,ay; 3

mwptpay; rpe;jidfs;

mwptpay; vd;gjd; bghUs;/ mwptpay; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;/

mwptpaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;/ mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rp/ gHe;;jkpH; mwptpay;
E]y;fs;/ gHe;jkpHh;fspd; thH;f;ifapy; mwptpaypd; epiy/ bjhHpy;fs;/
fzpjk;/ thdpay;/ ,aw;gpay;/ ntjpapay;/ caphpay;/ Rw;Wr;RHy;/ mWit
kUj;Jtk; nghd;wd mwpKf epiyapy; tpsf;fg; bgWfpwJ.
th.br.FHe;ijrhkpapd; mwptpay; bra;jpfSk; Fnyhj;J';fd;
ftpijfspy; fhzg;gLk; mwptpay; bra;jpfSk; ,tz;
Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

mwptpay; - brhy;

mwptpay; vd;w brhy;/ mog;gilapy; ‘mwpjy;’ vd;gjpy; ,Ue;J

te;jJ. Science vd;w M';fpyr; brhy;/ ‘Scientia’ vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; bkhHpr;
brhy;ypypUe;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Scientia vd;gjw;Fk; ‘mwpjy;’/ ‘fw;wy;’
vdg; bghUs;gLfpwJ vd;fpwhh; th.br.FHe;ijrhkp.1

mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rp ehl;od; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjJ.

kf;fs; gz;ghl;od; kWkyh;r;rpf;Fk;/ ey;Rw;Wr;NHy; mikt[f;Fk;
mwptpay; Ma;t[fs; ngUjtpg[hpfpd;wd. Mjhur; bray;fspy; rpy
nrjhu';fs; Vw;gLtJKz;L.
xU g[jpa bghUs; fz;L gpof;fg;gl;lJ vd;why; Mapuf;fzf;fhd
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng mg;bghUs; cyfpnyh my;yJ mz;l
btspapnyh ,Ue;J tUfpwJ vd;Wjhd; bghUs;2
vdg; gpughfud; Rl;Lfpd;whh;.

mwptpay; tsh;r;rp xnuehspy; cUthdjd;W; kdpjd; gy

E]w;whz;Lf; fhykhf Muha;e;J fz;lwpe;J jd; njitfSf;F Vw;g
khw;wk; bra;jtw;iw tiuaWj;J mwptpay; jj;Jt';fshf mwp"h;fs;
 93

btspapl;ldh;. btspaplg;gl;l midj;J mwptpay; fUj;Jf;fSk;/

fz;Lgpog;g[fSk; cldoahf Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.3 ve;j xU
fz;Lgpog;g[k; bjhlf;fj;jpy; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sj; ja';Fth;. gpd;dh;/ mit
gad; tpistpf;fpw bghGJ kf;fs; tpUk;gp Vw;Wf;bfhs;th; vd;w
eilKiwia/
vg;bghUs; vj;jd;ikj;bjd;W nrhjid bra;J gFj;J mwpa[k;
Muha;r;rpj;Jiw/ tp";"hdk;4
vd;W jkpH;-jkpH;-M';fpyg; ngufuhjp mwptpaYf;Fg; bghUs; TWfpwJ.

mwptpay; fs";rpak; jUk; tpsf;fk;

mog;gil/ ,aw;if/ r_f mwptpay; Jiwfspy; fhy
,ilbtspapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;lf; fl;lj;jpy; jpul;lg;gl;l KG mwptpd;

bjhFg;ng mwptpay;. ,~J bjhlh;e;J ,a';fp tsUk;; Kotw;w mwpjy;

epfH;ita[k; cs;slf;Fk;. mwpjy; ,aypd;go (Epistemologically)
mwptpaypd; ,e;j ,uz;L TWghLfSk; xd;nwhblhd;W rhh;g[
cz;ika[lDk;/ KGepiy cz;ika[lDk; bghUe;jpaitahFk;. xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jpuz;l mwptpd; bjhFg;g[/ epyt[fpd;w cyfk;
gw;wpa KGikahd cz;ikia nehf;fpr;bry;Yk; gazj;jpy; xU fQ
Kidna. ,J epyt[k; fhyj;Jr; rhh;g[epiyj; jd;ik tha;e;jjhfpwJ.
,a';fp tsUk; mwpjy; epfH;nth/ fhyj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l/ nkYk;

tsh;e;j KG mst[ epiyia nehf;fpr; bra;a[k; gazkhFk;. mwptpay;

Vw;fdnt bgw;w mwpit Kiwg;gLj;jp mjd; tuk;g[fis mikf;fpwJ.
,e;epiyapy; ,~J rhh;g[ cz;ikiar; Rl;Lk;. tuk;g[fis mikj;Jk;/

mJ nkYk; mwpantz;oa cz;ikfis mwpjw;fhd nghf;ifa[k;

mwptpf;fpwJ. ,J KGepiy mwpit nehf;fpa Kd;ndw;wj;ijr; Rl;Lk;.5
vdnt/ mwptpaypd; ,e;j ,U kog;gpay;g[ cs;Siwe;J KLf;Ffpd;w
epfH;thft[k; me;epfH;tpd; ntfkhft[k; mikfpwJ.

mog;gil Muha;r;rpapd; nehf;fk; mwptpay; fz;Lgpog;g[fns.

eilKiwapy; njitah ,y;iyah vd;gJ Kf;fpakd;W. mog;gilg;
g[jpa bra;jpfisg; bgWtnj ,jd; ,d;wpaikahj nehf;fk;. ,J
 94

cah;epiy tha;e;j Ez;ikahd gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;f bray;ghlhFk;.

,J beLehs; bjhlh;e;J epfGk; gilg;g[ epfH;thFk;. ,jDila gad;

epfH;jft[ ,ay;g[ilaJ. mog;gil Muha;r;rpapy; fz;Lgpog;gpd;

epfH;jfit xt;bthU fzj;jpYk; fzf;fpl;lhy; mJ kpfkpfr;
rpwpajhfnt ,Uf;Fk;. ,tw;wpd; cWjp mJ epfH;j;Jk; mwptpay;
mwp"hpd; g[fiHg; bghWj;nj Kjypy; ek;gg;gLfpwJ.6 xU g[jpa
bra;jpapidg; bgWtnj mwptpaypd; mog;gilahd xd;whFk;.

mwptpay; tsh;r;rp
mwptpay; tsh;r;rp ,Utpj tpLjiyg; nghf;Ffisf; bfhz;lJ.
mtw;wpy; xd;W mwptpaYf;Fs;nsna mika[k; ,ay;ghd tsh;r;rp;
kw;bwhd;W r_f tsh;r;rpahy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rp/
mwptpay; kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. kdpjd; r_fj;jpy; Xh;
cWg;gpdd;. kdpjd; r_fj;jpy; cWg;gpddha; ,Ug;gjhy; r_fj;jhy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhky; Kw;wpYk; tpLjiyahf ,a';FtJ mhpJ.
mwptpaypd; ,ay;g[ tsh;r;rpa[k;/ r_fk; rhh;e;j tsh;r;rpa[k;
xd;Wf;bfhd;W mwptpd; mikg;g[k; (System of knowledge), mwpjy;
epfH;t[k; (Cognition) ,ize;J miktnj xU';fpize;j mwptpay;
bray;ghL MFk;.7 mwptpay; vd;gJ ,uz;Ltpj bray;ghLfs;
bfhz;ljhf tps';Ffpd;wJ vd mwptpay; fiyf;fs";rpak; mwptpf;fpwJ.

gHe;jkpH; mwptpay; E]y;fs;

gHe;jkpHh; jk; mwptpay; czh;ita[k; bjhHpEl;gj; jpwida[k;
mwpa mth;fsJ ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz E]y;fSk;/ mtw;wpd; ciufSnk
bghpJk; cjt[fpd;wd. rpy fy;btl;Lr; rhd;WfSk; bjhy;bghUspay;
rhd;WfSk; Xnuhhplj;Jj; Jizg[hpjYk; cz;L. gPy rk;Apij/
ruRrk;Apij (fp.gp.100)/ tuhtu kpf;Auhpd; g;ufj;rk;Aj/ g";r
rpj;jhe;jpfh (fp.gp. 500)/ Mh;agl;lhpd; Mh;agl;Oa (fp.gp.600)/ khdrhu
(fp.gp. 6-7 Mk; E]w;whz;L)/ kAh tPur;rhh;ahtpd; fzpj rhu rk;Apij
(fp.gp.850)/ khdbrhy;yhr (fp.gp. 1131)/ ehuazhpd; fzpj bfsGkjp
 95

(fp.gp. 1350)/ RRUjrk;Apij/ tpJBha{h;ntj/ Ry;t Nj;jpuk; vd

tlbkhHpapy; fhzg;gLtJ nghy/ mwptpay; E]y;fs; jkpHpy; kpFjp
,y;iy. vdpDk;/ mfj;jpah; FHk;g[/ fzf;fjpfhuk;/ fg;gy; rhj;jpuk;/

runge;jpuh; itj;jpak;/ rpj;jpuh%lr;rpe;J/ nghfh; itj;jpak; 100 Kjyhd

mwptpay; ,ay;g[ila E]y;fs; rpy jkpHpy; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,it
midj;ija[k; Mjhukhff; bfhz;nl gz;ilaj; jkpHhpd; mwptpay;
bjhHpEl;gr; rpe;jidfis mwpaKoa[k;.8

gHe;jkpHhpd; mwptpay; rpe;jid tuyhw;iw rpe;JbtspapypUe;J

bjhl';FtJ jtwhfhJ. rpe;Jbtsp ehfhpfk; jkpHhpd; _jhijauhd
jpuhtplh;f;FhpaJ vd Vw;Wf;bfhz;lhy;/ me;j ehfhpfj;jpd;
gH";RtLfs; jkpHhplj;Jk; fhzg;gLk; vd vjph;g;ghh;g;gJ ,ay;ng.
mt;tifapy;/ bkhf";nrhjnuh/ Aug;gh ehfhpfj;jpd; rpwg;g[f;fshd efu
mikg;g[ Kiwia mth;fspd; bjhHpy;El;g mwpt[f;Fr; rhd;whff;
Twyhk;. fp.K. 2800fspy; rpe;Jbtsp ehfhpfj;jpy; ghjhsr; rhf;fila[ld;
Toa efu';fs; ,Ue;jd vd mwpa[k;nghJ me;jj; bjhy; bgUkf;fspd;
bjhHpy;El;g mwpit vz;zp tpaf;fhky; ,Uf;f KoahJ. br';fy;
Nisfs;/ ghid jahhpj;jy;/ brk;g[/ btz;fyf;fUtpfs;/ Kj;jpiufspy;
cUt';fs; gjpf;Fk; fiy vd;gdbty;yhk; mth;jk; mwptpay; -
bjhHpy;El;gr; bray;ghl;Lf;fhd rpwe;j Mjhu';fshFk;.9 gz;ila
kf;fs; mwptpay; mwpt[ila ehfhpf thH;f;ifia thH;e;Js;sdh; vd;gJ
g[ydhfpd;wd.

bkhbf";nrhjnuh/ Aug;ghtpYs;s nfhl;il mikg;g[k;/

bghpjhf mikf;fg;gl;l FsKk; ,d;Wk; tp";"hdpfis tpag;gpy;
MH;j;Jfpd;wd. mtw;iwf; fl;lg; gad;gl;l br';fy; mikg;g[g; gw;wpa
tptu';fis mth;fs; Fwpj;J itf;ftpy;iy vd;whYk; fp.K. 5-6 Mk;
E]w;whz;oy; vGjg;gl;l ‘Ry;t Nj;jpuk;’ vd;w tlbkhHp E]ypy;
fhzg;gLk; br';fy; bjhlh;ghd rpy bra;jpfs; rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fsplkpUe;J bgwg;gl;ljhfyhk; vdj; njtp gpurhj; rl;nlhghj;ahah
fUJfpwhh;. ahf';fs; bra;tjw;F gy;ntW cUt mikg;gpy;
 96

nts;tpg;gPl';fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;iwf; fl;lg;gad;gLk;

br';fy;ypd; mst[ Ry;tNj;jpuj;jpy; Twg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mst[ Kiwapd;
Kjd;ikahd rpe;jid rpe;Jbtsp kf;fsplkpUe;nj gpwe;jpUf;f
ntz;Lk;. nkYk; rk!;fpUjj;jpy; br';fy;iyf; Fwpf;fg; gad;gLk;
brhy;yhd ‘,\;lf’ (istaka) vd;gjw;F ,e;njh-MhpabkhHpapy; _yk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy; ,J jpuhtplr; brhy;yhf ,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd;fpw
fUj;njhL rl;nlhghj;ahah cld;gLfpwhh;. ‘,\;lf’ vd;Dk; brhy;
kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk; Mfpatw;wpy; ‘,\;of’ vdt[k; jkpHpy; ‘,l;oif’
vdt[k; tH';fg;gLfpwJ.10 ,jid/
,l;oif beL";Rth; tpl;lk; tPH;e;bjd11
vd;W mfehD]W Rl;LfpwJ. nkYk;/
ehl;gypkwe;j eiuf;fz; ,l;oif12
vd;Wk; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,l;oif vd;why; br';fy; vd;W bghUshFk;.
rpe;Jbtsp ehfhpfk; xU rpwe;j ntshz;ikg; bghUshjhuj;ij
ikakhff; bfhz;l Kd;ndw;w efu ehfhpfk; vd;nw mwpth;.

gHe;jkpHhpd; bjhHpy;fs;
gH';fhyj; jkpHh;fs; ntshz;ik cl;glg; gytifj;
bjhHpy;fspy; <Lgl;oUe;jdh; vd;gija[k;/ mtw;Wf;fhd bjhHpy;El;g
mwpt[ mth;fsplkpUe;jJ vd;gija[k; vGj;Jr;rhd;Wfs;/ bjhy;bghUs;
rhd;Wfs; _yk; mwpaKofpwJ. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpypUe;Jk; mjd;
ciuapypUe;Jk; bjspayhFk; bjhHpy; tiffs;: btz;fyk;/ brk;g[/
,Uk;g[/ j';fk;/ ,uj;jpdk; Kjypa cnyhf ntiy bra;nthh;; Xtpak;/

rpw;gk;/ ijay;/ ryit Kjypa bjhHpy;fspy; <Lgl;nlhh; Mth;.13

cnyhf';fisg; gad;gLj;j/ fiyawptpidf; bfhz;lth;fshfg;
gHe;jkpHh; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
gl;oDk; kaphpDk; gUj;jp E]ypDk;
fl;L Jz;tpidf; fhUfh; ,Uf;ifa[k;
......................
......................
f";rfhuUk; brk;g[ bra;FeUk;
 97

ku';bfhy; jr;rUk; fU';iff; bfhy;yUk;

fz;Qs; tpid"Uk; kz;zPl;lhsUk;
bghd;bra; bfhy;yUk; ed;fye;jUeUk;
Jd;dfhuUk; njhypd; Jd;dUk;
fpHpapYk; fpilapYk; bjhHpy;gy bgUf;fp14
‘f";rf;fhuh; - btz;fyf;fd;dhh;’/ brk;g[ bra;Feh; - brk;g[ bfhl;ofs;;
fz;Qs; tpid"h; - rpj;jpu';fhhpfs;/ kz;zPl;lhsh; - rpw;ghrhhpfs;/
md;wpr; Rijahy; ghita[s;spl;ld gz;Qthbud;Wkhk;; FatUk;
vd;g. ed;fye; jUeh; -,uj;jpdg; gzpj;jl;lhh;/ Jd;df;fhuh; - rpg;gpah;
(ijaw;fhuh; - c.nt.rh. Fwpg;g[); fpHp (rPiy)/ fpil (bel;o)
vd;gtw;why; g[l;gk;/ thlhkhiy/ bgha;f;bfhz;il Kjypa
cWg;gpw;Fe; bjhHpy;fis kpFj;Jf;fhl;o Fw;wkw;w ifj;bjhHpyhy;
ntWgl;l ,ay;ig cilnahh;; ,dp/ fpHpahy; goik/ glk;
Kjypat[k; fpilahy; tpy';F gwit g{/ g{';bfhj;J Kjypat[k;
mikg;nghUkhk; vd;Dk; moahh;f;F ey;yhh; ciua[k;/ <z;L
mwpaj;jf;fJ.15 rpyg;gjpfhuk; vGjg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j kf;fs;
gy;ntW bjhHpy;fisr; bra;J thH;e;Js;sdh; vd;gJ g[ydhfpd;wJ.

ntshz;ikj; bjhHpy;

‘cGthh; cyfj;jhh;f;F Mzp’ vd;gh; ts;Sth;. gHe;jkpH;r;

rKjhak; cHt[j; bjhHpYf;Ff; bfhLj;j rpwg;g[ ,jd; _yk;
bjspt[WfpwJ. r';fg; ghly;fspYk; Fws;/ gs;S Kjypa E]y;fspYk;
gHe;jkpH; kf;fspd; ntshz;ikj; bjhHpy; El;gk; gw;wpa bra;jpfs;
bghjpe;Js;sd. ‘ntshz;’/ ‘ntshz;ik’ vd;w brhw;fs; gHe;jkpH;
E]y;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf/
ntshz; vjpUk; tpUg;gpd; fz;Qk; (fst[.16)
vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpah; ‘ntshz;’ vd;w brhy;iy ‘tpUe;J’/ ‘cjtp’ vd;w
bghUspy; gad;gLj;Jtjpdpd;W mwpaKofpwJ.
ntshz; khe;jh;f;F cGJ]z; my;yJ
,y;byd bkhHpg gpwtif epfH;r;rp16
 98

vd;w ntshz;ik bra;a[k; ntshsh; cHt[j; bjhHpyd;wpg; gpwbjhHpy;

bra;ahh; vd;gjpdpd;W/ kdpjd; fz;Lgpoj;j Kjy; bjhHpYk;
Kjd;ikahd bjhHpYk; cHt[j; bjhHpny ahFk;. khdplh;f;F
Mjhukhf tps';FtJk; ntshz; bjhHpny vd;gJk; g[ydhfpd;wJ.

ntshz;ikf;Fs; ml';Fk; bjhHpy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLifapy;/

,d;W ntshz;ik bghJthf cHt[j; bjhHpiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J

,d;Dk; tphpt[ bgw;Wg; gaph;j;bjhHpy; bra;jy;/ fhy;eil tsh;j;jy;/

ghy;gz;iz itj;jy;/ kuk; tsh;j;jy;/ nfhHp tsh;j;jy;/ ML tsh;j;jy;
kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLk; xt;bthU gapiua[k; kw;Wk;
caph;fisa[k; tsh;j;jy; vdg; bghUs;gLfpwJ17 vd ,y.br.fe;jrhkp
TWfpwhh;. ntshz;ik vd;gJ xU Jiwahf tps';Ffpd;wJ. nkYk;/
kz;ghz;lj; bjhHpy;/ jr;Rj;bjhHpy;/ bert[j;bjhHpy;/ gl;Lj; jahhpj;jy;
nghd;w bjhHpy;fSk; cs;sd. g{ ntiyg;ghL bra;jy;/ ijaw;fiy/
f";rpg; girapLjy;/ njhy; bjhHpy;El;gk;/ fl;llj; bjhHpy;El;gk;
nghd;w bjhHpy;KiwfSk; r_fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.

mwptpaypd; cl;gphpt[fs;
,yf;fpa ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;L/ jkpHh; jk; mwptpay;

mwpit Xust[ mwpayhk;. fzpjk;/ thdpay;/ caphpay; (tpy';F/ gwit/

bro/ bfho) ,aw;gpay;/ ntjpapay; nghd;wd mwptpaypd;
cl;gphpt[fshf cs;sd.
‘mwptpaypd; murp fzpjk;’ vdr; brhy;YtJz;L. gHe;jkpHhpd;
fzpj mwpitj; bjhptpf;Fk; E]y;fshff;
fzpjr; RUf;fk;/ g";rh';f fztif/ M!;jhd nfhyhfyk;/
fzf;F E]y;/ fiz tpsf;fk;/ fzf;fjpfhuk;18
nghd;wd cs;sd. mwptpaypd; cl;gphpt[fspy; fzpjKk;
,lk;bgWfpd;wJ. fzpjk; Fwpj;J/
vz;bzd;g Vid vGj;bjd;g ,t;tpuz;Lk;
fz;bzd;g thGk; caph;f;F (Fws;.392)
vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.
 99

‘vz; vd;gJ fzpjk;’ mJ fUtpa[k;/ bra;ifa[k; vd

,Utifg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpid Vuk;gk; E]ypy; fhz;f vd;fpwhh;
ghpnkyHfh;. Vuk;gk; vd;w E]y; jw;bghGJ fpilg;gjhfj;
bjhpatpy;iy19 vd;W ,uhk.Re;juk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. fzpjk; Fwpj;j
ts;Sthpd; fUj;jpw;F mwp"h;fspd; tpsf;fj;jpdpd;W bjspa KofpwJ.

,yf;fpaj;jpy; fzpjk;
fzpj mwpt[ tzpfh;fSf;Fk;/ epyf;fpHhh;fSf;Fk;/
nrhjplh;fSf;Fk; kpft[k; njitg;gl;lJ. Geometry vd;gJ Tl epyj;ij
msf;fj; njitg;gl;l fzpj mwptpd; btspg;ghlhf cs;sJ. rpe;Jbtsp
kf;fspd; thH;f;if mikg;g[ Kiwapid nehf;Ffpd;w bghGJ
mth;fsplj;Jk; fzpj mwpt[ fhzg;gl;oUf;Fk; vdf; Twyhk;.

jkpHpd; Kjy; ,yf;fz E]yhd bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;/ mjd;

Mrphpauhd bjhy;fhg;gpah; cHf;F ehHp/ J]zp/ gjf;F (16 go)/ chp
Kjypa msitfisf; Fwpg;gpLtnjhL/ mtw;Wf;fhd g[zh;r;rp
tpjpfisa[k; rpwg;g[w XJthh;. 90/ 900 Kjypait (Fw;wpaYfug;
g[zhpay;) vt;thW Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gija[k; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.20 ,it
bjhy;fhg;gpahph; fhyj;jpd; msitfshff; bfhs;sg;bgWfpd;wd.

RHp/ Rd;dk;/ Ndpak;/ g{#;ak; vd ,d;W tH';fg;gLtijg;

ghpghlypy; (3) ‘ghH;’ vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wJ. xd;gJ vd;gijj;
‘bjhz;L’ vd kiygLflhKk;/ ‘bjhz;LgL jptt[’/ ‘Mbwd VbHd
vl;bldj; bjhz;bld’ vdg; ghpghlYk; (3) tH';Ffpd;wJ. ,t;thW
r';f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzyhFk; vz;fs; Fwpj;j bra;jpfis ,uhk Re;juk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.21

bey;kzpfis mstpLk; fUtpahff; bfhz;L msf;Fk;

myFfis tiuaWj;Js;sdh;. 8 bey;iy mfythf;fpy; beUf;fp
itj;njh 4 bey;iy ePs thl;lj;jpy; mLj;jLj;J itj;njh m';Fyj;ijf;
 100

fzf;fpl;Ls;sdh;. 8 bey; vd;gJ xU m';FykhFk;. xU m';Fyk; vd;gJ

xU tpuyhFk;.22

fhg;gpa Mrphpah; ,s';nfhtofs; mu';fpd; mikg;g[g; gw;wp/

g[z;zpa beLtiug; nghfpw beL';fiHf;
fz;zpil bahUrhz; tsh;e;jJ bfhz;L
E]bdwp kugpd; mu';fk; msf;F';
nfhys tpUgj;J ehy;tpu yhf
vGnfh yfyj; bjz;nfhy; ePsj;J
xUnfhy; cauj;J cWg;gpd jhfp
cj;jug; gyifnahL mu';fpd; gyif
itj;j ,ilepyk; ehw;nfh yhf
Vw;w thap ypuz;Lld; bghypaj;
njhd;wpa mu';F ......23
vd;W rpy mst[ Kiwfis mu';fikf;ff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

_';fpypw; fz;bzhL fz;zpil mst[ xU rhz; ,Uf;Fk;.

mt;thW ,Uf;Fk; _';fpy; nfhiy vLj;J/ mjpy; cj;jkd;
ifg;bgUtpuy; 24 bfhz;l mst[f;F eWf;fp vLf;f ntz;Lk;. mjidna
mu';fk; msf;Fk; nfhyhff; bfhs;sntz;Lk;. 24 iftpuy; xU
KHkhFk;. xU rhz; vd;gJ 12 if tpuy;. 2 rhz; xU KHk;. “xj;j mQ
Kjy; cah;e;J tUk; fzf;fpy;/ cj;jkd; bgUtpuy; ,Ugj;J ehY
bfhz;lJ nfhy; vdf; nfhy; Fwpg;g[zh;e;j jz;lhf;nfs;tpj; jiyth;
fpsh;e;jdh;.”24 nkny brhy;yg;gl;l rpyg;gjpfhug; ghlYf;F mUk;gj
ciuapy; ,t;thW tpsf;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

thdpay;
nfhs;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;f';fns thdpay; MFk;. thdpy; ,a';Fk;
nfhs;fs; gw;wpa mwpt[ ntshz;ikj; bjhHpYf;F kpft[k;
njitg;gl;lJ. gUtkiH bga;a[k; fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gJ
Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j thdpay; mwpt[ fzpjj;Jld;
 101

bjhlh;g[ilajhft[k; cs;sJ. ehsiltpy; nfhs;fspd; ,af;fk; kdpj

thH;tpd; ed;ik jPikfnshL bjhlh;g[gLj;jg;gl;Lr;
nrhjplf;fiyahft[k; khwpaJ. cyfk; cUz;il/ g{kp Nhpaidr;
Rw;WfpwJ/ Nhpad; jd;idj; jhnd Rw;WfpwJ vd;fpd;w thdpay;
bra;jpfs; fpilf;Fk; tiu/ VG Fjpiu g{l;oa njhpy; Nhpad; gtdp
tUtjhft[k;/ g{kp jl;ilahf cs;sJ vd;Wk; fUjg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.
,d;W gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mwptpay; fUtpfs; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j

r';fg; g[yth;fs; jk; ghly;fspy; thdpay; gw;wpa bra;jpfisg;

ghoa[s;sik tpag;g[f;Fhpanj. mtw;iw ,dpf; fhzyhk;.
cyfk; ctg;g tyndh;g[ jphpjUk;
gyh;g[fH; "hapW25
vd;ghh; ef;fPuh;. MapDk; "hapW/ jp';fs;/ tpz;kPd;fs;/ gy;tif uhrpfs;
gw;wpa mwpt[ jkpHh;fSf;F ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ehs;kPd;/ nfhs;kPd; gw;wpa
xU Fwpg;g[g; gl;odg;ghiyapy;/
ePdpw tpRk;gpd; tyndh;g[/ jphpjU
ehz;kPd; tpuha nfhz;kPd; nghy
kyh;jiy kd;wj;J. . . . . . .
nkHfj;jfbuhL rpty; tpisahl26
,aw;if xspia cilaJ ehs;kPd; (Planet) mtw;wpd; xspiaf; bfhz;L

tps';Ftd nfhs;kPd; (Satellite) vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

g[wehD]w;wpy;/
bts;sp njhd;wg; g[s;Sf;Fuypak;gg;
g[yhp tpoay;27
bts;spahfpa tpz;kPd; thdj;nj njhd;wt[k;/ g[s;spd';fs; vGe;J
xypf;ft[k; ,ut[g; bghGJ g[yUfpwJ vd;gij mwpaKofpwJ.
thdj;jpy; nfhs;fs;/ kPd;fs; Fwpj;j bra;jpfs; r';f ,yf;fpa';fspy;
fhzg;gLtjpdpd;W r';fg;g[yth;fspd; kjptsKk; El;gKk;
mwpaKofpwJ.
 102

,aw;gpay;
cyfk; Ik;bgUk; g{j';fshy; MfpaJ vd;fpw fUj;njhl;lk; cz;L.
tl ,e;jpahtpy; bghUs; Kjy;thjf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;j
nyhfha;jthjpfSk;/ rh';fpa kjj;jpdUk;/ rkz/ bgsj;j kjj;jpdUk;
cyfj;jpd; njhw;wk; ,aw;if epfH;t[ vd;nw fUjpdh;. mQtpd; jpuns
cyfj; njhw;wk; vd;fpw nfhl;ghLk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
kz;jpzpe;j epyDk;
epynde;jpa tpRk;g[k;
tpRk;g[ ijtU tspa[k;
tspj;jiy ,a jPa[k;
jP Kuzpa ePUk; vd;wh';F
Ik;bgUk;g{jj;J ,aw;ifnghy28
vd;w g[wehD]w;W/
mQr;brwpe;j epyDk;/ me;epyj;jpd; X';fpa MfhaKk;
mt;thfhaj;ijj; jltp tUk; fhw;Wk;/ mf;fhw;wpd;fz; jiyg;gl;l
jPa[k;/ mj;jPnahL khWg;gl;l ePUk; Itifg;gl;l bghpa g{jj;jpdJ
jd;iknghy29
vd;W giHa ciu mikfpwJ vd;fpwhh; ,uhk.Re;juk;. mw;iwaj; jkpHh;
,aw;gpay; fw;wpUe;jhh; vd thjplj; njitapy;iy vd;gij nkny

Fwpg;gpl;l ghly; fhl;LfpwJ.

bjhy;fhg;gpak;
bjhy;fhg;gpa kugpaypy; Ik;g{j';fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jg;;
gjpthfpa[s;sJ.
epyk; ePh; tsp tpRk;nghL Ie;Jk;
fye;j kaf;fk; cyfkhjypd;30
epyk;/ ePh;/ jP/ fhw;W/ Mfhak; vd;Dk; Ik;bgUk; g{jKk; fye;j fyitna
cyfk; MFk;.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; mQ
mQf; Fwpj;j bra;jpapidr; rpyg;gjpfhuk; gpd;tUkhW Rl;LfpwJ
 103

mQ vl;Lf;bfhz;lJ njh;j;Jfs;
njh;j;Jfs; vl;Lf;bfhz;lJ ,k;kp
,k;kp vl;Lf;bfhz;lJ vs;S
vs;S vl;Lf;bfhz;lJ bey;Y
bey;Y vl;Lf;bfhz;lJ bgUtpuy;31
njh;j;Jfs; mst[Kjy; bgUtpuy; mst[ tiu mQtpd; mst[
epiyapidr; rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;LfpwJ.

ed;D]yhh; “mQj;jpus; xyp vd;fpwhh;.” mQtpd; Tl;lnk

xypahFk; vd;w fUj;Jk; cs;sJ. mQf; nfhl;ghL fpnuf;f ehl;oYk;
xUfhyj;jpy; kpft[k; gpugykhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j mQitj; jw;fhy
mwptpay; ‘epa{l;uhd;’ vd;gjndhL xg;gpl;Lg; ngRtJk; cz;L32 vd;w
ngh!pd; fUj;jpid ,uhk.Re;juk; vLj;jhs;fpwhh;. xsitahh;/
“mQitj; Jisj;J VH;fly; g[fl;o” vd;w bjhlhpypUe;J mQ vd;w
brhy;iyf; ifahz;oUg;gJ g[ydhfpd;wJ. mQ vd;w brhy;ypid
,s';nfhtofSk;/ xsitahh; vd;Dk; bgz;ghw; g[ytUk;/
ed;D]yhUk; vLj;Jiug;gjpd;tHp mwpaKofpd;wJ.

ntjpapay;
gjpbdl;lhk; E]w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; ntjpapay; vd;gJ jdp
xU mwptpay; Jiwahf Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ ntjpapay;Jiw gy;ntW
gH';fhyj; bjhHpy;fnshL rk;ge;jg;gl;Lj; bjhd;Wbjhl;nl ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ. Kiwahd nrhjidfSk;/ nfhl;ghLfSk; Kd;ndhh;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk; bfhy;yh;fSk;/ Fath;fSk;/ fs;
jahhpg;nghUk;/ fz;zhog; bghUs; bra;njhUk;/ rhak; fha;r;rpnahUk;/
bghUs;fspd; ntjpapay; gz;ig mwpe;J jpwk;gl mtw;iwj; jk;
bjhHpYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. fs; toj;jy;/ g[spg;ngw;wy; Kjypait
gH';fhy ntjpapaYf;Fr; rhd;whfpa xU gFjpahFk;33 vd ,uhk.Re;juk;
ntjpapaypd; bjhlf;ff; fhyepiyapidg; glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.

r';f ,yf;fpa tPuh;fSk; kf;fSk; “njl;fLg;gd;d ehl;gL njwy;”

vd;Dk; gH';fs;spid cz;L fspj;jdh;. ,Uk;igf; fha;r;rpdh;;
 104

bghd;id cUf;fpdh;; kz;izf; FiHj;jdh;; fz;zhog;

bghUs;fisa[k; jahhpj;jdh;. Xtpa';fs; jPl;l tz;zf;fyit fz;ldh;.
vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; rpfukhfr; rpj;jh;fspd; ,urthjk; (Alchemy) mikfpwJ.
<ak;/ jfuk;/ brk;g[ Kjypatw;iw bts;spahfnth/ bghd;dhfnth
khw;Wfpd;wdh;. fhafy;gk; (eliser) vd;gijj; jahhpj;jypy; ,U Kiwfs;
cz;L vd;wdh;. ,tw;Ws; xd;W ju';Fiwe;j cnyhfj;ijj; juk; cah;e;j
cnyhfkhf khw;WtJ; kw;wJ KJikia ,sikahf khw;WtJ/
,jw;bfdr; rpy ufrpa Kiwfisf; ifahz;ldh;. ,jw;bfdr; rpy
nrhjidf; Tl';fisa[k; (urrhyh) itj;jpUe;jdh;. rpj;jh;fsJ
,urthjj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk;bgWk; bghUs; ‘_t[g;g[’ vd;gjhFk;. ,J

_d;W cg;g[fspd; fyit MFk;. mit g{ePh; (fhh;nghndl; fyit)/

fy;Yg;g[ (ghiw cg;g[)/ mz;lf;fy; (fhy;rpak; fhh;nghndl;);34 vd
,uhk.Re;juk; czh;j;Jfpwhh;. xt;bthU bray;fspYk; ntjpay;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ. xU bghUis cUthf;Ftjw;F ntjpay; Kiw kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.

ntjpay; khw;wj;jpy; btotiffSk; ml';Ffpd;wJ. ,d;W

gl;lhR/ btotiffSf;Fg; bgah; bgw;W tps';FtJ rptfhrp MFk;.
,ilf;fhyj;nj njhd;wpa E]y;fshd ghzrh!;jpuk;/ nghfh; Nj;jpuk;
bto bra;a[k; tiff; Fwpj;Jr; brhy;Yfpd;wd35 vd ,uhk.Re;juk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ntjpaypd; bray;ghLfis mstpl;Lf; Tw ,ayhJ.
mtw;wpd; bray;fs; kpFjpahd mstpy; cUthfpa[s;sd vd;w fUj;Jg;
g[ydhfpwJ.

caphpay;
mwptpaypd; Xh; cl;gphpt[ caphpay; Jiw. jhtu';fSk;/
tpy';FfSk; ,t;tpaYf;Fs; ml';Fk;. bjhy;fhg;gpah;/ caph;fis
MWtifahf mtw;wpd; g[yDzh;t[ mog;gilapy;/
xd;wwptJnt cw;wwptJnt
,uz;lwptJnt mjbdhL ehnt
_d;wwptJnt mtw;bwhL _f;nf
 105

ehd;fwptJnt mtw;bwhL fz;nz

Ie;jwptJnt mtw;bwhL brtpna
MwwptJnt mtw;bwhL kdnd
nehpjpd; czh;e;njhh; bewpg;gLj;jpdnu36
vdg; g[y;Yk;/ kuKk; cw;wwpt[ilaJ. ee;Jk;/ KuSk;/ cw;wwpt[/
Rita[ilaJ. rpjYk;/ vWk;g[k; cw;wwpt[/ Rit/ Kfh;jYilaJ.
b"z;Lk;/ Jk;gpa[k; cw;wwpt[/ Rit/ Kfh;jy;/ fhl;rpa[ilaJ. kht[k;/
khf;fSk; cw;wwpt[/ Rit/ Kfh;jy;/ fhl;rp/ nfl;lYilaJ. kf;fs;
cw;wwpt[/ Rit/ Kfh;jy;/ fhl;rp/ nfl;ly; kdk; gilj;jth;fs; vd;W
gFj;jha;e;J tifg;gLj;jpa[s;shh;.

Rw;Wr;NHy;
gHe;;jkpHh; jhk; thGk; gFjpapy; khR Vw;glhJ J]a;ikahf
,Uf;fntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ftdk; brYj;jpa[s;sdh;. mtw;wpidg;
gpd;tUk; gl;odg;ghiy mofs; czh;j;JtjhtJ/
fhh;f; fUk;gpd; fkH; Miyj;
jpfH; bjWtpw; ftpd; tho
ePh;r; brWtpy; bea;jw; g{r;rhk;g[k;37
vd;W fUk;ghiyf;F mUfpYs;s bea;jw; g{f;fs; thog;nghtijf; fz;L
kf;fs; kdkpu';Ffpd;wdh;. Rw;Wr;NHiy ngzpf; fhg;gth;fshf
tps';fpdh; vd;w fUj;Jg; bgwg;gLfpd;wJ.
mwk; epiy,a mfd; ml;oy;
nrhW thf;fpa bfhG'; f";rp
ahW nghyg; gue;J xGfp/
VW bghur; nrwhfp
njh; Xlj; Jfs; bfGkp
ePW Moa fspW nghy
ntW gl;l tpid Xtj;J
btz;nfhapy; khR Cl;Lk;38
nrhw;iw tof;Fk;nghJ/ xGFk; tskhd f";rp/ MWnghy v';Fk; gutp
XLfpwJ. mjid cz;z tUk; fhisfs;/ jk;Ks; nkhjpf;bfhs;tjhy;/
mf;f";rp/ nrwhf khWfpwJ. gy njh;fs; mt;tHpna bry;Ytjhy;/
 106

mf;f";rpapd; nrW fha;e;J Jfshfg; gut[k;. mf;f";rpapd; Jfs;/

ntWg;gl;l bjhHpy; jpwKila Xtpa';fs; jPl;lg;gl;l btz;zpw
khl';fspd; nky; gofpd;wd. mk;khl';fs;/ g[Gjpiaj; jd;nky; g{rpf;
bfhz;l ahid nghyf; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wJ. ,g;ghly; r';ffhyj;jpYk;
Rw;Wg;g[wk; khrile;j epiyapid czh;j;JfpwJ.

mWit kUj;Jtk;
mwptpaYf;Fs; ,d;Wk; ntfkhf tsh;e;J tUtJ
kUj;Jtj;JiwahFk;. kUj;Jt Kiwfs; r';ffhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Js;sd.
mtw;iw r';f E]yhd gjpw;Wg;gj;J/
kPd;njh; bfhl;gpd; gdpf;fak; _H;fpr;
rpuy; bgah;e;jd;d beLts;qrp
beLtrp gue;j tLthH; khh;g[39
vd;W kPd; gpof;Fk; rpr;rpypg; gwit jd; myiff;fPH; ehl;of;bfhz;L
ePh;f;Fs; gha;e;J _H;fp kiwe;J myif nky;nehf;fp epWj;jp
btspnaWtJ/ tPuh; khh;gpy; fpHpe;j g[z;izj; ijf;Fk; Crpnghy;
cs;sJ. tPuh;f;F Vw;gl;l g[z;fis Crp itj;Jj; ijf;Fk; Kiwapid
,g;ghly;fs; czh;j;JfpwJ.

njs; bfhl;odhy; ,Lk; kUe;ij ‘,Lnjs; kUe;J’ vdf;

fypj;bjhif (110) TWfpwJ. FWe;bjhif (85) <dpy; (kfg;ngwpy;yk;)
gw;wpg; ngRfpwJ. ,t;thW bjhlf;ff; fhy epiyapypUe;J/ ed;F
tsh;r;rpg;bgw;W mwptpaypy; kpfg; bghpa ,lj;ij ,d;W kUj;Jtk;
tfpf;fpd;wJ.

kdpjdpd; tsh;r;rpna mwptpay;

mwptpaypd; epiy Fwpj;J K.t. gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jj;
bjhptpj;Js;shh;. kdpjd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; tpy';F nghy; Fifapy;
thH;e;jhd;. gpwnf kiyapYk; fhl;oYk; ku';fshy; Foirfl;o thHf;
fw;Wf;bfhz;lhd;. czt[g; bghUisj;njo ehisf;F vd;W nrh;j;J
itf;ft[k;/ kiHf;Fk;/ gdpf;Fk; jg;g[khW ghJfhg;g[j; njof;bfhs;st[k;
 107

fw;Wf;bfhz;lhd;. kdpjdpd; mwpt[ epiy bky;ybky;y tsuj;

bjhl';fpaJ. fha;fs; Kjypatw;iwg; gr;irahfj; jpd;w epiy khwp/
jPapy; ,l;Lr; Rl;Lj; jpd;df; fw;Wf;bfhz;lhd;. me;j epiyapypUe;J
rikf;f mwpe;jtd; Mdhd;. kdpjd; Kjy; Kjypy; fw;w epiyia
mwptpay; (rapd;!;) vdyhk;. mt;thW rikj;J cz;l gpwF/
kfpH;r;rpahy; Tog;gho ModJjhd; kdpjd; gapd;w Kjy; fiy vdyhk;.
Fifapy; tpy';Fnghy; thH;e;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;/ mwpt[
tsh;r;rpapd; njit Vw;gl;oUf;fhJ. Foir fl;lt[k;/ rikf;ft[k; mwpe;j
fhuzj;jhy;jhd;/ tpy';iftpl cah;e;jtd; Mdhd;; gog;goahf
mwpita[k;/ fiyfisa[k; tsh;j;Jf; bfhs;Sk; tha;g;iga[k;
bgw;Ws;shd;.40 gH';fhyj;J kdpjd; Foirfl;oj; j';fpaJk; rikj;J
cz;ljpYk; mwptpaypd; tpj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. kdpjdpd; thH;tpy; Vw;gl;l
xt;bthU fz;Lgpog;g[fSk; mwptpay; tsh;r;rpahff; bfhs;sg;
bgWfpd;wJ.

mwptpay; Kd;ndw;wKk;/ FiwghLk;

fle;j ,UE]W Mz;Lfspy; mwptpay; vd;w jj;Jtk; gy
Jiwfshf tsuj; bjhl';fpaJ. rpwe;j bjhHpy; El;g';fs; bgUfpd.
mr;Rj;bjhHpy;/ fy;tp/ xGf;fk; Mfpait bjhHpy; tsug; bghpJk;
cjtpd. xGf;ff;nfL tsut[k; cjtp bra;jJ. bjhiyf;fhl;rp/ thbdhyp
nghd;w Clf';fs;/ cyf kf;fspd; ew;fUj;Jk; jPa fUj;Jk; tpiutpy;
kf;fsplk; te;Jnru cjtpaJ. nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjd';fshd tpkhdk;;/
fg;gy;/ ,uapy; nghd;wd/ ey;y kf;fSk;/ jPa kf;fSk; beU';fpg;gHf
cjt[fpwJ. may;ehl;lthpd; ey;yit/ bfl;lit mwpat[k;
tHpf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,ay;ghf tpy';fpay;g[ bfhz;l kDf;Fyk; tpiutpny
kpUfg; gz;g[fisr; bray;fisf; fw;Wf;bfhs;Sk;. ,t;t[yfpy; ey;yit
fw;gJ fodk;/ ,jw;Ff; fy;tpa[k;/ fodg; gapw;rpa[k; kw;Wk; kdcWjpa[k;
mspf;fntz;Lk;41 vd r.nj.gPl;lh; typa[Wj;Jfpwhh;. ed;ikf;fhff;
fz;Lgpoj;j mwptpay; jPa tpist[fisa[k; kf;fsplk; tpijf;fpwJ vd;w
fUj;jpid mwpe;J bfhs;sKofpwJ. bghJthf ed;ikahd
 108

fUj;Jf;fistpl jPikahd fUj;Jf;fs; kpf tpiuthf kdpjDf;Fs;

EiHe;JtpLtJk; cz;L.

th.br.FHe;ijrhkpapd; mwptpay; fUj;Jf;fs;

mwptpay; mwp"uhfj; jpfGk; th.br.F. mwptpay; fUj;Jf;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. kw;w caphpd';fnshL xg;gpl;L khdplhpd; rpwg;igf;
TwpdhYk; vy;yh caphpd';fisa[k;tpl cah;e;jtd; mk;kdpjd;;.
kdpjdpd; Mw;wiy/
caph; tiffs; midj;jpYk;/ kdpjd; kl;Lnk fUtpfisg;
gilf;Fk; Mw;wy; cs;std; vd;whh; My;~g;bul; thy!; (Alfred

Wallace). mf;Tw;wpd;go ghh;j;jhy;/ Vwj;jhH 8000 Mz;Lfl;F

my;yJ mjw;F Kd;g[/ Ch;g;bgah; bjhpahj xU nkij fyg;igiaf;
fz;Lgpoj;Js;shd;. ,tw;wpd; mog;gilapy; cUthdJjhd;
ntshz;ik ehfhpfk;42
vd;W gHe;jkpHh; ntshz; fUtpapidf; fz;Lgpoj;j Mw;wiy th.br.F.
rpwg;gpj;Jf; TWfpd;whh;. ,e;j ntshz;ik ehfhpfnk rpe;jidia
nkk;gLj;jr; bra;jJ. ,jd; _ykhfnt kdpj Mw;wy;/ tsh;r;rpg; bgwj;
bjhl';fpaJ.

tsk; epiwe;j efu';fs;/ thdsht[k; khspiffs;/ bghd;Dk;

kzpa[k; bghypa[k; bry;t';fs;/ fly; fle;j tzpfk; nghd;w gy
rpwg;g[f;fs; bgw;wJ ntshz;ik a[fk;. ntshz;ik a[ff; fhyj;jpy;
tpid bra;tjw;fhd rf;jp (Energy) kdpjdpd; cly; typikapypUe;Jk;/
tpy';Ffspd; cly; typikapypUe;Jnk bgwg;gl;ld. ntshz;ik
ehfhpfj;jpy; kdpjd; ePh;/ epyk; ,U ts';fis kl;Lnk gad;gLj;j
Koe;jJ. gjpbdl;lhk; E]w;whz;oy; xU kfj;jhd khw;wk; Vw;gl;L.
ePuhtpg; bghwp (Stream Engine) fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;lJ.43 kdpj Mw;wyhy;
tpidfisr; bra;aj;bjhl';fpdh;. kdpj rf;jpf;Fg; gpwF epyf;fhpapypUe;J
rf;jpia bgw Koa[k; vd;w epiy cUthdJ. mjidj; bjhlh;e;J 18/ 19
Mk; E]w;whz;Lf; fhyg;gFjpfspy; ,ae;jpu Mw;wy; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;L/
ehbshU nkdpa[k;/ bghGbjhU tz;zKkhf mt;tsh;r;rp
 109

Kd;ndwpaJ. ,ae;jpu tsh;r;rpia th.br.F. fUtp tsh;r;rp vd;W

TWfpwhh;.

Ma;t[ tsh;r;rp gw;wpa[k; th.br.F. TWfpd;whh;. fUtp tsh;r;rpapy;

xd;whff; fUjg;gLtJ jh;f;f KiwahFk;. gjpdhwhk; E]w;whz;od;
,Wjp tiu jh;f;f Kiwjhd; cz;ikiaf; fhzg; gad;gLk; fUtpahf

,Ue;jJ. ‘mwptpaw; fiyfspd; murp’ vd;W fUjg;gLk; fzpjj; Jiw

KGtJnk jh;f;f hPjpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.

Ma;t[ Kiwfspy; xU kfj;jhd khWjiy cUthf;fpath;

fypypnah (Galeileo). cz;ik vd ek;g[k; gy fUj;Jf;fs;/ rpj;jhe;j';fs;
,aw;if epfH;t[fnshL xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;f;fg;gl ntz;Lk;. nrhjidapd;

tpist[fs; Kot[fnshL/ bfhs;iffnshL xg;gplg;gl ntz;Lk;.

xj;jpUe;jhy; bfhs;iffs; rhpahdit; mt;thW xj;jpuhtpoy;/
ek;gpf;iffs;/ bfhs;iffs; nrhjidfspd; Kot[fl;F Vw;g khw;wg;gl
ntz;Lk;. ,g;gog;gl;l mQFKiwia vz;zp/ gy nrhjid bra;a[k;
mwptpay; Kiwia cyFf;fspj;jth; fypypnah Mthh;44 vd th.br.F.
bgUkpjk; bfhs;fpwhh;. g[jpa fUj;jpid Ma;t[ Kiwapy; nrhjidf;F
Mshf;FtJk;/ rhpghh;g;gJk; rpwg;g[ mk;rkhFk;. ,aw;gpay;/ ntjpapay;
nghd;w mwpt[j;Jiwfs; ,e;j Kiwapd; gadhf tsh;e;jitnaahFk;.
kUj;Jtk;/ bghwpapay;/ ntshz;ik nghd;w JiwfSk; nrhjid
Kiwapd; Jizf; bfhz;L tsh;e;jitahFk;.

mwptpay; mwpt[ ntW. mwptpay; ghh;it ntW. mwptpay;

Jiwapdh; midtUnk mwptpay; ghh;it bfhz;lth;fsy;yh;.
mj;Jiwapy; <LghL bfhs;shjth;fs; my;yJ mjpy; MH;e;j g[yik
,y;yhjth;fs; midtUnk mwptpay; mQFKiw
,y;yhjth;fSky;yh;45 vd th.br.F.Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

tuyhW bjhpe;j ehs; Kjyhf/ kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpapy;/

ghijapy; vLj;J itf;fg;gl;l xt;nthh; moa[k; mwptpay; mQFKiw/
mwptpay; ghh;itapd; Jizahy; mike;jjhFk;.
 110

thH;tpy; trjpfs;/ ts';fisg; bgUf;Fjy;;; tWikia xHpf;f

tHptFj;jy;; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; thl;l';fisf; Fiwj;jy;; gpzpfisj;
jPh;j;jy;; my;yJ mtw;why; tpisa[k; cly; Jd;g';fspypUe;J tpLtpj;jy;
,d;Dk; gy vz;zw;w rhjidfisf; bfhz;l xU beoa gl;oay;

mwptpay; mQFKiwapd; tpist[fshFk;. ,e;j mQF KiwahdJ

gjpbdl;lhk; E]w;whz;oy; bjhHpy; a[fj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jJk;/ ,Ugjhk;
E]w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; fy;tp a[fj;ijf; fz;lJk; mwptpay;
ghh;itnaahFk;46 vd th.br.F. tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

mwptpay; Jiwapy; jkpHh;f;Fj; jpwik ,Ug;gpDk;/ mwptpay;

kdg;ghd;ik gutyhf cUthftpy;iy. jkpH;g; gz;ghl;oYk;/
ghuk;ghpaj;jpYk;/ mwptpay; ghh;it/ mwptpay; mQFKiw
,aw;ifahd xU TWghlhf ,lk;bgwtpy;iy. kf;fspd; ghh;itapy;

khw;w';fs; ntz;Lk;. jkpH;g; gz;ghl;oy; mwptpay; TWghLfs;

,lk;bgw ntz;Lk;. Kjph;e;j bjspnthLk;/ Kiwahd tHpnahLk;

,e;j kWkyh;r;rpia khw;wj;ij cUthf;Fgth;fs; jhd; tU';fhyj;jpw;F

tHpfhl;oath;fshthh;fs;47 vd th.br.F. fUj;Jj; bjhptpf;fpd;whh;.

mwptpay; rpe;jidfs;
mwptpay; tsh;r;rp
mwptpay; cyfj;jpy; thH;e;J bfhz;oUf;fpd;w epiyapy;/
mwptpay; ve;j mst[f;F tsh;r;rp fz;Ls;sJ vd;gij mstpl ,ayhJ
vd/
mwptpay; bjhHpy; El;gj;jpd;
Mw;wYf; fsnt apy;iy (F.f./ g.488)
mwptpay; bjhHpy; El;gj;jpd; Mw;wYf;F mst[ vd;gnj ,y;iy
vd;fpwhh; ftp"h;. mwptpaypd; Mw;wiyg; nghw;Wfpd;whh;.

mwptpany ntjk;
kdpjid bewpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd neh;rhh; tHpfis
mikj;jitna ntj';fs;. mwptpaiy kf;fspd; ntjk; vdf; Twp/
 111

"hyj;jpy; ,d;Wtiu
ehk;fz;l btw;wp bay;yhk;/

ahh;je;j bfhil? ,ut[

ehbsd;W ghuhky;
eLepd;W/ cz;ik njo/

thd;bfhz;l mwptpay;
kdepiy; mJ ekJ
kiwbad;W bfhz;l itak; (F.f./ g.183)
cyfj;jpy; mile;Js;s btw;wpbay;yhk; mwptpay; fz;Lgpog;g[f;fshy;
cUthdjhFk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

khw;wk; jUk; fUtp mwptpay;

giHikapypUe;J khw;wk; fz;L g[Jikia ehoa[s;nshk;.
g[Jikf;fhd fUtp vJbtdpy; mwptpay; MFk;. mwptpay; bjhHpy;
El;gj;jpw;bfd tHpKiwfis kdpjd; tFj;Js;shd; vd;gij/
. . . . . . . . . . . . .,';F
bjhd;Wbjhl; oUe;J te;j
tHpKiw khw;W fpd;w
typiknrh; fUtp ahd
mwptpay;/ mjdpd; te;j
Mw;wy;nrh; bjhHpy;El;gj;jpd;
bewpKiw tFj;jhd; (F.f./ g.484)
vdg; ghLfpd;whh;. nkYk; ,t;t[yfk; MjpapypUe;J gy khw;w';fisf;
fz;Ls;sJ. mtw;iwna ehfhpfk; vdf; TWifapy;/
ghh; tsh;e;J/ mwptpaypd;
ghij fz;L
gy;Jiwa[k; g[JKiwfs;
gilj;J ehSk;

fhh; tsh;e;j fHdpbad

ts';fs; nfho/ (F.f./ g.70)
 112

vdg; ghLfpd;whh; ftp"h;. cyfj;jpd; tsh;r;rp mwptpaypd;

tsh;r;rpahFk;. ehSk; g[JKiwfs; cUthf;fg;bgw;W/ brGik
fz;Ls;nshk; vdg; bgUika[ld; TWtJld;/
. . . . . . . . . . . . .mwptpay;
jUk;bghUs; midj;Jk; jfbthLk; KiwbahLk;/
bgWk;tHp KGika[k; bgWFtk;; .... (F.f./ g.285)
mwptpay; jUk; bghUs;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; jft[fs; cz;L. KiwbahL
midj;ija[k; bgw;Ws;nshk;. mwptpaypy; jft[fs; ,y;yhky; vija[k;
TwptplKoahJ vd;W tiuaW TWfpwhh;.

mwptpay; cyfk; tsUfpwJ

mwptpay; rhjd';fs; ,y;yhky; kdpjdhy; thH ,ayhJ vd;W
vz;Qk; mst[f;F mwptpay; tpisj;jr; rhjd';fis kpFjpahfg;
gad;gLj;Jgth;fshf kdpjh;fs; khwpf;bfhz;oUf;fpd;wdh;. mtuth;
bghUshjhuj;Jf;F Vw;g mwptpay; fUtpfis th';Fgth;fshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. mtw;wpd; ntfj;jpidg; gpd;tUkhW ghLfpd;whh;.
mwptpay; cyfk; tphpfpwJ - epjk;
mJbrYk; ntfk; kpFfpwJ.

bghwpapay; fUtpfs; rikfpd;wd - epjk;

g[Jikfs;/ g[Jikfs; g[yh;fpd;wd. (F.f./ g.362)
mwptpay; cyfk; ehSf;F ehs; tsh;e;J tphpe;Jr; bry;fpwJ. bghwpapay;
fUtpfs; cUthfpd;wd. epjk; mjd; g[Jikfs; gpwe;J bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd.
mwptpaypd; msg;gwpa tsh;r;rpiaf; Twpath;/
me;epa bkhHpf;Fyk; Kd;elf;Fk; - g[J
mwptpd; Jiwfis tHpelj;Jk; (F.f./ g.362)
g[jpa mwptpay; Jiwfs; cyifna tHpelj;Jfpd;wd. ,d;iwa cyfk;
mwptpay; cyfkhf tps';Ffpd;wJ vd;w fUj;jpidr; Rl;of;
fhl;Lfpd;whh; ftp"h;.
 113

mwptpay; gilg;g[fs;
,d;iwa cyfk; mwptpay; Jiwapdhy; Vuhskhd gilg;g[fisf;

fz;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpidna ftp"Uk; vLj;Jf; Tw tpiHfpd;whh;.

mwptpay; vd;gJ fiyahFk;. fz;Lgpog;ghsh;f;F nrhh;t[ vd;gJ
fpilahJ. czit kwe;Jk; ciHg;gth;fs; cz;L. iul; rnfhjuh;fs;
ciHg;gpdhy; thd Ch;jpia cUthf;fpdh;. xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf
mwptpaypd; gad;fs; kpFjpahfp tUfpd;wd vd;gij/
mwptp aw;fiy aht[k; gilj;jJk;/
mah;jy; cz;zy; kwe;j'; FiHj;jJk;/
bghwpap aw;fiy Ch;jp rikj;jJk;/
g[w';fs; ClWj; bj';Fk; gwe;jpLk;
bewpK ad;wJk;/ xd;Wgpd; xd;bwd
epiwe;j gy;jpiu ePf;fpKd; ndwpLk;
btwpap ypd;gk; tpiHe;jJk; vk;kpdk; (F.f./ g.109)
Kd;ndwpLk; btwpapdhy; mwptpay; tsh;r;rp fz;Ls;sJ.
ePy tpz;btsp ePe;jp ajd;fiu
eP';fp nkw;brYk; khe;jh;ahk; njtpna! (F.f./ g.108)
thd Ch;jpapdhny ePythdj;jpy; ePe;jpr; bry;fpd;wdh;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
mwptpany vd;gijr;/
rPh;epiwe;j njh; mkh;e;J
epd;wha;; itak;
rpwfikj;J thdbtsp
brd;w jk;kh; (F.f./ g.70)
vd;W thdt{h;jp tpz;zpy; rpwfikj;Jr; bry;tijr; Rl;of;fhl;Lfpwhh;.

miyngrp
,d;iwa jfty; bjhlh;g[ rhjd';fspy; xd;W miyngrpahFk;.

FWfpa fhyj;jpy; bgUk; tsh;r;rpapid mile;Js;sJ. cyfpd; ve;j

_iyapypUe;Jk; cldoj; bjhlh;g[f; bfhz;L mtru/ Mr;rhpa/
mj;jpahtrpar; bra;jpfisg; ghpkhwpf; bfhs;st[k;; ,d;dgpw
 114

jpl;lkpLjy;/ ,af;Fjy; nghd;wd eilKiwapy; rhj;jpag;gLk;

vd;gjidf;
fhw;wiyfs; kPnjwpf;
fhJf;Fr; bra;jptUk;
Mw;wy; mwpahnah (F.f./ g.648)
cyfpy; v';F elf;Fk; epfH;r;rpfisf; nfl;ft[k;/ ghh;f;ft[k; ,aYfpwJ.
,it mwptpaypd; Mw;wny MFk;. braw;iff;nfhs;/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp/

thbdhyp nghd;wd ,tw;Ws; ml';Fk;.

Ik;g{j';fs; Fwpj;j rpe;jidfs;

. . . . . . . . .itak;
mHfpDf; foik; ,e;jf;
nfhs;jUk; mDgt';fs;
Fiwtpy; ...... (F.f./ g.90)
nfhs;fs; jUk; mDgt';fs; epiwa cs;sd vd;Wiuf;fpd;whh;. ftp"hpd;
thH;t[ ,aw;ifnahL ,ize;j thH;thfpwJ. ,tw;wpidg;

ghLifapy;/
jiubahLk; kiybahLk;/
jz;g[dy; flbyhLk;
tiufle; bjGk;tphp
thbdhLk;/ thdpd;

btspjphp nfhbshLk;/
tpz;zpd; kPbdhLk;
vspatd; vd; thH;(t[)
,ize;jJ ..... (F.f./ g.71)
vd;fpwhh;. ftp"hpd; cs;sk; ,aw;ifnahL ,ize;jJ. kz;nzhLk;/
kiynahLk;/ ePUk;/ flYk;/ thDk;/ nfhSk;/ kPDk; ftp"hpd;
cs;sj;njhL xd;wpa[s;sij czuKofpwJ.
ePhpy; fye;j bghUs;
beUg;ghy; gphpj;jplyhk;
 115

ehhpy; bjhLj;j kyh;

efk; bfhz;l tpH;j;jplyhk;

,s';fjphpd; btz;ikapil
,ize;Js;s gy; epw';fs;
tps';fg; gphpj;jplyhk;;
tp";ir ,iy/ tp";"hdk;. (F.f./ g.453)
tp";"hdj;jpdhy; ahita[k; bra;aKoa[k;. ePhpy; fye;j bghUis
beUg;ghy; gphpf;fKoa[k;. ehhpy; bjhLj;j kyiu efk; bfhz;L
mtpH;j;jpl Koa[k;. Nhpadpy; fye;Js;s epw';fisg; gphpf;f Koa[k;.
tp";"hdj;jpd; Mw;wiy vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.
‘Mw;wYk;’ ‘ePUk;’ ‘epyKk;’ ek; kf;fspd;
Mtpiaf; fhj;jpLk; Kk;kUe;J (F.f./ g.497)
kf;fspd; capiuf; fhj;jpLk; kUe;J _d;wpidf; TWfpwhh;.
tpz;zpd;/ btspapd;

jhuiff; Tl;lKk;
jz;kjp/ bghGJk;/ vk;
Cuth;/ J]uj;J
cwtpdh; Mth;. (F.f./ g.71)
,aw;ifnahL jd; kdj;ij ,Wf;fpg; gpizj;Jf; bfhz;L/
Ik;g{j';fisg; gw;wpg; ghlhj ftp"d; ,t;t[yfpy; ,y;iy vd;W
Twyhk;. thdbtspiaa[k;/ el;rj;jpuf; Tl;lj;ija[k;/ epyita[k;/
Nhpaidj; jk; Cuth;/ cwtpdh; vd;W gpug";rf; TWfisa[k; jdJ
cwtpduhf fUJk; kdg;ghd;ikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
kz;zpd; ts';fisEk;
takhf;fp nkbyGe;J
tpz;zpd;/ gue;jbgU
btspapd; ,ay;gwpar;
nrhjidfs; nkw;bfhz;Oh; (F.f./ g.272)
mwptpay; jpl;g El;g tsh;r;rpapidf; bfhz;L/ thd btspf;F uhf;bfl;
nghd;w cahpa rhjd';fis mDg;gp nrhjidfs; bra;J Muha;e;j
gh';fpid btspg;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh; ftp"h;.
 116

mQ Fwpj;j rpe;jidfs;
mQtpd; bgUikfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L/ mQtpdhy; kpd;rhuk;/
ePhpdhy; kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jpahf;Fk; bray;ghl;oid/
mQbtdr; rpwpad; ,e;j
mz;lj;jpy; khe;jd;: Mapd;

EQfp ,t;t[yif Ma;e;J

Etd;wpLk; jpwik bfhz;l

kw;iwnahh; vtU sh; (F.f./ g.268)

vd;W ,t;t[yif Ma;e;J bray;gLk; mwpt[k; jpwika[k;
tp";"hdpfSf;Fj;jhd; cz;L vd kdpj Mw;wiyf; ftp"h;
ghuhl;Lfpd;whh;. nkYk;/
ta;akpij mQntDk;
khw;wp thh;f;Fk;
itu Ks be";Rs;nshk;; (F.f./ g.308)
cyfj;jpid rpwpjsntDk; khw;wp mikf;Fk; cWjpahd kdj;jpidf;
bfhz;lth;fs; jkpHh;fs; vd;Wk; ghuhl;Lfpwhh;.

tp";"hdpapd; Mw;wy;
mQtpidg; gw;wp Muha;r;rp bra;j bgUikiaj;
Jfbsdr; rpWj;jd
JfspDk; rpwpajhk;
J]brdf; fz;L
J]rpDk; Ez;zpjhk;

mQtpidf; fz;nlhk;;
mija[k; gFj;njhk;
Ez;zpa mQtpDk;
Ez;zpa gphpt[fs;

ghh;j;njhk;; mija[k;
g';fpl; lha;tJ
 117

,w;iwehs; vk;kth;f;(F)
,ay;tbjhd; wpiy baDk;

epiyapid czh;e;bjk;
be";rk; mah;e;njhk; (F.f./ g.96)
mQ/ Jfspidg; nghd;W rpwpaJ. J]rpiatpl Ez;zpaJ. EQfp
Muha;e;njhk;. mtw;wpida[k; gFj;njhk;. me;j Ez;zpatw;Wf;Fs; gy
gphpt[fs; ghh;j;njhk; me;jg; gphpt[fisa[k; Muha;r;rp bra;tJ ,d;iwa
kdpjh;fSf;F Kofpd;w fhhpakhFk;. ,g;go mQtpid EQfp Muha[k;
tp";"hdpfisf; fz;L mjprapj;njhk; vdg; gd;Kf nehf;fpy; cyfpy;
tps';Fk; tp";"hdpfspd; mhpa Kaw;rpfisg; ghuhl;Lfpwhh; ftp"h;.

mQtpd; Mw;wy; fz;Lgpoj;j kdpjdpd; E]ywptpid/

mQitg; gpse;jPh;/ gpd;
mjpw;bghjpe;j Mw;wbyyhk;
EQfp mwpe;jPh;; Ek;
E]ywpt[ nghw;Wfpnwhk; (F.f./ g.212)
mQitg; gpse;J/ mtw;wpYs;s Mw;wy;fis EQfp Muha;e;j kdpjdpd;
mwptpidg; nghw;Wfpd;whh;. kdpjdpd; mwpt[ Mw;wiy ghuhl;Lk;
cs;sk; gilj;jtuhfj; jpfH;fpwhh;. nkYk; Tl';Fsj;jpd; Mw;wiya[k;
ghLfpwhh;. Tl';Fs mQkpd; epiyaj;jpid vjph;j;Jg; nghuhLk;
kf;fisg; ghh;j;J/
Tl';Fsj;jpid Vd; vjph;g;gPh;? mJ
Tl;oLk; Mw;wiy ahh; jUthh;?
khlDk; fhlDk; bra;jJnth? bjhHpy;
ty;Yeh; nkijapd; nra;mynth? (F.f./ g.496)
Tl';Fsk; vd;gJ mQ kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; ,lk;. ,d;iwa
cyfk;/ kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhky; kdpjdhy; thH ,ayhJ vd;w epiyia
nehf;fpg; gazpf;fpwJ. kpd;rhu Mw;wy; mtrpakhfpwJ. ,j;jifa kpd;rhu
Mw;wiy rhjhuz kdpjdhy; bra;a ,aYkh? vd;W tpdt[fpwhh;.
bjhHpy; ty;Yeh;fshy;jhd; TLk;. bjhHpy; ty;Yeh;fspd; mwpthw;wiy
 118

tpae;J/ cah;thff; fUJk; vz;zk; cilatuhf ftp"h; jk; fUj;jpidg;

gjpt[ bra;tjpdpd;W mwpaKofpwJ.
kpd; tpsf;Ffspd; tsh;r;rpapidg; gw;wp/
tz;z tpsf;Ffs; nfhoalh - tphp
thdKk; ehQWk; fhl;rpalh - ek(J)
vz;zk; fle;Js nkilalh - mjpy;
v';Fk; braw;ifapd; Ml;rpalh (F.f./ g.582)
vd;W xU fhyj;jpy; thdj;J el;rj;jpu';fisf; fz;L tpae;jdh; kf;fs;.
,d;W g{kpia tz;z tpsf;Ffshy; my';fhuk; bra;fpd;wdh;.
,aw;ifapd; jd;ik thdj;jpny/ braw;ifapd; Ml;rp ,k;kz;zpny

tps';FfpwJ vd;W kpd;rhu tpsf;Ffspd; tz;zf; fhl;rpfisg;

ghLfpd;whh;.
,aw;ifapd; gilg;gpy; aht[k;
,dpad/ mQt[k; m';F
gadpy bjd;gjpy;iy;
gjd;bra[k; g[yd;fs; ntz;Lk; (F.f./ g.500)
vd;W ftp"h; braw;ifapd; Mw;wiyg; ghuhl;oaJld; ,aw;ifapd;
gilg;iga[k;/ mHifa[k; ,dpad vd;W TWtjpypUe;J ,aw;ifapd;
gilg;iga[k; Efh;e;jtuhfj; jpfH;fpwhh;.
kpd;fk;gp bra;jpbrhYk;; ,Uk;gpy; fhe;jk;
tpir Cl;Lk;; kpd;rhuk;/ brk;gpw; bra;j
Ez;fk;gpf; fhw;wy;jUk;: brhy;ypd; rf;jp
Ety;thh;jk; czh;t[fspd; EiHnt ad;nwh (F.f./ g.85)
fk;gpfspy; kpd;rhuk; bry;Yjiya[k;/ ,Uk;gpy; fhe;j tpir ,Ug;gija[k;
tpae;J mjd; Mw;wy;fisf; ftp"h; ghLfpd;whh;. fk;gpfspy; kpd;rhuk;
bry;YfpwnghJ bra;jpahf tUfpwJ vd;gjpypUe;J mwptpaypd; Mw;wiy
ed;Fzu KofpwJ.
MWjUk; bry;tj;ij mizapl;Lj;
njf;Ffpwhh;; mUtp bfhz;l
 119

tPWjidg; gz;gLj;jp kpd;tpiraha;

khw;Wfpwhh;; ..... (F.f./ g.155)
Mw;wpy; mizapl;Lj; njf;fp kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jpr; bra;jiya[k;/ kiy
cauj;jpypUe;J mUtpahff; bfhl;Lk; ePhpypUe;J kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jpr;
bra;jiya[k; ePh; kpd;rhuk; vLf;Fk; epiyfis vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;
ftp"h;.

kf;fs;jk; brGikahd thH;f;iff;Fj; njitahd kpd;rhuk;/

bjhlh;g[r; rhjdg; ghpkhw;w';fs;/ tpz;iz msf;ft[k;/ gFf;ft[k;/
mwptpaiyg; gad;gLj;jpajidr; Rl;of;fhl;o ed;ikfisr;
brhy;ypath; jPikfSk; ,jpy; cs;sd vd;W gpd;tUk; gFjpapy;
tpsf;fpg; ghoapUf;fpwhh;. mtw;iw ,dpf; fhzyhk;.

mQFz;L
mwptpaypdhy; mHpt[fSk; cs;sd vd;gijg; gpd;tUk; ghly;
czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
FUtpfspd; Tl;lk;nghy;/
bfhRg;gilnghy; Ianfh!
fUtp gilj;jtidf;
fUtpna kha;g;gJnth? (F.f./ g.215)
xl;Lbkhj;jkhf kf;fisf; bfhy;tjw;F mwptpaypd; fz;Lgpog;igg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. rpyh; mQFz;Lfis tPRfpd;wdh;. bkhj;jkhf/
Tl;l';Tl;lkhf kf;fs; ,we;JgLfpd;wdh;. mwptpaypy;/ mHpt[f;fhft[k;
fUtpfisf; fz;Lgpoj;Js;sdh;.

,e;jpaht[f;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk;/ ,e;jpaht[f;Fk; rPdht[f;Fkhd

vy;iyg; gpur;ridfs; Kot[f;F tuhky; bjhlh;epfH;tha; cs;sJ.

vy;iyg; gpur;ridfshy; epfGk; nghh; epfH;t[fisg; gpd;tUk;
ftpijapy; fhzKofpd;wJ.
,aw;ifr; Rtuidj;Jk;
,oj;jjd;gpd; vz;zw;w
 120

braw;ifr; Rth; vGg;gpr;

rpWikf; fogzpe;J/

ehLbjhWk; td;Kiwfs;/
ehbsy;yhk; nghh;Kurk;
tPLbjhUk; Jg;ghf;fp
btoFz;L. . . . . . . (F.f./ g.213)
,aw;ifr; Rth;fis ,oj;J/ vz;zw;w braw;ifr; Rth; vGg;gpa[s;sdh;.

ehLbjhWk; td;Kiwfs; epyt[fpd;wd. jpdk;jpdk; nghh; Kurk;

elf;fpd;wJ. tPLbjhWk; Jg;ghf;fpr; rj;jKk; btoFz;L kpul;lYkhf
fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ ,g;g{kp. mQFz;Ltpd; jPa tpistpid
cuzKofpwJ. ,t;tz;lj;jpy; mQtpd; jd;ik/ bray;ghLfs;
ftpijtHpg; g[yg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

kUj;Jtk;
mwptpaypdhy; kUj;Jtj;Jiw msg;gwpa tsh;r;rpapidf;
fz;Ls;sJ. vy;yh neha;fSf;Fk; EQf;fkhd Kiwapy; jPh;t[
fz;Lbfhz;oUg;gJ mwptpany MFk;. mwptpaYf;Fs; fs kUj;Jtk;
xU Jiwahf tsh;e;J tUfpwJ.
clypid Ma;e;njhk;
CDk; FUjpa[k;
jplk; bra; vd;g[k;
bjspe;njhk;; (F.f./ g.98)
cly; KGtJk; cs;s gFjpfis Muha;r;rpapd; _ykhf fz;Lzu
KofpwJ. ,uj;j tiffisj; bjhpe;Jbfhs;s tha;g;ghfpwJ.
vYk;g[fspd; jpwKk; vz;zpf;ifa[k; mwpe;Jbfhz;nlhk;.
,itaidj;Jk; kUj;Jtj; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp vd;WTwp/
. . . . . . . . . . . .ek;
g[z;fs; nfhoa[k; behoapyhw;wpLk;
mWit itj;jpak; njLit; cd
jst[ fz;oyha; Ianfh! (F.f./ g.113)
 121

mWitr;rpfpr;ir Kiwapidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,d;iwa kUj;Jtj;Jiw

bgUk;ghyhd neha;fSf;F vy;yhtw;wpw;Fkhd mWit itj;jpa
Kiwfisf; fz;Ls;sJ. cyfk; cdjst[ vd;gJ kdpjdpd; Ma[isf;
TWfpwhh; vdf; fUj tha;g;g[s;sJ.

NHy; khRghL
cyfstpy; NHy; khRghL Fwpj;J/ tpHpg;g[zh;it Vw;gLj;jp
tUfpd;wdh;. khRghl;odhy; Vw;gLk; tpist[fSk;
bjhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fly;kl;lk; cah;t[/ Xnrhd; glyj;jpd; rpijt[
vd mLf;fpf;bfhz;nl bry;yyhk;. ,e;epiyapy; NHy; khRghL Fwpj;Jf;
ftp"h; jUk; tpsf;f';fisf; fhzyhk;.

ntjpg;bghUshy; khR
epyk;/ ePh;/ fhw;wpy; Vw;gLk; khRghl;oidg; ghLfpd;whh;.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .ah';Fk;
mstpyhf; fHpt[ fl;F
Cw;bwDk; bjhHpy;fs; bra;njhk;;
xG';bfdy; mQt[ kpd;wp

ntjpay; bghUs; MdhYk;

tplbkDk; fHp(t[) MdhYk;
nghjpa jpUj;jk; ,d;wpg;
g[wj;Js epyk;/ ePh; fhw;wpy;

fye;jdk;; ...... (F.f./ gf;.487/ 488)

v';Fg; ghh;j;jhYk; fHpt[fis Vw;gLj;Jk; bjhHpy;fisr; bra;Js;nshk;.
fHpt[fspy; ve;jj; jpUj;jKk; bra;ahky; tplg;gLtjhy; mj;jida[k;
tplkhf khwptpLfpwJ. me;j tplk; Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; epyk;/
ePh;/ fhw;wpy; fye;J khRghl;il Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

epy tsj;jpidf; fhg;gJ kdpjdpd; flikahFk;. cyfpy; cs;s

#Ptuhrpfs; mj;jidf;Fk; czt[g; bghUis tH';FtJ epynk MFk;.
,j;jifa epyk; khrile;Js;sJ vd;gijg;/
 122

g{r;rp kUe;jpdk; ePh;/ epyk;/ ahtpDk;

g[d;ik fye;j bjdg;g[fy;tPh; (F.f./ g.493)
vdg; ghLfpd;whh;. ePh;/ epyk; ahtw;wpYk; g{r;rp kUe;jpdk; fye;Js;sJ.
g{r;rp kUe;jpdk; vd;gJ gaph;fSf;F ,Lk; cuj;jpidf; TWfpwhh;.
mjpfg;goahd braw;if cu';fisg; gaph;fSf;F ,Ltjhy; epyk;
khRghlilfpwJ.
fhw;wpYk; khR nfho
fHpt[fs; fyg;g jhy;ek;
Mw;wpYk; khR; kz;zpd;
MHj;jpy; jiuePh; khR (F.f./ g.487)
kdpjh;fs; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;Wk; khrilfpwJ. ePh;jhd; ekf;F Mjhuk;.
mt;thjhukhd ePhpYk; khR Vw;gLfpwJ. thd;btspapYk;/ g{kp
mz;lj;jpYk; vd vija[k; J]a;ikahf itf;ftpy;iy vd;w fUj;Jg;
g[yg;gLfpwJ.

Miyfspdhy; khR
Miyfspdhy; Vw;gLk; khrpidg; ghLifapy;/
fhw;wpdpy; khbrd Ch;tyk;; Tf;Fuy;
fz;ldk; Mapuk; fhQfpwPh;
Mw;wpdpy;/ Cw;wpdpy; Miyapd; khRfs;
mz;Lt ijj;jpdk; ngRfpwPh; (F.f./ g.491)
vd;fpd;whh;. fhw;wpdpy; khbrd Ch;tyk; elj;Jf;fpd;wdh;. kpd;rhjdf;
fUtpfspd; rj;jj;jpYk; khR Vw;gLk; vd;gij czuhjth;fsha; cs;sdh;.
Mw;wpy; khR fyf;fg;gLfpwJ. Cw;wpdpy; khR fyf;fg;gLfpwJ.
bjhHpw;rhiyapd; khRfs; fyf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;W jpdk;
ngrpf;bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wPh;. mjdhy; gad; xd;Wk; ,y;iy vd;gijg;
g[yg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. Rw;Wg;g[wr;NHy; vd;gJ ngr;rstpny cs;sJ.
bray;ghl;lstpy; ,y;iy vd;gJ bjspthfpwJ.
thdpil btz;kjp Mapuk; Mz;Lgpd;
khRWk; vd;Wsk; thLfpwPh;
khdplh; ck;bkhL thGeh; njhs;fspy;
khR Rkg;gJ fhQfpyPh; (F.f./ g.491)
 123

,d;Dk; Mapuk; Mz;Lfspy; thdj;jpy; epythdJ khrila[k; vd;W

cs;sk; thLfpd;wPh;. khdplh cd;ndhL ,g;bghGJ thGk; khe;jhpd;

njhs;fspy; khR Rke;jpUg;gijf; fhztpy;iyah vd;W tpdt[fpwhh;.
,d;Dk; Mapuk; tUl';fSf;Fg; gpwF tutpUg;gijg; gw;wpf; ftiy

bfhs;tijtpl;L jw;nghJ cs;s NHiyf; ftdpa[';fs; vdf; ftp"h;

typa[Wj;Jtijf; fhzKofpwJ.
Miyfs; ff;Fk; e";R
mstpyh thfd';fs;
rhiyapy; fHpf;Fk; e";R
jukpyhf; fHpt[ nfho (F.f./ g.487)
ehl;oy; ,a';Fk; bjhHpw;rhiyfspypUe;Jk;/ rhiyfspy; bgUfp
XLfpd;w thfd';fspypUe;Jk; btspg;gLk; fHpt[fs; kdpj caph;fis
kha;f;Fk; e";R vd;W jk; mr;rg;ghl;oid btspg;gLj;jp ,tw;wpid
xG';Fg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;; fl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tuntz;Lk; vdf; ftp"h;
vr;rhpf;if tpLg;gjhf czuyhk;.
ghbad tphpe;j Xnrhd;
glyj;ij mHpf;fr; bra;J
jPad gyt[k; nrh;j;njhh;/
jpUtpdpy; jpisf;F ehl;lhh; (F.f./ g.487)
gha;nghd;W tphpe;Jf; fplg;gJ Xnrhd; glykhFk;. ,k;khRfspdhy;
mg;glyj;ijna mHpf;fr; bra;jdh; vd;fpwhh;. NhpadplkpUe;J tUk; g[w
Cjhf;fjph;fsplkpUe;J ek;ikf; fhg;ghw;WtJ ,t;nthnrhd;
glykhFk;. g{kpf;Fg; ghJfhg;g[f; ftrk; Xnrhd; glykhFk; vd;gij
ahtUk; mwpth;. ,Ue;Jk; bghWg;gw;wth;fsha; kf;fs; cs;sdh;.
Miyapd; cg;gpdpy; ey;tay; bfl;ljha;
Ma;tpdh; brhd;dij XJfpwPh; (F.f./ g.493)
Miyapd; fHpt[ Mw;wpy; fyf;fg;gLfpwJ. me;ePh; tay;fSf;Fg;
gha;r;rg;gLfpwJ. mjdhy; ey;y epy';fs; vy;yhk; bfl;Ltpl;ljhf
Ma;t[fs; Rl;of; fhl;LfpwJ vd;fpwhh; ftp"h;. fhLfspd; mHptpid/
tdbkyhk; mHpj;jhh;/ kz;zpy;
kuk;bro/ bfhofs; gr;ir
,dbkyhk; mHpj;jhh; (F.f./ g.485)
 124

fhLfis mHpj;jhh;fs;. kz;zpy; ,Uf;Fk; kuk;bro/ bfhofs; vdg;

gr;ir ,d';fisbay;yhk; mHpj;jhh;fs;. ,aw;ifapd; tsnk
fhLfs;jhd;. mf;fhLfs; ,y;iybadpy; ,aw;iff;F tsk; ,y;iy
vd;gij typa[Wj;Jfpwhh; ftp"h;.
Mapuk; Mapuk; MiyfSk;/ tsk;
Mf;Fk; bjhHpy;fSk; ahk; tsh;g;nghk;;
jhapDk; nky; ‘g[wr;NHy;’ vd;nghk;; mjd;
jd;ikiaf; fhj;jplr; NSiug;nghk; (F.f./ g.497)
Mapuk; Mapuk; Miyfisa[k;/ tsk; jUk; bjhHpy;fisa[k; ahk;
tsh;j;bjLg;nghk;. ,Ue;jhYk; jhiatpl nkyhdJ ‘g[wr;NHy;’
,jid xt;bthUtUk; fhf;f ntz;Lk;. czh;t[ bfhz;Lr;
bray;gLnthk;/ cWjp g{Qnthk; vd;W midtUf;Fk; miHg;g[
tpLf;fpd;whh; ftp"h;. g[wr;NHypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpaKofpd;wJ.

mwptpaypd; tpist[fs;

ftp"h; xU bghwpapayhsh;; mwptpaiy cah;j;jp mjd;

bgUikfisf; TwpdhYk;/ mjdhy; Vw;glf; Toa vjph;tpist[fisa[k;
mwptpaypd; ,ayhikiaa[k; TWfpd;whh;. Xh; mwptpay; mwp"nu mjd;
tpist[fis kjpg;gpLtJ kpft[k; bghUj;jkhdJ MFk;.

ty;yuR ehl;odh;f;nf mwptpay;

tp";"hdj;jpd; tpe;ij vd;gJ gzf;fhu ehLfSf;F chpajhf
cs;sJ. bghUshjhuj;jpy; nkk;gl;l ehl;odh;f;F mit
thzntof;ifahf mike;Js;sJ; rhjhuz kf;fSf;F chpajhf
,y;iy. kf;fspd; Rikia tp";"hdj;jpdhy; mfw;w ,aytpy;iy vd;W

TWfpwhh;. mwptpaypd; ,ayhikiaa[k; ftpijapy; fhzKofpd;wJ.

tp";"hd tpe;ijbayhk;

kz;zpd; Jah; kwe;J/

kf;fspd; Rik kwe;J
 125

tpz;zpy; tpisahl/
nkk;gl;l ehl;odh;f;F

thzkha;/ kj;jhg;gha;/
tha;j;jJnth! (F.f./ gf;.214-215)
vd;W ghLfpd;whh; ftp"h;.
bghwpa[fk; fle;J g[JtHp ehLk;
mwptpay; itak; mQa[fk; fz;lJk;

,iwtd; gilj;j bjdg;gL nfhs;gy

Kiwa[ld; tpz;zpy; KLFt jy;yhy;

kdpjd; rikj;J th';fpa Jizf;nfhs;

g[dpjg; g[tpapd; g[wk;tyk; tUjYk;

goj;jd uy;yhy;/ gilj;Jg; ghh;j;jplj;

Joj;jd hpiyahy;; nrhk;gpa ehl;fis

<Lbra;tJ vspjd; whapDk;

ghLgl; LaUk; ghij fhQk;

Cf;fk; fz;oyd;; cah;e;j nehf;bfDk;

Mf;fk; fz;oyd;; ..... (F.f./ gf;.351/ 352)
,t;itafk; mQa[fk; fz;Ls;sJ. ,aw;ifapy; tpz;zpy; gwf;Fk;

nfhs;fs; ,iwtdhy; gilf;fg;gl;ld. mf;nfhs;fSf;F ,izahf

kdpjd; nfhs;fis cUthf;fpdhd;. kdpjh;fspy; rpyh; ,tw;wpidg;
gof;ft[k; ,y;iy. gilj;Jg; ghh;f;fj; Jof;ft[k; ,y;iy.

nrhk;ngwpfsha; cs;sdh;. ghLgl;L cauntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;

,y;iy. cah;e;jf; Fwpf;nfhSk; ,y;yhjth;fsha;f; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.

mwptpay; tsh;r;rp vd;gJ rkkhd tsh;r;rp ,y;iy vd;W

Fw;w";rhl;Ltij mwpaKofpwJ.

cyfpid msf;Fk; fUtp fz;onyhk;

mwptpaypd; ,ayhikia vLj;Jiuf;ifapy;/
 126

bjhiyt[ nehf;fpfs;
njhw;wd; njhw;wd
Ez;zpa fhl;Lk;
Ez;zpjpd; Ez;zpjha;

m~fpa fhl;Lk;
Mofs; gadpy
gug;gpd; vy;iya[k;
ghh;j;jpyk;; ..... (F.f./ g.97)
,t;t[yfpd; gug;ig ve;jf; fUtp bfhz;Lk; ,Jtiuapy; mstpl

,aytpy;iy. bjhiyt[ nehf;fpfs;/ Ez;zpa bjhiynehf;fpfs; te;Jk;

cyfpd; vy;iyia KGikahff; fzf;fpl ,aytpy;iy vd;W
,JtiuapYk; mwptpayhy; ,ayhj xd;whff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,w;iw mwptpay; je;j bghUs;gy
Vw;Wg; gad;bgW NH;epiyapy;/
Fw;w bkdr;rpy njhd;wpLnky; mit
Th;e;J fise;jply; ahh; jLj;jhh; (F.f./ g.494)
mwptpay; je;j bghUs;fs; gy/ mtw;iw Vw;W gad;gLj;Jfpd;nwhk;.
mtw;wpy; rpy Fw;wKilad vd;W fz;lwpe;J gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ vd;W
ahUk; jLg;gjpy;iy. mwptpay; fz;Lgpog;gpy; rpy Vw;f Koahjjhft[k;/
gad;gLj;Jjy; jP';F tpistpf;Fk; vd;gJk; ftpijtHp czuKofpwJ.
mwptpaypdhy; ed;ika[k;/ jPika[k; cz;L. kpFjpg; gad;ghnl
mwptpaypd; cah;itf;fhl;Lk;.

mwptpaypd; ,ayhik
mwptpaypy; brd;wijj; jpUk;gg; ghh;f;Fk; jpwDkpy;iy. ehis
vd;gij ,d;nw fhl;Lk; jpwDk; bgwtpy;iy vd;gjidr;
brd;wit jpUk;gf; fhQk;
jpwd; ekf;fpy;iy: ehis
vd;wij ,d;W fhl;Lk;
,iwika[k; bgw;nwh kpy;iy (F.f./ g.174)
vd;W btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
 127

fhyj;ij mst[ bra;a[k;

fUtp ehk; fz;nlhk;: Mapd;
fhyj;ij Ml;rp bra;a[k;
fiyfs; ehk; fw;nwh kpy;iy (F.f./ g.174)
bghGjpid ,ut[/ gfy; vdg; gphpj;J mwpa cjt[k; mst[nfhy;
fofhuj;jpid fz;Lgpoj;Jf; fhyj;ij brytHpf;fg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;nwhnkbahHpa/ mf;fhyj;ij MSik bra;tjw;fhd
mDgt';fisg; bgw Koatpy;iy vd;W tUj;jg;gLk; Mrphpahpd;
nehf;Fg; g[yg;gLfpd;wJ.
Koapidf; fhQk;
Kot[k; jfh;e;jJ
moapidf; fhQk;
Mira[k; njhw;wJ (F.f./ g.96)
cyfpid msf;f Koatpy;iy vd;gij Vw;fdnt Twpa[s;shh;. cyfk;
njhd;wpaijf; fz;Lzu KoahjJ fz;L/ ,jidf; fhQk; Mir
jfh;e;jJ vd;W fz;Lgpof;f Koahj xd;W vd;W njhy;tpapd;
ghd;ikia xg;g[f;bfhs;fpwhh; ftp"h;.

fUtpahy; gpst[fs;
mwptpay; fz;L gpog;g[fisg; gad;gLj;Jgth;fs; gzf;fhuh;fs;.
ViHfSf;F ,f;fz;Lgpog;g[fs; fpl;Ltjpy;iy. ,tw;wpidf;
TWifapy;/
mwptpa byd xU njh;fz;Oh; - mjpy;
mkh;e;jPh;; gwe;jPh;; nkw;brd;wPh;;
twpath;/ bry;th;fs; vdg;gphpe;njhk; - ek;
khdplk; gpse;jJ; kiyf;fpd;nwhk;. (F.f./ g.249)
me;jj; njhpy; mkh;e;njhk;/ gwe;njhk;/ nkw;brd;nwhk;. ,itaidj;Jk;
kfpH;r;rpna. Mdhy; mjd; tpist[ ahbjdpy; twpath;fs;/ bry;te;jh;fs;
vdg;gphpe;njhk;. khdpl ,dk; ,uz;lhfg; gphpe;jJ. tWikf;F
mwptpay; gad;gLtjpy;iy vd;w fUj;Jg; g[yg;gLfpwJ.
 128

fhl;odpy; thH;e;j ek; Ke;ijah; md;wtz;

fz;ljpy; kfpHiynah - tsh;
ehl;odpy; g[jpad ehl;odk;/ ehkth;
ey;ywk; tp";rpdnkh? (F.f./ g.88)
fhl;oy; thH;e;j Kd;ndhh;fs; mt;thH;f;ifapy; kfpH;r;rpaile;jdh;.
ehfhpf tsh;r;rpaile;j ehl;odpy; jw;nghJ cs;nshk; ek;kpilna
,d;W ey;yw';fs; cz;nlh? vd;W tpdt[fpwhh; Mrphpah;. mwptpay;

tsh;r;rp kf;fspilna tH';fg;gl;l mw';fisa[k; btd;Wtpl;lnjh?

vd Ia[w;W/
gy;fiyj; bjspt[k; gl;lKk; mwptpay;
fy;tpa[k; rpWikiaf; fise;j jpy;iynah? (F.f./ g.315)
rhjp vd;Dk; rpWikia ,d;W mfw;wtpy;iy vd;Wiuj;J/

vd;gha;j; njhyha;g;
g[G';Fgth;f;(F) ck; fiyfs;
g[fy;t bjd;d? (F.f./ g.310)
tWikapy; vYk;gha;j; njhyha;f; fhzg;gLth;f;F mwptpay; fiyfs;
vd;d brhy;Yfpd;wd vd;W tpdh vGg;g[fpwhh; ftp"h;. mwptpaypdhy;
tWikia mfw;w Koatpy;iy vd;w fUj;Jg; g[yg;gLfpd;wJ.
"hy thH;tpdpy;
ehis vd;gijf;
fUtp fhl;Lnkh? (F.f./ g.99)
ehis vd;gij ,Jtiu ve;jf; fUtpa[k; fhl;ltpy;iy.
Mfkk; mh;j;jE]y; mwptpay; Jiwfspy;

JUtpj; JUtpr; nrhjid bra;jjhy;

fUtpfs;/ fUtpfs; fz;ljhy; fz;lbjd;d? (F.f./ g.301)
giHa Mfk E]y;fspy; nrhjid bra;jhYk; xU gaDk; ,y;iy.
mwptpay; Jiw tsh;e;Jf;bfhz;L brd;whYk;/ ek;Kila Mfk';fs;
rl';Ffs;/ rk;gpujha';fs; midj;Jk; ele;j tz;znk cs;sd.
Mz;Lfs; Mz;Lfs; Mz;Lfsha;g; bgUk;
Mw;wypy; VH;ikapy; kha;e;jtiu
 129

<z;L bjhHpy;a[fk; je;j tsk; rpy

vl;lt[k; ePtph; ,';nfJ bra;jPh;? (F.f./ g.496)
tWikapy; kha;e;Jf;bfhz;oUf;fpd;wdh;. mth;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F/ ,e;j
tsh;r;rpaile;j mwptpay; tsk; xd;Wk; bra;atpy;iy vd;gnj
cz;ikahfpwJ.
Mz;Lfs; Mz;Lfsha;j; njoLk;
Ma;tpdpy; ahJzh;e;njhk;!
<z;Ls thH;twpnahk;/ gpd; tpz;btsp
v';fQk; Vd; gwe;njhk;? (F.f./ g.651)
gy Mz;Lfsha; Muha;r;rp bra;J/ <';Fs;s thH;f;ifia mwpatpy;iy.
gpd; Vd; tpz;btspf;Fg; gwe;njhk; vd;W tpdt[fpwhh;. ,';Fs;s
thH;f;ifia XG';fhf thHf; fw;Wf;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd
tHptiffisf; fz;lwpa ntz;Lk;.
vy;iyxd; bwjw;F Kz;L
,aw;ifek; Rikiaj; jh';f
ty;ynj vdpDk; m';Fk; tiuaiw cz;L (F.f./ g.488)
,aw;if ek; Rikiaj; jh';Ftjpdhy; mst[f;F kPwp bray;glf; TlhJ
vd;fpwhh;. mst[f;F kp";rpdhy; mkpH;jKk; e";rhFk;. kdpj tsh;r;rpf;Fk;
Xh;vy;iyj; njit vd typa[Wj;Jfpwhh;.

tpz;btspia mwpa ,ayhik

Mfha btspapidf; fhQk;nghJ/ m';F RHy;fpd;w NhpaDk;/
kw;w nfhs;fSk;/ fzf;fw;w el;rj;jpuf; Tl;l';fs; ahtw;iwa[k; jhz;og;
ghh;f;Fk;nghJ/ Vw;gLfpd;w g[jpUf;Fj; bjspthd tpsf;f';fs;
fpilf;ftpy;iy; KGikahf tpz;btspia mwpe;Jf;bfhs;s
,aytpy;iy vd;gijg;
gutpa btspapd; vy;iy
ghh;f;fpDk;/ m';F Rw;Wk;
,utpa[k;/ kw;w nfhSk;
vz;zpwe; jpikj;J epw;Fk;
jhuiff; Tl;lk; aht[k;
 130

jhz;oDk; vkJ be";rpd;

ghuKk; g[jpUk; jPUk;
gof; bfhU bjspt[ fhQk;

rhay;fs; fhnzhk;; .... (F.f./ g.82)

vdf; ftp"h; jk; fUj;ij btspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. mz;lj;jpd;
tpspk;gpidg; gw;wpa[k; ghLfpd;whh;.
tphpa[k; mz;lj;jpd;
tpspk;gpidf; fhz
tpiHe;jdk;; mj;jpir
tpiue;jdk; Mdhy;

tpspk;gpd; vy;iya[k;
tphpe;jJ/ tphpe;jJ
tphptJk; tpiutJk;
‘tpjp’ badf; fz;nlhk; (F.f./ g.95)
Mfhaj;ijj; njof;bfhz;nl bry;Yk;nghJ tphpe;Jf;bfhz;nl
bry;fpwJ. Kotpy; mtw;iw KGtJkhf fz;lwpahj epiyapy;
,tw;iw ‘tpjp’ vd;W bgahpl;Ls;shh;. xd;wpd; mwpt[ g[yg;glhj
epiyia tpjp vd miHf;fpd;nwhk;.
nfhSk; epiwe;Js kPDk; - fle;jpDk;
nfhblJk; fhz;fpynd! (F.f./ g.104)
thdj;jpy; ve;jf; nfhLfisa[k; fhzKoatpy;iy vd;W TWfpwhh;.

bjhFg;g[iu
mwptpay; mwpt[ila ehfhpf thH;f;ifiag; gz;ila kf;fs;
thH;e;Js;sdh;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf mfj;jpah; FHk;g[/ fzf;fjpfhuk;/ fg;gy;
rhj;jpuk;/ runge;jpuh; itj;jpak;/ rpj;jpuh%lr; rpe;J/ nghfh; itj;jpak; 100
Kjyhd mwptpay; E]y;fs; gz;ilaj; jkpHhpd; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gr;
rpe;jidfisg; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. rpyg;gjpfhuk; vGjg;gl;l
fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j kf;fs;/ gy;ntW bjhHpy;fisr; bra;J thH;e;Js;sdh;.
kdpjdpd; rpe;jidia nkk;gLj;jpaJ ntshz;ik ehfhpfnk. ,jd;
 131

_yk; kdpj Mw;wy; tsh;r;rpbgwj; bjhl';fpaJ vdf; TWjw;F

,lKz;L. Vwj;jhH 8000 Mz;Lfl;F my;yJ mjw;F Kd;ngh
Ch;g;bgah; bjhpahj xU nkij fyg;igiaf; fz;Lgpoj;Js;shd;.
,tw;wpd; mog;gilapny cUthdJjhd; ntshz;ik ehfhpfk; vd

th.br.F. TWtjpypUe;J mwptpaypd; bjhlf;fk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

,d;iwa cyfk; mwptpay; cyfkhfp g[jpa mwptpay; Jiwfs;

cyifna tHpelj;Jfpd;wd vDk; fUj;Jg; bgwg;gLfpwJ. tuyhW

bjhpe;j ehs; Kjyhf/ kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpapy;/ ghijapy;
vLj;Jitf;fg;gl;l xt;nthh; moa[k; mwptpay; mQFKiw/ mwptpay;
ghh;itapd; Jizahy; mike;jjhFk; vdj; bjspa itf;fpwhh; ftp"h;.
jkpH;g; gz;ghl;oy; mwptpay; TWghLfs; ,lk;bgw ntz;Lk;. Kjph;e;j
bjspnthLk;/ Kiwahd tHpnahLk; ,e;j kWkyh;r;rpiaa[k;
khw;wj;ija[k; cUthf;Fgth;fs; jhd; tU';fhyj;jpw;F
tHpfhl;oath;fshth;. mwptpaypy; jft[fs; ,y;yhky; vija[k; Twpl
KoahJ vd;Dk; tiuaiuiaj; bjspaKofpwJ.

ftp"h;/ cyfpy; tps';Fk; tp";"hdpfspd; Kaw;rpfisg; gd;Kf

nehf;fpy; jk; ftpijfspd;tHpg; ghuhl;o kpd;rhu tpsf;Ffspd; braw;if
Ml;rpapid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh;.

ehLfSf;fpilna epfGk; nghh;fspy; mQf;Fz;Lfisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy; Tl;lk; Tl;lkhf kf;fs; ,we;JgLfpd;w
epiyiapid vLj;Jf;fhl;o/ mjdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjf tpist[fisf;
ftp"h;jk; jpwj;jhy; Rl;of;fhl;lg;gLk; ghd;ikg; g[yg;gLfpd;wJ.

Miyfspy; fHpt[fis Vw;gLj;Jk; bjhHpy;fisr; bra;fpd;wdh;.

mf;fHpt[fisr; Rj;jk; bra;ahky; btspapy; tpLtjhy;/ mf;fHpt[fspy;
cs;s er;Rj;jd;ik/ Rw;Wg;g[wj;jpYs;s epyk;/ ePh;/ fhw;W ,tw;wpdpy;
khRghl;il Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ntshz;ikapy;/ kpFjpahd ,urhad
cu';fisg; gaph;fSf;F ,Ltjhy; epyk; khrilfpd;wJ; mz;lj;jpd;
 132

J]a;ika[k; bfl;Ltpl;lJ nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; ftp"h;jk; ftpijfspy;

btspg;gLfpd;wd. jhiatpl nkyhdJ ‘g[wr;NHy;’ vd;WTwp/ ,jidf;
fhf;f xt;bthUtUk; tpHpg;g[zh;t[ bgwntz;Lk; vdr; Rw;Wr;NHy;
nfl;oid eak;gl vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whh; ftp"h;.

,aw;ifapy; tpz;zpy; gwf;Fk; nfhs;fs; ,iwtdhy;

gilf;fg;gl;ld. mf;nfhs;fSf;F ,izahf kdpjd; nfhs;fis

cUthf;fpdhd;. kdpjh;fspy; rpyh; ,tw;wpidg; gof;ft[k; ,y;iy;
goj;Jg; ghh;f;fj; Jof;ft[k; ,y;iy; vdf; ftp"h;jk; kdntjid
btspg;gLk; gh';F ,tz; Rl;lj;jf;fJ.

kdpjh;fsplk; ghLgl;L cauntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; bghJthf

,y;iy. fofhuj;ijf; fz;Lgpoj;Jf; fhyj;ijr; brytHpf;fg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;nwhnkbahHpa/ mf;fhyj;ij MSik bra;tjw;fhd
mDgt';fisg; bgw Koatpy;iy. mwptpay; tsh;r;rpapdhy;/
twpath;fs;/ bry;te;jh;fs; vdg; gphpe;njhk;. tWikia mfw;w
,aytpy;iy. tWikapy; thLgtUf;F mwptpay; gad;gLtjpy;iy.

<';Fs;s thH;f;ifia mwpatpy;iy. thHf; fw;Wf;bfhs;stpy;iy

nghd;w Ez;ikahd fUj;Jf;fs; bghjpe;jf; ftpijfisf; ftp"h;
gilj;Jf; fhl;oa[s;s jpwk; nghw;WjYf;FhpaJ.
 133

rhd;bwz; Fwpg;g[fs;

1. Fnyhj;J';fd;/ khDl ahj;jpiu/ gh.2/ g.VII.

2. nt.gpughfud;/ mwptpay; Fws; bewp/ g.10.
3. r.fpUl;oz_h;j;jp/ M.jrujd;/ rp.ehfg;gd; (g.M.)/ mwptpay; jkpH;
Clf';fs;/ g.177.
4. jkpH; - jkpH; - M';fpyg; ngufuhjp.
5. mwptpay; fs";rpak; bjhFjp-2/ g.609.
6. nkyJ. g.610.
7. nkyJ. gf;.623/ 624.
8. ,uhk.Re;juk;/ jkpHf mwptpay; tuyhW/ g.1.
9. nkyJ./ gf;.1/ 2.
10. nkyJ./ g.2.
11. mfk;./ 167:13.
12. mfk;./ 287:67.
13. ,uhk.Re;juk;/ K.F.E]./ g.6.
14. rpyk;g[. fh.5/ t.16-33.
15. ,uhk.Re;juk;/ K.F.E]./ g.7.
16. nkyJ./ g.8.
17. ,y.br.fe;jrhkp/ jkpHh; ntshz;ik kug[fs;/ gf;.50-51.
18. ,uhk.Re;juk;/ K.F.E]./ g.55.
19. nkyJ./ g.57.
20. nkyJ.
21. nkyJ.
22. nkyJ.
23. rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ g[fhh; fhz;lk;/ mu';nfw;W fhij/ gh.thp.97-106.
24. ,uhk.Re;juk;/ K.F.E]./ g.58.
25. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil/ t.1-2.
26. gl;odg;ghiy/ thp.67-77.
27. g[wehD]W/ gh.385.
 134

28. g[wehD]W/ gh.2.

29. ,uhk.Re;juk;/ K.F.E]./ g.66.
30. bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ kugpay;/ E].v.89.
31. rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ 3:97-100.
32. ,uhk.Re;juk;/ K.F.E]./ g.66.
33. nkyJ./ g.67.
34. nkyJ./ gf;.67/ 68.
35. nkyJ./ g.68.
36. bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ kugpay;/ E].26.
37. gl;odg;ghiy/ thp.8-10.
38. nkyJ./ thp.43-50.
39. gjpw;Wg;gj;J/ gh.42:2-4.
40. K.tujuhrd;/ fy;tp/ gf;.148-149.
41. r.nj.gPl;lh;/ mwptpaYk; Md;kPfKk;/ g.3.
42. th.br.FHe;ijrhkp/ mwptpay; jkpH;/ gf;.26-29.
43. nkyJ./ g.31.
44. nkyJ./ g.40.
45. th.br.FHe;ijrhkp/ ghujpapd; mwptpay; ghh;it/ g.21.
46. nkyJ./ gf;.27-28.
47. nkyJ./ gf;.28-29.