and flash mob
performances. These alternative forms provide
greater freedom and power to ordinary
individuals and are a quicker way of distributing
information. The downside is that a lot of the
information being passed around is biased and
inaccurate.
Mind Mapping
Indigenous - native; local; originating or
produced naturally in a particular region.
Indigenous knowledge - knowledge that is
unique to a specific culture or society;
most often it is not written down.
Indigenous communication - transmission of
information through local channels or forms. It
is a means by which culture is preserved,
handed down, and adapted.
Indigenous media and information - original
information created by a local group of people.
This also refers to content about indigenous
peoples that may be distributed through
dominant forms of media or through forms of
communication unique to their people group.
Indigenous Information - may be sourced
from all types of media.
Indigenous Media varies from one place to
another. Key to this is identifying the source of
information and the key authorities in a
community. Local meetings such as kapihan,
balitaktakan, and kwentong barber are some
examples of how news and stories are passed
on within a community.
Importance of Indigenous Media and
Information.
• Popular media cannot reach some rural areas.
While print, broadcast, and new media have a
wide reach, there are still areas that these
forms of media have not reached.
• Indigenous media and information are highly
credible because they are near the source and
are seldom circulated for profit.
• Indigenous media are channels for change,
education, and development because of its
direct access to local channels.
• Ignoring indigenous media and information
can result in development and education
programs that are irrelevant and ineffective.
• Forms of indigenous media and their local
examples:
a. Folk or traditional media
b. Gatherings and social organizations
c. Direct Observation
d. Records - may be written, carved, or oral
e. Oral instruction
• How is the type of information that you handle
helpful to the community? In what ways does
passing on this information help the
community?
• How do you know that the information you
pass on is true?
• What difficulties do you face in passing on this
information to others?
• Are these pieces of information available in
popular media?
5. Facilitate the forum by keeping time, keeping
the learners engaged, and by directing the talk
to stay on topic.
6. When the time is up, have the learners thank
the guests.
7. End the session by summarizing the key
points of the forum.

Indigenous Media and Information Resource

1. Introduce the invited guests (refer to Meeting
Learners’ Needs) for the interview.

2. Ask each guest to briefly explain their role in

the community.

3. Ask each guest to share the type of

information they are responsible for, or the
information that they receive and pass on to the
community.

4. After the guests have explained, have the

learners ask questions of their own. Some
helpful questions to ask your guests are:
Information Literacy •Download
•Cloud Storage
Purpose of the Question •Record
Who - to identify the person •External Memory Drives
•Memory Cards
• What - to know about something
• Where - to locate a place How will you determine the quality and
• When - to know specific time and date accuracy of the information that you have?
• Why - to state the reason -It should come from a reputable source, such
• How - the way or manner in which as an institution.
things are done
How do you use the information that you
What is the Importance of Answering these have?
Questions? Share
-Is to gather information Apply
Announce
Information Post
Archive
• . Data that has been collected,
Reminder
processed, and interpreted in order
to be presented in a useable form. Answer a query
• A broad term that can cover Clarify confusion
processed data, knowledge derived
from study, experience, instruction, How will you communicate information?
signals or symbols. In the media Announcement
world, information is often used to Text
describe knowledge of specific Post to Social Media
events or situations that has been Face to Face Session
gathered or received by Note
communication, intelligence, or news Chat
reports Email
Save File
Why do you need information?
-To be updated with the news, for STAGE / ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION
learning/education purposes, for LITERACY
communication, to acquire knowledge needed 1. Identifying/recognizing information needs
for decision-making. 2. Determining sources of information
3. Citing or searching for information
Where do you search information? 4. Analyzing and evaluating the quality of
•Internet information
•Television 5. Organizing, storing or archiving information
•Library 6. Using information in an ethical, efficient and
•Radio effective way
•Newspapers 7. Creating and communicating new knowledge

How do you acquire and store “Knowledge is an important aspect of human

information? life that leads to activities that contribute to one
•Write gaining wealth, influence, and power.”
•Print
•Photocopy
•Photograph
How does information become knowledge?
“Knowledge is the appropriate collection of
information through experience or education,
which could be useful in various situations.”
There are times when you need to share
information that you have acquired from various
sources written by different authors. It is
inevitable to directly quote their words in order
to preserve their meaning. However, quoting
someone else's words without giving credit to
the author essentially gives an impression that
you are claiming ownership of the words they
have said.
Plagiarism
Using other people’s words and ideas without
clearly acknowledging the source of the
information.
Common Knowledge
-Facts that can be found in numerous places
and are likely to be widely known.
Ex. Jose Rizal is the national hero of the
Philippines. This is generally known
information. You do not need to document this
fact
Interpretation
You must document facts that are not generally
known, or ideas that interpret facts.
Ex. Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball
player ever to have played the game. This idea
is not a fact but an interpretation or an opinion.
You need to cite the source.
Quotation
Using someone’s words directly. When you
use a direct quote, place the passage between
quotation marks, and document the source
according to a standard documenting style.
Ex. According to John Smith in The New
York Times, “37% of all children under the
age of 10 live below the poverty line”. You
need to cite the source.
Paraphrase
Using someone’s ideas, but rephrasing them in
your own words. Although you will use your
own words to paraphrase, you must still
acknowledge and cite the source of the
information
Plagiarism has legal implications. While ideas
themselves are not copyrightable, the artistic
expression of an idea automatically falls under
copyright when it is created. Under fair use,
small parts may be copied without permission
from the copyright holder. \
• Fair use - in which you can use
some parts of the material for
academic or non-profit purposes -
you must attribute the original
source. What is considered fair use
is rather subjective and can vary
from country to country.
Strategies in Avoiding Plagiarism
• Submit your own work for
publication. You need to cite even
your own work.
• Put quotation marks around
everything that comes directly from
the text and cite the source.
•Paraphrase, but be sure that you
are not simply rearranging or
replacing a few words and cite the
source.
• Keep a source journal, a notepad,
or note cards- annotated
bibliographies can be especially
beneficial.
•Use the style manual in properly
citing sources.
• Get help from the writing center or
library
Fair Use
-In its most general sense, a fair use is any copying
of copyrighted material done for a limited and
“transformative” purpose, such as to comment
upon, criticize, or parody a copyrighted work. Such
uses can be done without permission from the
copyright owner. In other words, fair use is a
defense against a claim of copyright infringement. If
your use qualifies as a fair use, then it would not be
considered an infringement.

Type of Media

Print Media - media consisting of paper and ink,

reproduced in a printing process that is traditionally
mechanical.

Broadcast Media - media such as radio and

television that reach target audiences using
airwaves as the transmission medium.

New Media - content organized and distributed on

digital platforms